Error-diffused image compression using a binary-to-gray-scaledecoder and predictive pruned tree-structured vector quantization

The authors consider data compression of binary error diffused images. The original contribution is using nonlinear filters to decode error-diffused images to compress them in the gray-scale domain; this gives better image quality than directly compressing the binary images. Their method is of low computational complexity and can work with any halftoning algorithm.     

Texture analysis and classification with tree-structured wavelettransform

A multiresolution approach based on a modified wavelet transform called the tree-structured wavelet transform or wavelet packets is proposed. The development of this transform is motivated by the observation that a large class of natural textures can be modeled as quasi-periodic signals whose dominant frequencies are located in the middle frequency channels. With the transform, it is possible to zoom into any desired frequency channels for further decomposition. In contrast, the conventional pyramid-structured wavelet transform performs further decomposition in low-frequency channels. A progressive texture classification algorithm which is not only computationally attractive but also has excellent performance is developed. The performance of the present method is compared with that of several other methods.     

Synthetic aperture radar image compression using tree-structured edge-directed orthogonal wavelet packet transform

Currently, wavelet-based coding algorithms are popular for synthetic aperture radar (SAR) image compression, which is very important for reducing the cost of data storage and transmission in relatively slow channels. However, standard wavelet transform is limited by spatial isotropy of its basis functions that is not completely adapted to represent image entities like edges or textures, which means wavelet-based coding algorithms are suboptimal to image compression. In this paper, a novel tree-structured edge-directed orthogonal wavelet packet transform is proposed for SAR image compression. Inspired by the intrinsic geometric structure of images, the new transform improves the performance of standard wavelet by filtering along the regular direction first and then along the orthogonal direction with directional lifting structure. The cost function of best basis selection is designed by textural and directional information for tree-structured edge-directed orthogonal wavelet packet transform. The new transform including speckle reduction can be used to construct SAR image coder with the embedded block coding with optimal truncation for transform coefficients, and arithmetic coding for additional information. The experimental results show that the proposed approach outperforms JPEG2000 and Fast wavelet packet (FWP), both visually and item of PSNR values.     

Bayesian tree-structured image modeling using wavelet-domain hiddenMarkov models

Wavelet-domain hidden Markov models have proven to be useful tools for statistical signal and image processing. The hidden Markov tree (HMT) model captures the key features of the joint probability density of the wavelet coefficients of real-world data. One potential drawback to the HMT framework is the need for computationally expensive iterative training to fit an HMT model to a given data set (e.g., using the expectation-maximization algorithm). We greatly simplify the HMT model by exploiting the inherent self-similarity of real-world images. The simplified model specifies the HMT parameters with just nine meta-parameters (independent of the size of the image and the number of wavelet scales). We also introduce a Bayesian universal HMT (uHMT) that fixes these nine parameters. The uHMT requires no training of any kind, while extremely simple, we show using a series of image estimation/denoising experiments that these new models retain nearly all of the key image structure modeled by the full HMT. Finally, we propose a fast shift-invariant HMT estimation algorithm that outperforms other wavelet-based estimators in the current literature, both visually and in mean square error.     

基于细节信息保护的SAR图像压缩

富含细节、边缘及纹理的SAR图像中重要信息大量集中于高、中频。基于小波变换的压缩方法往往视信号的高、中频部分为不重要信息，造成细节失真。我们使用更为精细的时频分析法即小波包(WP)分析，对信号的高频部分也作进一步分解以保存有用的高、中频信息。同时利用小波包分解系数的带内相关性将其分为大小及重要性不同的子块，进而对各子块实行不同精度的量化编码。在WP变换前先对原图像作“区域分割”以得到背景和目标物的粗略分布，从而针对不同的图像区域进行不同程度的压缩。实验结果表明，这种方法能较好地适应SAR图像的能量分布特点，获得较高的PSNR和重建图像质量。     

Interferometer profile extraction using continuous wavelettransform

The continuous wavelet transform may be used to accurately reconstruct surface profiles from two sets of Fizeau interferometer fringe data. In contrast to standard phase-stepping methods, the data may have any arbitrary phase-step between 0 and π. The method enables considerable simplification of the measurment apparatus and yields accurate profiles, even in the presence of noise     

A radar target discrimination scheme using the discrete wavelettransform for reduced data storage

A correlative radar target discrimination scheme using the transient scattered-field response is proposed. This scheme uses a one-dimensional discrete wavelet transform on the temporal response to reduce the amount of data that must be stored for each anticipated aspect angle. Experimental results show that a reduction in stored data of sixteen to one still allows accurate discrimination in adverse noise situations with signal-to-noise ratios as low as -5 dB     

Detection of storm-damaged forested areas using airborne CARABAS-II VHF SAR image data

Strong winds cause severe damage worldwide to forested land every year. The devastating storms that struck large parts of Europe in late 1999 destroyed the equivalent of several years of normal forest harvesting, amounting to very large economical sums. Therefore, rapid mapping of damaged areas is of major importance for assessment of short-term actions as well as for long-term reforestation purposes. In this paper, the use of airborne CARABAS-II very high frequency (VHF) (20-90 MHz) synthetic aperture radar (SAR) imagery for high spatial resolution mapping of wind-thrown forests has been investigated and evaluated. The investigation was performed at a test site located in southern Sweden and dominated by Norway spruce forests. A regression model estimating radar backscattering amplitude prior to the storm was developed. The estimated amplitudes were compared to measured amplitudes after the storm. The results clearly show that the backscattering amplitude, at a given stem volume, is considerably higher for wind-thrown forests than for unaffected forests. Furthermore, the backscattering from fully harvested storm-damaged areas was, as expected, significantly lower than from unaffected stands. These findings imply that VHF SAR imagery has potential for mapping wind-thrown forests. However, to prevent ambiguities in increased backscattering caused by normal stem volume growth or wind-fellings, multitemporal change detection techniques using VHF SAR images acquired prior to and after wind-fellings would be preferable.     

Experiments with wavelets for compression of SAR data

Wavelet transform coding is shown to be an effective method for compression of both detected and complex synthetic aperture radar (SAR) imagery. Three different orthogonal wavelet transform filters are examined for use in SAR data compression; the performances of the filters are correlated with mathematical properties such as regularity and number of vanishing moments. Excellent quality reconstructions are obtained at data rates as low as 0.25 bpp for detected data and as low as 0.5 bits per element (or 2 bpp) for complex data     

Progressive space frequency quantization for SAR data compression

The authors propose a new wavelet image coding technique for synthetic aperture radar (SAR) data compression called a progressive space-frequency quantization (PSFQ). PSFQ performs spatial quantization via rate distortion-optimized zerotree pruning of wavelet coefficients that are coded using a progressive subband coding technique. They compared the performances of zerotree-based methods: EZW, SPIHT, SFQ, and PSFQ with the classical wavelet-based method (CWM), which uses uniform scalar quantization of subbands followed by recency rank coding. The performances of the methods based on zerotree quantization were better than the CWM in the rate distortion sense. The embedded coding techniques perform better SNR results than the methods using scalar quantization. However, the probability density function (PDF) of the reconstructed amplitude SAR data compressed using CWM, better corresponded to the PDF of the original data than the PDF of the reconstructed data compressed using the zerotree based methods. The amplitude PDF of the reconstructed data obtained using PSFQ compression algorithm better corresponded to the original PDF than the amplitude PDF of the data obtained using the multilook method     

Lossless compression of multispectral image data

While spatial correlations are adequately exploited by standard lossless image compression techniques, little success has been attained in exploiting spectral correlations when dealing with multispectral image data. The authors present some new lossless image compression techniques that capture spectral correlations as well as spatial correlation in a simple and elegant manner. The schemes are based on the notion of a prediction tree, which defines a noncausal prediction model for an image. The authors present a backward adaptive technique and a forward adaptive technique. They then give a computationally efficient way of approximating the backward adaptive technique. The approximation gives good results and is extremely easy to compute. Simulation results show that for high spectral resolution images, significant savings can be made by using spectral correlations in addition to spatial correlations. Furthermore, the increase in complexity incurred in order to make these gains is minimal     

Calibration of a cross-polarized SAR image using dihedral cornerreflectors

An X-band cross-polarized synthetic aperture radar (SAR) image taken from an aircraft has been absolutely calibrated using 45°-inclined dihedral corner reflectors with an aperture dimension of 15 cm×25 cm. The experiment was carried out during an airborne SAR campaign (called the SAR-580 Experiment) conducted by the National Space Development Agency of Japan in 1983. The experimental procedure, the characteristics of the corner reflector, and the results of the experiment are described     

基于训练字典优化测量矩阵的SAR图像压缩算法

为压缩复数合成孔径雷达(SAR)图像,基于压缩感知理论,设计了基于训练字典优化测量矩阵。该方法可增强测量矩阵的列之间的不相关性,有效地降低测量矩阵列向量间的互相干性,提高重构结果的精确度。基于优化后的测量矩阵,可以获取更好的复数SAR图像压缩结果。通过真实场景的复数SAR图像实验,验证了该算法的有效性。     

Progressive transmission of line drawings using the wavelettransform

This paper presents a method to apply progressive transmission to line drawings using the wavelet transform. Experiments have been conducted and showed that the wavelet transform, combined with a quantization step, performs progressive transmission using a data rate comparable to standard chain coding at the expense of almost no visually perceptible distortion.     

合成孔径雷达原始数据幅相压缩算法

针对现代合成孔径雷达(SAR)对相位信息越来越高的要求,该文根据SAR原始数据幅值和相位统计独立的分布特点,提出了对SAR原始数据的幅度和相位分别进行量化的幅度相位压缩算法,即AP(Amplitude ＆ Phase)算法;介绍了算法原理和实现流程图;在实验基础上分析了算法的性能;并将该算法与BAQ算法相比较,验证了AP算法能够很好地保留原始数据的相位信息的特点。     

超光谱图像数据压缩方法综述

针对目前超光谱图像的编码压缩还没有一个公认的标准或已成熟的压缩方法，本文对主要的几类超光谱图像压缩方法进行了介绍，并给出了各类压缩方法无损压缩的压缩比。随着对超光谱图像压缩研究的深入，多种方法结合使用的趋势愈加明显。通过对各种超光谱压缩技术的分析比较，为超光谱压缩算法的研究奠定了良好基础。     

ENHANCED MULTISTAGE VECTOR QUANTIZATION FOR SAR RAW DATA COMPRESSION

Multistage Vector Quantization(MSVQ) can achieve very low encoding and storage complexity in comparison to unstructured vector quantization. However, the conventional MSVQ is suboptimal with respect to the overall performance measure. This paper proposes a new technology to design the decoder codebook, which is different from the encoder codebook to optimise the overall performance. The performance improvement is achieved with no effect on encoding complexity, both storage and time consuming, but a modest increase in storage complexity of decoder.     

RAPID CODEBOOK SEARCH ALGORITHM FOR SAR RAW DATA COMPRESSION

This paper presents a simple but eifective algorithm to speed up the codebook search in a vector quantization scheme of SAR raw data when a minimum square error(MSE) criterion is used. A considerable reduction in the number of operations is achieved.     

Rate allocation for spotlight SAR phase history data compression

Complex phase history data in synthetic aperture radar (SAR) systems require extensive processing before useful images can be obtained. In spotlight mode SAR systems, useful images can be obtained by applying aperture weighting and inverse Fourier transform operations to SAR phase history data. In this paper, we are concerned with the compression of the complex phase history data obtained by a spotlight SAR system. We exploit knowledge of the aperture weighting function along with Fourier transform processing to attach a "gain" factor to each complex phase history data sample. This gain factor is then used to efficiently allocate bits to the phase history data during quantization. Performance evaluations are presented for this compression system relative to other existing SAR phase history data compression systems.     

Estimation of bare surface soil moisture and surface roughnessparameter using L-band SAR image data

An algorithm based on a fit of the single-scattering integral equation method (IEM) was developed to provide estimation of soil moisture and surface roughness parameter (a combination of rms roughness height and surface power spectrum) from quad-polarized synthetic aperture radar (SAR) measurements. This algorithm was applied to a series of measurements acquired at L-band (1.25 GHz) from both AIRSAR (Airborne Synthetic Aperture Radar operated by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory) and SIR-C (Spaceborne Imaging Radar-C) over a well-managed watershed in southwest Oklahoma. Prior to its application for soil moisture inversion, a good agreement was found between the single-scattering IEM simulations and the L-band measurements of SIR-C and AIRSAR over a wide range of soil moisture and surface roughness conditions. The sensitivity of soil moisture variation to the co-polarized signals were then examined under the consideration of the calibration accuracy of various components of SAR measurements. It was found that the two co-polarized backscattering coefficients and their combinations would provide the best input to the algorithm for estimation of soil moisture and roughness parameter. Application of the inversion algorithm to the co-polarized measurements of both AIRSAR and SIR-C resulted in estimated values of soil moisture and roughness parameter for bare and short-vegetated fields that compared favorably with those sampled on the ground. The root-mean-square (rms) errors of the comparison were found to be 3.4% and 1.9 dB for soil moisture and surface roughness parameter, respectively