应变速率对锆合金塑性变形机制的影响

通过控制应变水平,采用热模拟准静态压缩和霍普金森压杆高应变速率压缩相结合的技术,实现了锆合金不同应变速率条件下的塑性变形。结果表明:锆合金准静态压缩和高应变速率压缩的主要区别在于变形后期。准静态压缩时,位错在晶粒内部塞积成为锆合金塑性变形的主要方式,导致基体晶粒内部累积取向差逐渐增加;而高应变速率压缩时,剪切带成为锆合金塑性变形的主要方式。剪切带塑性变形方式的出现,部分协调了锆合金的塑性变形,导致基体晶粒内部累积取向差较低。     

Gd对ZK60镁合金组织与力学性能的影响

分析了铸态和挤压态ZK60?xGd(x=0~4)合金的组织和相组成,测试了其拉伸力学性能。结果表明,随着Gd含量的增加,铸态组织逐渐细化,Mg?Zn?Gd新相逐渐增多,而MgZn2相逐渐减少直至消失,第二相趋于连续网状分布于晶界处;当 Gd 含量不超过2.98%时,铸态室温拉伸力学性能稍降低。经挤压比λ=40和挤压温度T=593 K的挤压后,组织显著细化,平均晶粒尺寸逐渐减至ZK60?2.98Gd合金的2μm,破碎的第二相沿着挤压方向呈带状分布;挤压态的拉伸力学性能均显著提高：298和473 K时的抗拉强度分别从ZK60合金的355和120 MPa逐渐提高至ZK60?2.98Gd合金的380和164 MPa。挤压态拉伸断口呈现典型的韧性断裂特征。     

Influence of impurities on microstructure and mechanical properties of ZK60 magnesium alloy

The influence of impurity content on the microstructure and mechanical properties of ZK60 magnesium alloys was investigated by optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy and tensile test. ZK60 alloys were prepared by changing holding time of alloy melt during semi-continuous casting in order to control the content of impurity elements. The alloy with lower purity content is found to have less second precipitates and larger grain size in the as-cast state. However, in the as-extruded state, reducing impurities brings about a decrease in grain size and an increase in yield strength from 244 MPa to 268 MPa, while the elongations in the as-extruded alloys with different contents of impurities are almost the same. After T5 treatment, impurity content is found to have more obvious effect on the yield strength of ZK60 alloy. The yield strength of ZK60-45 alloys with low impurity content is increased up to 295 MPa after T5 treatment.     

ZK60-2Ca镁合金近液相线铸造研究

用近液相铸造方法制备了ZK60-2Ca半固态坯料。对其组织演变进行了研究,发现由于Zr的特殊细化作用,ZK60-2Ca合金直接获得球形或近球形的组织,无需经过枝晶球化过程。通过用不同冷却速率的铸模浇铸考察了冷却速率对铸造组织的影响,并对近液相铸造时静置时间对微观组织的影响进行了研究。结果表明,随浇铸温度的降低和静置时间延长至60 min,晶粒逐渐细化并趋于均匀,晶粒尺寸达21?m,且圆度为1.29。随冷却速率的增加,晶粒细化并出现球化趋势。并对组织演变的机理进行了探讨。     

Microstructure and texture characteristics of ZK60 Mg alloy processed by cyclic extrusion and compression

The microstructure and crystallographic texture characteristics of an extruded ZK60 Mg alloy subjected to cyclic extrusion and compression (CEC) up to 8 passes at 503 K were investigated. The local crystallographic texture, grain size and distribution, and grain boundary character distributions were analyzed using high-resolution electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD). The results indicate that the microstructure is refined significantly by the CEC processing and the distributions of grain size tend to be more uniform with increasing CEC pass number. The fraction of low angle grain boundaries (LAGBs) decreases after CEC deformation, and a high fraction of high angle grain boundaries (HAGBs) is revealed after 8 passes of CEC. Moreover, the initial fiber texture becomes random during CEC processing and develops a new texture.     

半固态加工中的触变强度及其影响因素研究

结合半固态金属具有触变性的特点,提出触变强度是触变点对应的应力,阐述了触变强度的研究意义,并结合高固相率下半固态金属等温压缩真应力-应变曲线研究了外变量包括坯料的加热温度、应变速率、保温时间和内变量包括固相体积分数、晶粒尺寸、晶粒的球形度、结构参数、半固态材料的固相屈服强度、半固态材料的初始表观粘度等对触变强度的影响。     

Effect of rolling temperature on microstructure and texture of twin roll cast ZK60 magnesium alloy

Twin roll cast ZK60 alloy strip/sheet with final thickness of 0.5 mm was prepared,and effect of rolling temperature on microstructure and texture development was investigated using OM and XRD technique,microstructure and texture were measured on specimens subjected to rolling experiment at different rolling temperature,and macrotexture was also evaluated by X-ray diffraction method.In addition,the(1 010)and(0002) pole figures were measured,and the tensile test was performed to reveal the influence of rolling temperature on mechanical properties.The results show that the microstructure of ZK60 alloy sheet consisted of fibrous structure with elongated grains,and shear bands along the rolling direction after warm rolling.Dynamic recrystallization could be found during the warm rolling process at rolling temperature 350 °C and above.And many fine recrystallized grain could be observed in the shear bands area.It is a little difficult to see the recrystallized grain in the sheet warm rolled at 300 °C because of higher density of shear bands.The warm rolled ZK60 alloy sheet exhibited strong(0002) pole texture,the intensity of(0002) pole figure decreases with the increasing of rolling temperature and the basal pole tilted slightly to the transverse direction after warm rolling.     

ZK60镁合金高应变速率压缩变形的流变行为及显徽组织

在250-400℃的温度范围和0.1-50 s^-1的应变速率范围内对ZK60合金进行压缩变形,对其流变行为和显微组织进行研究。结果表明,在低应变速率（0.1-1 s^-1）下压缩变形时,再结晶主要发生在初始晶界上;在高应变速率（10-50 s^-1）下压缩变形时,再结晶同时在初始晶界和孪晶上发生。合金在应变速率10-50 s^-1和温度250-350℃的变形条件下获得均匀、细小的再结晶组织。因此,合金的最佳热加工工艺范围为应变速率10-50 s^-1、变形温度250-350℃。高应变速率压缩变形条件下的孪生诱发动态再结晶过程分三步,首先,高位错密度孪晶分割初始晶粒;然后,孪晶内的位错发生重排形成亚晶;最后,随着应变的增加而形成再结晶晶粒。     

Influence of impurities on damping properties of ZK60 magnesium alloy

The influence of impurities on damping capacities of ZK60 magnesium alloys in the as-cast, as-extruded and T4-treated states was investigated by dynamically mechanical analyzer at room temperature. Granato and Lucke dislocation pinning model was employed to explain damping properties of the alloys. It is found that reducing impurity content can decrease the amount of second-phase particles, increase grain size and improve damping capacity of the as-cast alloy slightly. The as-extruded alloy with lower impurity content is found to possess obviously higher damping capacity in the relatively high strain region than that with higher impurity concentration, which appears to originate mainly from different dislocation characteristics. The variation tendency of damping property with change of impurity content after solution-treatment is also similar to that in the as-extruded and as-cast states. Meanwhile, the purification of the alloy results in an evident improvement in tensile yield strength in the as-extruded state.     

Flow stress and microstructure evolution of semi-continuous casting AZ70 Mg-alloy during hot compression deformation

To evaluate and predict flow stress and set up hot forging process of AZ70 magnesium alloy, hot compression tests of AZ70 magnesium alloy were carried out on Gleeble 1500D thermo-mechanics tester at 300-420℃ and strain rates of 0.001-1 s^-1 with different compression degrees. It is indicated that temperature and strain rate are the main factor affecting the flow stress and microstructure. Stress increases but average grain size decreases with temperature decreasing and strain rate increasing. The stress model, constituted by introducing temperature-compensated strain rate, the Zener-Hollomon parameter, has a good fitness with the proof stress value under the experimental condition. The reciprocal of grain size at true strain of 1.0 has a linear relation with natural logarithm of Z parameter, and the correlation coefficient, R=0.95, is very significant by examination. The hot deformation activation energy Q of AZ70 alloy is 166.197 kJ/mol by calculation.     

轧制路径对ZK60镁合金板材组织和性能的影响

在250 ℃对轧制-热处理态ZK60镁合金板材进行9道次不同路径的轧制试验。采用光学显微镜、电子万能试验机、SEM、XRD等研究了轧制试验后ZK60镁合金的显微组织、室温拉伸性能、断口形貌及晶粒择优取向。结果表明:轧制路径对ZK60镁合金板材的晶粒尺寸变化无明显影响,但压下量对镁合金组织内的孪晶变化有很大影响;轧制路径的变化对ZK60镁合金板材的各向异性和力学性能有较大影响,在交叉+45°的路径下轧制后ZK60镁合金板材,各向异性较弱,具有良好的综合力学性能和轧制成形能力,其屈服强度、抗拉强度和伸长率分别达到244.31 MPa、371.14 MPa和25.46%;交叉+45°路径轧制对ZK60镁合金的晶粒择优取向有明显影响,能够改善镁合金板材的晶粒择优取向和各向异性,提高ZK60镁合金的力学性能。     

Rheological characterization of A201 aluminum alloy

The thermodynamic characterization as well as the rheological characterization of the A201 alloy were conducted. Thermodynamic simulations (CALPHAD method) and calorimetric experiments were performed to determine the solidus and liquidus temperatures, the melting range and the sensitivity of the solid fraction at the thixoforming temperatures. The rheology of aluminium alloy A201 was examined using a high temperature Searle rheometer. The flow behaviour was analyzed with concentric cylinders of graphite to avoid chemical interactions with the liquid or semi-solid aluminium. The rotational body was grooved to prevent a phenomenon called wall slippage. Continuous cooling experiment was used to observe the shear rate effects on the flow behaviour. It can be seen that the viscosity level decreases at higher shear rates. Shear rate jump experiment was carried out to evaluate the steady state flow curve within the analyzed shear rate range from 60 s^?1 to 260 s^?1. It is found that the power law indexes are ?1.35 and ?1.49 for 35% and 45% solid fraction, respectively. Finally, some mechanical property data of as-cast and as-thixoformed A201 alloy are included indicating the potential for high strength applications.     

MB15镁合金半固态压缩力学行为研究

通过MB15镁合金半固态等温压缩试验，研究了半固态材料的力学行为，提出了触变强度是半固态金属在稳态变形过程中触变点的应力，即半固态金属固体骨架所能承受的最大正应力，并分析了加热温度、应变速率、保温时间、固相晶粒大小、晶粒圆整度及材料本身的强度等因素对半固态触变强度的影响，提出了触变强度的存在条件。结果表明，半固态触变强度随着加热温度的升高、应变速率的降低及保温时间的延长而降低，随着固相晶粒的减小、晶粒圆整度的增加及材料本身强度的增加而增加；当半固态材料内部的固相颗粒相互连结形成固体骨架时，存在触变强度。     

Effects of Y on mechanical properties and damping capacity of ZK60 magnesium alloys

The microstructure,mechanical properties and damping capacity of ZK60-xY(x=0,1.5%,2.5%,4.0%,mass fraction) magnesium alloys were investigated by using the optical microscope(OM),X-ray diffractometer(XRD),universal tensile testing machine and dynamic mechanical analyzer(DMA).The mechanisms for damping capacity of referred alloys were discussed by Granato-Lücke theory.The results show that Y additions remarkably reduce grain size(the average grain size is 21.6,13.0,8.6 and 4.0μm,respectively),and the tensile properties are enhanced with grain refining(the yield tensile strength increases to 292 MPa from 210 MPa and ultimate tensile strength increases to 330 MPa from 315 MPa).For the ZK60-xY(x=0,1.5%,4.0%)alloys,the damping capacity decreases with the increase of Y content.However,for the ZK60-xY(x=2.5%)alloy,the damping capacity improves abnormally,which is possibly related to the formation of Mg3Y2Zn3(W)FCC phase in this alloy.     

基于人工神经网络的ZK60镁合金热压缩变形行为

在变形温度为200～400℃、应变速率为0.001～1s-1条件下,对ZK60镁合金进行热压缩实验,建立一个单隐层前馈误差反向传播人工神经网络模型,研究该镁合金的流变行为。模型的输入参数分别为变形温度、应变速率和应变,输出为流变应力,中间隐含层包含23个神经元,并采用Levenberg-Marquardt算法对此网络模型进行训练。结果表明:ZK60镁合金的流变应力随变形温度升高和应变速率降低而减小;其高温压缩流变应力曲线可描述为加工硬化、过渡、软化和稳态流变4个阶段,但在较高温度和较低应变速率时,过渡阶段不很明显;所建神经网络模型可以很好地描述ZK60镁合金的流变应力,其预测值与实验值吻合很好;利用该模型预测的变形温度和应变速率对流变应力的影响结果与一般热加工理论所得结果一致。     

稀土钇和钕对挤压ZK60合金组织及拉伸性能的影响

研究了添加稀土Y 1wt%和Nd 1wt%对挤压态ZK60合金组织及拉伸性能的影响。结果表明,稀土的添加可有效细化ZK60镁合金的挤压态组织,Y、Nd复合添加的细化效果更为显著,平均晶粒直径为2~3μm;稀土Nd的添加使ZK60合金的析出相尺寸增大,复合添加稀土Y、Nd后,ZK60合金中析出相数量增多、尺寸减小且分布均匀;Y、Nd的复合添加可使ZK60合金的抗拉强度与屈服强度分别提高8.4%与31.2%,这归因于复合添加Y、Nd形成的细晶强化、固溶强化及析出相强化的综合影响。     

Modeling of grain size in isothermal compression of Ti-6Al-4V alloy using fuzzy neural network

Isothermal compression of Ti-6Al-4V alloy was conducted in the deformation temperature range of 1093-1303 K,the strain rates of 0.001,0.01,0.1,1.0,and 10.0 s-1,and the height reductions of 20%-60% with an interval of 10%.After compression,the effect of the processing parameters including deformation temperature,strain rate,and height reduction on the flow stress and the microstructure was investigated.The grain size of primary α phase was measured using an OLYMPUS PMG3 microscope with the quantitative metallography SISC IAS V8.0 image analysis software.A model of grain size in isothermal compression of Ti-6Al-4V alloy was developed using fuzzy neural net-work(FNN) with back-propagation(BP) learning algorithm.The maximum difference and the average difference between the predicted and the experimental grain sizes of primary α phase are 13.31% and 7.62% for the sampled data,and 16.48% and 6.97% for the non-sampled data,respectively.It can be concluded that the present model with high prediction precision can be used to predict the grain size in isothermal compression of Ti-6Al-4V alloy.     

Nanocrystalline Mg and Mg alloy powders by hydriding-dehydriding processing

The process of mechanically assisted hydriding and subsequent thermal dehydriding was proposed to produce nanocrystalline Mg and Mg alloy powders using pure Mg and Mg-5.5%Zn-0.6%Zr(mass fraction)(ZK60 Mg) alloy as the starting materal.The hydriding was achieved by room-temperature reaction milling in hydrogen.The dehydriding was carried out by vacuum annealing of the as-milled powders.The microstructure and morphology of both the as-milled and subsequently dehydrided powders were characterized by X-ray diffraction analysis(XRD) ,transmission electron microscopy(TEM) ,and scanning electron microscopy(SEM) ,respectively.The results show that,by reaction milling in hydrogen,both Mg and ZK60 Mg alloy can be fully hydrided to form nanocrystalline MgH2 with an average grain size of 10 nm.After subsequent thermal dehydriding at 300℃,the MgH2 can be turned into Mg again,and the newly formed Mg grains are nanocrystallines,with an average grain size of 25 nm.     

Low temperature superplasticity of a fine-grained ZK60 magnesium alloy processed by equal-channel-angular extrusion

Fine-grained ZK60 magnesium alloy with the grain size of 1.4 μm was processed by equal-channel-angular extrusion. The material exhibited low temperature superplasticity. The normalized plot suggested that the present material had equilibrium grain boundaries at the superplastic temperature in contrast to typical materials processed by severe plastic deformation.     

成形过程对ZK60镁合金薄带组织和力学性能的影响

用OM,SEM,TEM和电子万能试验机对不同方法制备的ZK60镁合金薄带的组织和力学性能进行了研究.常规铸造ZK60镁合金轧制后仍为等轴晶组织,晶粒尺寸明显细化,双辊铸轧ZK60镁合金条带温轧变形后,显微组织由树枝晶转变为纤维状变形组织,且有高密度剪切带产生,温轧过程中没有明显的动态再结晶发生.轧制后两种合金均具有良好的力学性能,轧制态铸轧合金的强度明显高于传统铸造合金,伸长率略低于传统铸造合金.退火热处理后两种合金均发生了再结晶,得到等轴晶组织,且铸轧合金的组织比传统铸造合金的组织更加均匀细小.退火热处理使薄带的强度略有下降,而伸长率大幅度提高,退火后双辊铸轧合金和传统铸造合金的抗拉强度、屈服强度和延伸率分别为:388 MPa,301 MPa,22.9％和311MPa,219 MPa,19.3％.镁合金薄带制备过程的晶粒细化归因于剪切带、位错和挛晶的产生及后续退火过程中再结晶.