一种恒跨导轨到轨CMOS运算放大器的设计

基于0.35微米CMOS工艺,设计了一种轨到轨运算放大器.该运算放大器采用了3.3V单电源供电.其输入共模范围和输出信号摆幅接近于地和电源电压.即所谓输入和输出电压范围轨到轨.该运放的小信号增益为78dB,单位增益带宽为4.4MHz,相位裕度为75度.由于电路简单、工作稳定、输入输出线性动态范围宽、非常适合于SOC芯片内集成.     

高增益轨对轨运算放大器的设计实现

为提高运放性能和增大输入输出信号动态范围,往往采用轨对轨输入输出结构的运放。介绍了一款基于0.35umCMOS工艺设计的恒定跨导轨对轨输入/输出运算放大器,不同于传统的输入结构,该电路采用了一种改进的输入结构和CLASSAB输出结构,两级的折叠共源共栅运放,其输入和输出均能工作在轨对轨的范围内。仿真结果表明该电路在整个共模电平范围内直流增益大于90dB,输出摆幅可达到100mV~vdd-100mV,功耗仅为300uW。电路结构简单紧凑,实现了在整个共模电平范围内的高增益,可广泛应用于精密放大领域。     

高增益轨对轨运算放大器的设计实现

为提高运放性能和增大输入输出信号动态范围,往往采用轨对轨输入输出结构的运放。介绍了一款基于0.35um CMOS工艺设计的恒定跨导轨对轨输入/输出运算放大器,不同于传统的输入结构,该电路采用了一种改进的输入结构和CLASS AB输出结构,两级的折叠共源共栅运放,其输入和输出均能工作在轨对轨的范围内。仿真验证结果表明该电路在整个共模电平范围内直流增益大于90dB,输出摆幅可达到100mV～vdd-100mV,功耗仅为300uW。电路结构简单紧凑,实现了在整个共模电平范围内的高增益,可广泛应用于精密放大领域。     

基于SOC应用的运算放大器IP核设计

基于SOC应用,采用TSMC 0.18μm CMOS工艺,设计实现了一个低电压、高增益的恒跨导轨到轨运算放大器IP核.该运放采用了一倍电流镜跨导恒定方式和新型的共栅频率补偿技术,比传统结构更加简单高效.用Hspice对整个电路进行仿真.在1.8V电源电压、10pF负载电容条件下,其直流开环增益达到103.5dB,相位裕度为60.5度,输入级跨导最大偏差低于3%.     

问与答

河北邯郸苑森问在电子类杂志新器件简讯中见到有“rail-to-rail”运放,译为“轨至轨”运放,不明白有什么特点,适用于什么场合? “rail-to-rail”运放是近10年出现的,早期直译为“轨至轨”或“线至线”运放。较好的译名应为“全摆幅”运放,此译名基本概括了这种运算放大器的主要特点。普通运放由于输入端有共模电压范围的限制,正常工作时运放而输入端共     

3.3V/0.18μm恒跨导轨对轨CMOS运算放大器的设计

基于0.18μm CMOS工艺,设计了一种3.3 V低压轨对轨(Rail-to-Rail)运算放大器。该运算放大器的输入级采用3倍电流镜控制的互补差分对结构,实现了满电源幅度的输入输出和恒输入跨导;输出级采用前馈式AB类输出控制电路,保证了轨对轨的输出摆幅以及较强的驱动能力。仿真结果表明,直流开环增益为120 dB,单位增益带宽为5.98 MHz,相位裕度为66°,功耗为0.18 mW,在整个共模范围内输入级跨导变化率为2.45%。     

一种低压恒跨导轨对轨CMOS运算放大器设计

介绍了轨到轨恒定跨导运算放大器输入级电路设计。所提出的电路通过使用虚拟输入差分对动态地改变输入差分对的尾电流来获得恒定跨导gm。引起总跨导gm变化的因素是输入对和虚拟输入对在共模输入电压变化时不能同时生效,当输入对关闭时输入对的尾电流晶体管处于三极管区域当共模电压变化时,虚拟输入对将在输入对之前从截止区域进入亚阈值区域。在低电源电压设计中,此因素的影响更突出。为了解决这个问题,采用添加补偿电流源到每个虚拟输入差分对的尾电流晶体管,以降低跨导gm的变化。所设计的运算放大器输入级的gm变化误差约为±2%。     

一种增益增强的折叠-共源共栅运算放大器

设计了一种适用于数字音频功放中△-∑A/D的全差分跨导运算放大器,通过采用增益增强方法,使运放具有较高的直流增益.电路采用SMIC 0.5μ CMOS混合信号双阱工艺.并在Cadence环境下用Hspice进行模拟仿真.结果表明:该运放增益可达85dB,负载电容为2.5pF时,相位裕度为68.8°,单位增益带宽为44.3MHz,共模抑制比为127dB,输入共模范围为0.3V～4.4V.     

I/O扩展器TCA6408

TL97X运算放大器系列产品的工作电压可低至±1．35V,其具有轨至轨输出信号摆幅,分为单路、双路和四路运放版本。当F=1kHz时,其具有0．003％THD的特性以及4nV／rtHz等效输入电压噪声、2．7V～12V的宽泛的VCC范围、12MHz增益带宽和5V／μs的压摆率。     

一种用于流水线ADC中的全差分运算放大器

提出了一种高增益、高稳定性全差分运算放大器,采用稳定的共模反馈结构.该运算放大器由一个折叠式运放和一个共源增益级构成,并对运放和共模反馈环路都进行了密勒补偿,实现了运放和共模反馈环路,同时具有高增益和足够的相位裕度.经仿真可得,负载为5pf时,运放的开环增益97.64dB,单位增益带宽27.74MHz,相位裕度86.87°,输出摆幅5.1V,建立时间80ns(90%),共模反馈环路同样具有高增益和高相位裕度,非常适合用于高精度流水线式A/D转换器中的级间增益电路和采样保持电路.     

Only connect: teaching, technology and telesis

Abstract This paper describes an approach to the design of interactive multimedia materials being developed in a European Community project. The developmental process is seen as a dialogue between technologists and teachers. This dialogue is often problematic because of the differences in training, experience and culture between them. Conditions needed for fruitful dialogue are described and the generic model for learning design used in the project is explained.     

European Community policy and the market

Abstract This paper starts with some reflections on the policy considerations and priorities which are shaping European Commission (EC) research programmes. Then it attempts to position the current projects which seek to capitalise on information and communications technologies for learning in relation to these priorities and the apparent realities of the marketplace. It concludes that while there are grounds to be optimistic about the contribution EC programmes can make to the efficiency and standard of education and training, they are still too technology driven.     

一种自适应子融合集成多分类器方法

融合集成方法已经广泛应用在模式识别领域,然而一些基分类器实时性能稳定性较差,导致多分类器融合性能差,针对上述问题本文提出了一种新的基于多分类器的子融合集成分类器系统。该方法考虑在度量层融合层次之上通过对各类基多分类器进行动态选择,票数最多的类别作为融合系统中对特征向量识别的类别,构成一种新的自适应子融合集成分类器方法。实验表明,该方法比传统的分类器以及分类融合方法识别准确率明显更高,具有更好的鲁棒性。     

Avoiding semantic and temporal gaps in developing software intensive systems

Development of software intensive systems (systems) in practice involves a series of self-contained phases for the lifecycle of a system. Semantic and temporal gaps, which occur among phases and among developer disciplines within and across phases, hinder the ongoing development of a system because of the interdependencies among phases and among disciplines. Such gaps are magnified among systems that are developed at different times by different development teams, which may limit reuse of artifacts of systems development and interoperability among the systems. This article discusses such gaps and a systems development process for avoiding them.     

Designing economic np control charts: A programmed simulation approach

This paper presents control charts models and the necessary simulation software for the location of economic values of the control parameters. The simulation program is written in FORTRAN, requires only 10K of main storage, and can run on most mini and micro computers. Two models are presented - one describes the process when it is operating at full capacity and the other when the process is operating under capacity. The models allow the product quality to deteriorate to a further level before an existing out-of-control state is detected, and they can also be used in situations where no prior knowledge exists of the out-of-control causes and the resulting proportion defectives.     

The development of robot art

Going through a few examples of robot artists who are recognized worldwide, we try to analyze the deepest meaning of what is called “robot art” and the related art field definition. We also try to highlight its well-marked borders, such as kinetic sculptures, kinetic art, cyber art, and cyberpunk. A brief excursion into the importance of the context, the message, and its semiotics is also provided, case by case, together with a few hints on the history of this discipline in the light of an artistic perspective. Therefore, the aim of this article is to try to summarize the main characteristics that might classify robot art as a unique and innovative discipline, and to track down some of the principles by which a robotic artifact can or cannot be considered an art piece in terms of social, cultural, and strictly artistic interest. This work was presented in part at the 13th International Symposium on Artificial Life and Robotics, Oita, Japan, January 31–February 2, 2008     

Explanation and prediction: an architecture for default and abductive reasoning

Although there are many arguments that logic is an appropriate tool for artificial intelligence, there has been a perceived problem with the monotonicity of classical logic. This paper elaborates on the idea that reasoning should be viewed as theory formation where logic tells us the consequences of our assumptions. The two activities of predicting what is expected to be true and explaining observations are considered in a simple theory formation framework. Properties of each activity are discussed, along with a number of proposals as to what should be predicted or accepted as reasonable explanations. An architecture is proposed to combine explanation and prediction into one coherent framework. Algorithms used to implement the system as well as examples from a running implementation are given.     

Three Process Perspectives: Organizations, Teams, and People

This paper provides the author's personal views and perspectives on software process improvement. Starting with his first work on technology assessment in IBM over 20 years ago, Watts Humphrey describes the process improvement work he has been directly involved in. This includes the development of the early process assessment methods, the original design of the CMM, and the introduction of the Personal Software Process (PSP)^SM and Team Software Process (TSP){^SM}. In addition to describing the original motivation for this work, the author also reviews many of the problems he and his associates encountered and why they solved them the way they did. He also comments on the outstanding issues and likely directions for future work. Finally, this work has built on the experiences and contributions of many people. Mr. Humphrey only describes work that he was personally involved in and he names many of the key contributors. However, so many people have been involved in this work that a full list of the important participants would be impractical.     

基于复小波噪声方差显著修正的SAR图像去噪

提出了一种基于复小波域统计建模与噪声方差估计显著性修正相结合的合成孔径雷达(Synthetic Aperture Radar,SAR)图像斑点噪声滤波方法。该方法首先通过对数变换将乘性噪声模型转化为加性噪声模型,然后对变换后的图像进行双树复小波变换(Dualtree Complex Wavelet Transform,DCWT),并对复数小波系数的统计分布进行建模。在此先验分布的基础上,通过运用贝叶斯估计方法从含噪系数中恢复原始系数,达到滤除噪声的目的。实验结果表明该方法在去除噪声的同时保留了图像的细节信息,取得了很好的降噪效果。     

How do children do mathematics with LOGO?

Abstract  This paper considers some results of a study designed to investigate the kinds of mathematical activity undertaken by children (aged between 8 and 11) as they learned to program in LOGO. A model of learning modes is proposed, which attempts to describe the ways in which children used and acquired understanding of the programming/mathematical concepts involved. The remainder of the paper is concerned with discussing the validity and limitations of the model, and its implications for further research and curriculum development.