基于梯度依赖的JOHNSON-COOK模型的韧性绝热剪切敏感性

以基于梯度塑性理论提出的绝热剪切带内部的局部塑性剪切变形分布的理论表达式为基础,研究10个参数对绝热剪切敏感性的影响。对LIAO及DUFFY给出的Ti-6Al-4V绝热剪切带内部的1条流线的实验结果进行最小二乘曲线拟合。估算绝热剪切带宽度取值不同时的临界塑性剪切应变。理论曲线很好地反映了绝热剪切带内部流线的非线性变形特征。利用不同的临界塑性剪切应变值反算了JOHNSON-COOK模型中的一些参数。研究发现,绝热剪切敏感性随着初始静态屈服应力、功热转化因子和应变率参数的降低而降低,这与密度、热容、环境温度及应变硬化指数的影响刚好相反。所提出的模型可以预测绝热剪切带的宽度由高至低的演变过程,直到达到一个稳定值,这一点DODD和BAI模型做不到。     

Temperature distribution in adiabatic shear band for ductile metal based on JOHNSON-COOK and gradient plasticity models

1 Introduction Adiabatic shear localization is one of the most important deformation and failure mechanisms in some titanium alloys subjected to moderate and high shear strain rates. Adiabatic shear band(ASB) can be observed in various applications, such as metal forming, perforation, impact on structures, ballistic impact, machining, torsion, explosive fragmentation, grinding, interfacial friction, powder compaction and granular flow[1?15]. The formation of ASBs is often followed by ductile…     

A method for calculating damage evolution in adiabatic shear band of titanium alloy

A method for calculating the evolution of the local damage variable at the adiabatic shear band (ASB) center was proposed. In the present method, the JOHNSON-COOK model and the nonlocal theory were adopted, and the damage variable formula applicable for the bilinear (linearly elastic and strain-softening) constitutive relation was further generalized to consider the plastic deformation occurring in the strain-hardening stage. Aiming at Ti-6Al-4V, the effect of strain rate on the evolution of the local damage variable at the ASB center was investigated. In addition, a parametric study was carried out, including the effects of strain-hardening exponent, strain rate sensitive coefficient, thermal-softening exponent, static shear strength, strain-hardening modulus, shear elastic modulus, work to heat conversion factor, melting temperature and initial temperature. The damage extent at the ASB center in the radial collapse experiment was assessed. It is found that at higher strain rates the damage in the ASB becomes more serious at the same average plastic shear strain of the ASB.     

Effects of constitutive parameters on adiabatic shear localization for ductile metal based on JOHNSON-COOK and gradient plasticity models

1Introduction Adiabatic shear band(ASB)is a very narrow zone with a high concentration of shear strain.It is believed that ASB is formed by a process of thermo-mechanical instability.ASB can be observed in the process of dynamic deformation of various fer…     

Phenomenon of transformed adiabatic shear band surrounded by deformed adiabatic shear band of ductile metal

The coexistent phenomenon of deformed and transformed adiabatic shear bands（ASBs） of ductile metal was analyzed using the JOHNSON-COOK model and gradient-dependent plasticity（GDP）. The effects of melting point, density, heat capacity and work to heat conversion factor were investigated. Higher work to heat conversion factor, lower density, lower heat capacity and higher melting point lead to wider transformed ASB and higher local plastic shear deformation between deformed and transformed ASBs. Higher work to heat conversion factor, lower density, lower heat capacity and lower melting point cause higher local plastic shear deformation in the deformed ASB. Three reasons for the scatter in experimental data on the ASB width were pointed out and the advantages of the work were discussed. If the transformed ASB width is used to back-calculate the internal length parameter in the GDP, undoubtedly, the parameter will be extremely underestimated.     

Analysis of localized shear deformation of ductile metal based on gradient-dependent plasticity

1　INTRODUCTIONFailureprocessofmaterialsisparticularlycom plex ,whichisaprobleminvolvedinmulti scaleandmanydisciplines .Thoughscientistsfrommanycoun trieshavecontributedsomeimportantresultsfortheprobleminrecentyears ,furtherinvestigationsbyme chanicalscientists ,physicistsandmaterialscientistsarenecessarytoobtainafullunderstandingofthefailuremechanisms .Especiallyinlast 2 0 years ,asamechanismofprogressivefailure ,theproblemoflocalizationhasat tractedtopicinterest .Asaconsequenceofsofteni…     

Localized shear deformation during shear band propagation in titanium considering interactions among microstructures

Closed-form analytical solutions of plastic shear strain and relative plastic shear displacement during shear band propagation are proposed under dynamic loadings based on gradient-dependent plasticity considering the effect of microstructures due to heterogeneous texture of Ti. According to the differences in shear stress levels, Ti specimen is divided into three regions: residual region, strain-softening region and elastic region. Well-developed shear band is formed in the residual region and the relative plastic shear displacement no longer increases. In the normal and tangential directions, the plastic strain and the displacement are nonuniform in the strain-softening region.At the tip of shear band, the shear stress acting on the band is increased to shear strength from the elastic state and the shear localization just occurs. Prior to the tip, Ti remains elastic. At higher strain rates, the extent of plastic strain concentration is greater than that under static loading. Higher strain rate increases the relative plastic shear displacement. The present analytical solution for evolution or propagation of shear localization under nonuniform shear stress can better reproduce the observed localized characteristics for many kinds of ductile metals.     

钛合金绝热剪切带宽度的演变规律研究

根据梯度增强的Johnson-Cook模型,对Ti-6Al-4V绝热剪切带中心区域的宽度(绝热剪切带宽度w5%)随平均塑性剪切应变的演变规律进行了预测。结果表明,随着平均塑性剪切应变的增加,w5%先是快速减小,然后趋于稳定。当绝热剪切带总宽度为0.3235mm时,w5%的稳定值接近Ti-6Al-4V绝热剪切带宽度的上限(55μm);当绝热剪切带总宽度为0.0705mm时,w5%的稳定值接近Ti-6Al-4V绝热剪切带宽度的下限(12μm)。绝热剪切带宽度受多种因素影响,例如,材料特性、加载速度、环境温度、应力及应变状态。本文的分析是在绝热条件下进行的,不存在塑性功率与热传导达到平衡(稳态)的假定。     

Evolution of deformation mechanisms of Ti–22.4Nb–0.73Ta–2Zr–1.34O alloy during straining

The plastic deformation behavior of Ti–22.4Nb–0.73Ta–2Zr–1.34O alloy was investigated by compression testing at room temperature. The multi-peak stress oscillations of the true stress–strain curve, characterized by a stress plateau, initial strain-hardening, followed by strain-softening and a second strain-hardening stages, is observed in a titanium alloy for the first time. The experimental results show that the above four-stage plastic deformation behavior is caused by a change in the dominant deformation mechanisms. At the stress plateau stage, the alloy deforms via multiple plastic deformation mechanisms. The initial strain hardening is caused mainly by tangling of dislocations. Subsequent strain softening is due to the formation of kink bands. The second strain hardening corresponds to the formation of shear bands. The above results suggest that the dominant deformation mechanisms of Ti–Nb–Ta–Zr–O alloys are related not only to the stability of the β phase, but also to the extent of plastic deformation.     

Experimental and finite element simulation study of the adiabatic shear band phenomenon in cold heading process

This paper presents the outcomes of a comprehensive experimental, metallurgical and finite element (FE) simulation study to characterize the development of adiabatic shear band (ASB) phenomenon in steel cold heading (CH) process. The main objective of this work is to investigate the complex interplay of different process and material parameters on the ASB development stages inside the cold headed parts.In this work, the drop weight compression test (DWCT) was selected to simulate the CH process impact loads on specimens machined from 1038 steel and 1018 steel. Series of DWCTs were performed under different impact loading conditions. The goal of these tests is to achieve different deformation levels and introduce ASBs at different stages.To reach a full understanding of this complex phenomenon, the FE simulation analysis was used to support the metallurgical examination of the DWCT specimens. The FE analysis provided important details about the changes of different material and process parameters at the critical zones inside the ASBs.This study confirmed that the ASB is mainly a thermo-mechanically controlled phenomenon. The ASBs develop in three stages: homogeneous plastic strain, inhomogeneous plastic strain, and strain localization. The ASB development stage depends mainly on the status of the competition between the work hardening and the thermal and geometrical softening mechanisms inside the bands. The domination of the softening mechanisms at advanced levels of deformation triggers a self-catalytic strain localization and material strength degradation process that leads to failure inside the band.In general, the metallurgical and finite element analysis investigation revealed that under impact loads, three ASBs can develop simultaneously inside the cold headed parts; lower, upper and central ASBs. As the deformation continues; the development of the lower and upper bands slows down and contributes in the rapid development of the adjacent central ASB. This study confirmed that the ASB has a canonical structure which leads to an ASB that can experience different development stages along the same band simultaneously.This study proved that the shape and the type of ASBs in cold headed parts depend highly on material's properties. The metallurgical and finite element analysis revealed that the higher the strength of the tested steel, the easier to form a narrow ASB that reaches the localization stage at low deformation levels. In contrast, ductile steels experience wider ASBs when subjected to the same deformation levels. These bands require higher levels of deformation to reach the localization stage in comparison to higher strength steels.     

Adiabatic shear banding of hot-extruded tungsten heavy alloy under cryogenic temperature

The effect of cryogenic temperature on adiabatic shear banding (ASBing) of tungsten heavy alloy (WHA) processed by hot-hydrostatic extrusion was investigated.Results show that,when the initial temperature is decreased,the dynamic flow stress,the critical failure time,and the dynamic failure energy of specimens show an increasing tendency,while the susceptibility to ASB of WHA shows a decreasing tendency,which is characterized by decreased shear strain and increased width of shear bands.Microstructure analysis shows that the number of microcracks within ASB exhibits an increasing tendency with decreased initial temperature,and the dynamic recrystallization (DRX) process within ASB is evidently suppressed at the lower temperature.As a result of the lower temperature,the motion and rearrangement of dislocation are effectively suppressed,which is mainly responsible for the incomplete DRX process within ASB and decreases susceptibility to ASB.     

辽宁工程技术大学，辽宁 阜新 123000

提出了利用梯度塑性理论计算Ti-6Al-4V绝热剪切带的局部剪切应变新方法.绝热剪切带的最大局部塑性剪切应变依赖于临界塑性剪切应变、试样的标定长度、绝热剪切带总厚度、绝热剪切带的平均塑性剪切应变.计算表明,随着绝热剪切带总厚度的增加,绝热剪切带的最大局部塑性剪切应变以非线性方式下降.当绝热剪切带总厚度的取值接近1 mm时,尽管确定临界塑性剪切应变的方法不同,但是,绝热剪切带的最大局部塑性剪切应变的计算值差别很小.当绝热剪切带总厚度取值在0.335～1 mm之间时,绝热剪切带的最大局部塑性剪切应变的计算值位于Liao及Duffy(1998)实验结果的下限(75%)和上限(350%)之间.     

Calculation of temperature distribution in adiabatic shear band based on gradient-dependent plasticity

A method for calculation of temperature distribution in adiabatic shear band is proposed in terms of gradient-dependent plasticity where the characteristic length describes the interactions and interplaying among microstructures. First, the increment of the plastic shear strain distribution in adiabatic shear band is obtained based on gradient-dependent plasticity. Then, the plastic work distribution is derived according to the current flow shear stress and the obtained increment of plastic shear strain distribution. In the light of the well-known assumption that 90% of plastic work is converted into the heat resulting in increase in temperature in adiabatic shear band, the increment of the temperature distribution is presented. Next, the average temperature increment in the shear band is calculated to compute the change in flow shear stress due to the thermal softening effect. After the actual flow shear stress considering the thermal softening effect is obtained according to the Johnson-Cook constitutive relation, the increment of the plastic shear strain distribution, the plastic work and the temperature in the next time step are recalculated until the total time is consumed. Summing the temperature distribution leads to rise in the total temperature distribution. The present calculated maximum temperature in adiabatic shear band in titanium agrees with the experimental observations. Moreover, the temperature profiles for different flow shear stresses are qualitatively consistent with experimental and numerical results. Effects of some related parameters on the temperature distribution are also predicted.     

聚能射流穿甲后超高强度钢靶板的损伤特征及其机理

超高强度钢靶板在聚能射流穿甲后损伤特征的研究表明,在穿甲过程中,弹孔周围白层的温度超过了相变点,形成了晶粒尺度在20nm左右的马氏体 残余奥氏体混合组织.绝热剪切带（ASB）中的剪切仅发生在相当窄的层面上,其宽度约为2μm,平均切应变量为110,应变速率≥2.24×106s-1;光学显微镜下显示的剪切带宽度是集中剪切变形区（LSDZ）及其热影响区（HAZ）的总宽度.聚能射流穿甲过程中,靶板材料破坏包含了如下几个相互重叠的过程:与射流接触的靶板周围局部区域材料沿射流方向上的整体协调变形;射流与靶板之间的剪切断裂和弹孔表面部分靶材的熔化;集中在极薄层面卜高度局域化的剪切变形;应力波在靶表面反射造成的正向开裂.     

Ti-6Al-4V剪切带内部的应变、温度分布及演变研究

采用梯度塑性理论，考虑了峰值剪切应力之后的材料承载能力缓慢降低的过程及承载能力快速降低的过程，推导了剪切带内部的剪切变形、应变及温度分布的公式。计算了Ti-6Al-4V剪切带内部塑性剪切应变，温度的分布及演变。在剪切带内部，塑性剪切应变及温度分布是高度不均匀的，这种不均匀性随着施加的塑性剪切应变的增加而增加。随着流动剪切应力的降低，剪切带内部的最大塑性剪切应变线性增加，最高温度非线性增加。由于微结构效应，基于梯度塑性理论的剪切带内部的最大塑性剪切应变及最高温度的预测值高于经典理论的预测值。将Ti-6Al-4V剪切带内部的剪切变形及应变的理论结果与根据前人高速摄影实验图片的计算结果进行了对比，理论与实验结果的趋势非常吻合，在数值上，剪切带内部的最大剪切应变的理论值仍低于实测值。     

不同应变速率下BGA焊球剪切断裂试验与模拟分析

研究了BGA封装Sn-3.0Ag-0.5Cu无铅焊球经115℃时效后,焊球/铜界面IMC的形貌和组织变化,同时对BGA焊球在两种不同应变速率条件下的抗剪强度进行了分析,并运用ANSYS12.0软件对其过程进行2-D非线性有限元模拟.试验结果表明,随着时效时间的延长,界面形貌由时效前的树枝状变成连续平坦的层状、界面IMC不断增厚,且焊球的抗剪强度随着时效时间的增加而不断降低;应变速率越高,抗剪强度越高.模拟结果表明,应变速率越高,焊球经受的抗剪强度越大,Von Mises应力越大,等效塑性应变越小,塑性应变能密度越大.     

Microstructure evolution mechanism in adiabatic shear band in TA2

The microstructure evolution mechanism in adiabatic shear band in commercial pure titanium (TA2) at high strain rates(γ≈l0^5 - 10^6/s) were studied. The nanosized recrystallized grains (about 50 nm in diameter) within the center of adiabatic shear band (ASB) were observed by means of transmission electronic microscope (TEM). A Rotational Dynamic Recrystallization (RDR) mechanism can explain the microstructure evolution (i. e. nanosized grains were formed within 5 - 10μs) in ASB. Kinetics calculations indicate that the recrystallized small grains are formed during the deformation and don‘t undergo significant growth by grain boundary migration after deformation.     

钛合金绝热剪切带出现时临界塑性剪切应变的估算方法

基于曲线的最小二乘拟合方法,计算了Ti-6Al-4V绝热剪切带出现时的临界塑性剪切应变。根据梯度塑性理论,获得了绝热剪切带内部的局部塑性剪切变形分布曲线的理论表达式,用于拟合Liao及Duffy的实验数据。在不同的绝热剪切带宽度取值条件下,估算了绝热剪切带出现时的临界塑性剪切应变。当绝热剪切带的宽度取值在1~2mm时,计算出的临界塑性剪切应变在0.1~0.47之间。绝热剪切带内部的局部变形分布曲线的理论表达式可以很好地描述流线的非线性特征。当绝热剪切带的宽度取值较大时,绝热剪切带内部的流线的理论结果在两端较弯曲;而当其取值较小时,这些流线比较平直,仅稍微弯曲。     

Mechanical properties and fracture behaviors on 6061 aluminum alloy under shear stress state

The mechanical properties and fracture behaviors of 6061 aluminum alloy were investigated by the tensile shear tests and in-situ tensile shear tests with tensile shear specimen devised. The results indicate that many slip bands parallel to tensile direction are produced on the surfaces of the specimens. With shear strain rates increasing, the shear yield stress and shear ultimate stress of 6061 aluminum alloy remain constant basically, but the shear fracture strain decreases obviously. The shear strain rates have no influence on the fracture surfaces. The grain boundaries of 6061 aluminum alloy are the weakest area and microcracks initiate at the grain boundaries parallel to tensile direction under shear stress. With the shear stress increasing, the microcracks extend and coalesce. The fracture of specimens is due to coalescence or shearing between the microcracks.     

挤压态AZ31镁合金的拉压不对称性及微观组织

在考虑滑移和孪生两大塑性变形机制的基础上,通过修正的粘塑性自洽（VPSC）模型,模拟挤压态AZ31镁合金轴向拉-压过程中的力学行为及微观组织。结合EBSD实验与模拟,分析了不同变形机制对初始挤压态丝织构镁合金产生拉压不对称的机理以及塑性变形过程中的微观组织。结果表明,轴向拉伸变形初期以基面滑移系为主,由于基面滑移的施密特因子较低,导致屈服应力较高;随着应变的增加,棱柱面滑移成为主导变形机制,应变硬化率降低,应力-应变曲线较平稳;轴向压缩变形初期,临界剪切应力较低的拉伸孪晶大量开启导致屈服应力较低;随着拉伸孪晶相对活性的快速降低,应变硬化率迅速提高;轴向压缩后期,随着应力的持续升高,压缩孪晶开始启动,塑性变形积累的应力得到释放,导致应变硬化率降低。另外,从典型晶粒的颜色和孪晶迹线方面解释了沿ED方向压缩时孪晶体积分数较小的原因。