多排气雾冲击射流换热过程的试验研究

气雾冷却是带钢连续镀锌后的一种强化冷却方式。气雾冷却装置的设计和运行的关键是掌握气雾换热系数。采用试验方法研究了多排气雾射流冷却高温钢板的换热系数,考察了喷气流量和喷水流量对换热系数的影响。试验结果表明：喷气流量对气雾换热系数影响可以忽略;喷水流量对换热系数影响显著,在喷水流量为0.96～1.59 m^3/h时,换热系数随喷水流量的增加而明显上升,最大可达5 650 W/（m^2.K）;喷雾冷却的换热系数远大于常规喷气冷却,能有效地强化镀后冷却。     

水流量对热轧钢板层流冷却过程对流换热系数的影响

提高带钢层流冷却控制模型的精度,关键是建立精确的对流换热系数与冷却工艺之间的关系.采用有限差分法和反向热传导法,获得了实验条件下钢板表面的对流换热系数及表面温度.研究了不同水流量(0.9~2.1 m3·h-1)对换热系数与表面温度变化规律的影响.在层流冷却过程中,对流换热系数与表面温度呈非线性关系;在距离驻点70 mm内,水流量对换热系数随表面温度变化规律没影响;远离驻点70 mm外,对流换热系数比随远离冲击区驻点距离的增加而减小.采用所确定的换热系数计算得到的温降曲线与实测曲线吻合较好.      

气体射流冲击高温钢板的瞬态换热实验研究

采用实验的方法研究了单个圆形喷嘴冲击射流冷却高温钢板的瞬态传热特性.实验中喷嘴到被冲击表面距离H/D为4和8,射流Re数为在22 700到31 000的范围内.实验结果表明,提高气体流量可以有效提升圆形喷嘴的换热能力.射流冲击距离H/D和射流Re数对Nu数具有明显的影响.在对瞬态实验结果的分析表明,随着实验工件表面温度的降低,换热系数和Nu数逐步降低,说明被冲击表面温度对气体射流冲击换热系数和Nu数具有一定的影响.在气体射流冲击冷却过程中,被冷却物体表面温度对换热系数的影响不可忽略.     

加热炉换热器实验与数值模拟研究

文章以空气预热器为研究对象,采用实验和数值模拟相结合的方法,研究换热器的换热规律。在实验方面,通过改变入口空气流量,研究换热规律。实验数据表明,随着入口空气流速增加,综合换热系数和换热效率呈增加趋势,温度效率呈降低趋势,空气侧的阻力损失不断增加。但是实验过程中,由于当空气流速改变时,入口烟气温度也在改变,所以没有实现完全对照的要求,只能得出大致规律;在数值模拟方面,对两种结构的换热器进行数值模拟,进行换热规律的研究,并对实验进一步验证。模拟结果表明,随着入口空气流速增加,换热效率增加,温度效率降低,空气侧的阻力损失增加。数值模拟结果与实验结果误差较小,并且数值模拟结果符合理论换热规律。     

可调式射流泵内部流动与结构参数优化研究

采用数值模拟研究了可调式射流泵的喷嘴距、喷针行程和流量比对其性能和效率的影响。喷嘴距较小时,射流泵性能较好,随着喷嘴距增大,由流体掺混引起的能量损失增大,导致整体效率降低。喷嘴距一定时,射流泵效率随流量比的变化存在峰值,即存在最佳流量比,且最佳流量比随着喷嘴距的增大而减小。射流泵内的压力比随着流量比增大呈线性衰减,衰减速度随喷针行程的增大而减缓;喷针行程增大时,射流泵效率明显降低,但最佳流量比的变化很小。确定了最佳工况参数为:喷嘴距约155mm,喷针行程1mm。     

厚规格钢板在ACO中极限冷却速度研究

通过数值模拟方法对钢板冷却过程温度变化进行研究,分析冷却速度随换热系数的变化规律.结果表明,随着表面换热系数增大,冷却速度呈S形,逐渐达到一稳定值.随着换热系数的增大,当冷却结束时,钢板表面温度接近于冷却水温度,冷却速度达到极限值.极限冷却速度远大于加速冷却和超快速冷却的冷却速度.极限冷却速度随钢板厚度的增大、开冷温度升高和终冷温度的降低而减小.冷却水温度对极限冷却速度影响较小.     

低温钢筋穿水冷却工艺

 根据低温钢筋穿水冷却工艺特点,利用现场实测数据并结合理论分析得到不同规格低温钢筋穿水冷却过程中的对流换热系数。采用MSC Marc有限元软件与现场试制结果对低温钢筋穿水冷却过程进行了研究。研究了冷却水流量、终轧温度、穿水时间等工艺参数对低温钢筋温度场和组织演变的影响。模拟结果表明：当冷却水流量为120 m3/h时,钢筋芯部开始有珠光体转变;当冷却水流量为400 m3/h时,钢筋芯部无铁素体转变;冷却水流量为160～200 m3/h时,所获得的组织为针状铁素体与贝氏体。终轧温度增加50 ℃,出水冷装置后钢筋表面温度约增加10 ℃,返红温度约增加30 ℃;在200 m3/h水流量下冷却1.2 s,终轧温度为1 050 ℃时,其芯部组织为针状铁素体与细小的贝氏体。在相同水压与水流量条件下,随着穿水速度的增加,淬透层深度减小,返红温度增加。     

喷嘴射流特征对连铸二冷区蒸汽膜穿透行为的影响

 连铸二冷区铸坯表面温度通常高于900 ℃,此时喷淋液滴接触高温铸坯时不会湿润铸坯表面,仅在其上形成一层蒸汽膜,阻碍了液滴与铸坯表面接触传热。针对以上问题,以国内某钢厂连铸二冷区的扁平型水喷嘴为原型,建立了喷嘴射流仿真计算模型,并对所建模型进行了理论和实验室验证;采用数值模拟的方法研究了喷嘴自由射流区的流场分布,运用连铸喷嘴冷却检测系统测量获得了射流液滴粒径演变规律;结合数值模拟和实验室测定结果,定量分析了喷嘴在不同水流量下射流液滴冲击铸坯表面蒸汽膜深度的变化规律。结果表明,该喷嘴的最大射流速度在喷嘴出口处,射流在喷嘴出口附近出能维持较大的射流速度,且随着水量的增加,射流保持高射流速度的距离也增长;整体射流的轴向速度占比均在80%以上。当喷淋水量越大时,射流液滴粒径变得越小;随着距喷嘴出口距离的增加,射流中心处的液滴粒径逐渐增大并达到最大值;当水流量为9和12 L/min时,液滴粒径基本相同,这表明当水流量增加到一定值时,冷却水量的增加不影响液滴粒径分布。在不同水流量下,随着喷淋距离的增加,液滴穿透铸坯表面蒸汽膜深度呈先增大后略微减小的变化规律,在喷射距离为100~200 mm范围内时,液滴穿透深度最大,这表明喷射高度在该范围时,喷淋冷却效果最好。     

TC17钛合金加热过程中的有限元模型

采用深埋热电偶动态测量温度变化并结合有限元模拟建立了TC17钛合金棒材的加热模型,并对其升温过程进行了模拟。结果表明:总换热系数由辐射换热系数和对流换热系数组成,可通过数学运算获得,其数值与棒材温度有关,随着棒材温度的升高,总换热系数呈增大趋势。通过对500 mm×500 mm TC17钛合金棒材的升温过程进行有限元模拟,获得棒材心部和1/2R处的温升曲线,经过与热电偶测得的实际温升曲线对比,两者有较高的吻合度,棒材心部和1/2R处到温时间分别为196 min和166 min。采用小尺寸试样进行β单相区加热试验,通过与大尺寸棒材β晶粒尺寸的比较,验证了有限元模型的准确性。     

热带钢超快速冷却条件下的对流换热系数研究

建立了热带钢超快速冷却过程的导热微分方程,采用有限差分方法计算了薄带钢实现超快速冷却(对于4 mm以下的薄带钢,冷却速率可达300℃/s)所需的带钢表面对流换热系数.同时,在实验室条件下采用厚度为20 mm的钢板进行了超快速冷却试验,得到了超快速冷却条件下的带钢表面对流换热系数与冷却水流量的关系.结果表明,在一定水流量范围内随着冷却水量的增加,带钢表面换热系数逐渐增加;采用所确定的换热系数对不同厚度钢板得到的温降曲线与实测值吻合较好,具有较高的精度.     

常化炉气雾冷却系统的应用

为了满足高牌号无取向硅钢和高磁感取向硅钢的常化退火工艺要求,设置了常化炉冷却段,通过气雾、空气及喷淋水达到带钢冷却要求。其中气雾冷却段要求最高,故其气雾冷却技术越来越受到关注。目前已投入工业应用的两相流冷却技术主要采用空气雾化水,将雾化后的气体和水滴的混合物直接喷射到带钢表面以较快速率冷却带钢。气雾冷却具有换热系数大、冷却效率高等优点,是一种较为理想的冷却方式。     

Atomized Spray Quenching as an Alternative Quenching Method for Defined Adjustment of Heat Transfer

In Atomized Spray Quenching, water is atomized to a fine spray by compressed air and sprayed onto the hot metallic surface. On the surface, the single drops partially evaporate. Afterwards they are taken away by the superposed airflow. Thus a water film cannot form. By quenching one edge, it is shown that an undefined water film collapses at the edges and corners; roughness, as known from Water Spray Quenching, does not occur. In this way a defined adjustment of heat transfer including quality improvement is possible. The influence of impingement density, spray characteristics, drop velocity, drop diameter and surface temperature on heat transfer was investigated. The heat transfer was measured with infrared thermography. The spray characteristics were measured with a combination of 2D‐Phase‐Doppler‐Anemometer and Patternator. Heat transfer coefficients up to 3000 W/(m² K) were measured.     

Analysis of Mould,Spray and Radiation Zones of Continuous Billet Caster by Three‐dimensional Mathematical Model based on a Turbulent Fluid Flow

An analysis of mould, spray and radiation zones of a continuous billet caster has been done by a three‐dimensional turbulent fluid flow and heat transfer mathematical model. The aim was to reduce crack susceptibility of the billets and enhance productivity of the billet caster. Enthalpy‐porosity technique is used for the solidification. Turbulence is modelled by a realizable k‐ε model. The three‐dimensional mesh of the billet is generated by Gambit software, and Fluent software is used for the solution of equations. In various zones, different standard boundary conditions are applied. Enhanced wall treatment is used for the turbulence near the wall. In the mould region, Savage and Prichard expression for heat flux is applied. In the spray cooling zone, the heat transfer coefficient for surface cooling of the billet is calculated by knowing the water flow rate and the nozzle configuration of the plant. The model predicts the velocities in the molten pool of a billet, the temperature in the entire volume of billet, the heat transfer coefficient in the mould region, the heat flux in the cooling zone and radiation cooling zone, and the shell thickness at various zones. The model forecasts that the billet surface temperature up to the cutting region is above the austenite‐ferrite transformation temperature (which is accompanied by large volume change). The model predicts a temperature difference of maximum 700 K between the centre and surface of the billet. The entire solidification takes place at 11.0 m length at 3.0 m/min. For the same casting arrangement, increasing the casting speed up to 4.0 m/min has been explored. Based on the simulation results, recommendations to alter the spray water flow rate and spray nozzle diameter are presented to avoid a sudden change of temperature.     

喷淋结晶器传热特性的实验研究

喷淋结晶器是一种新型结晶器，它是用特殊的喷嘴将水喷淋到结晶器的铜板表面上进行铸坯冷却的，这种冷却方式具有较高的传热速度，便于调节结晶器的热流密度，可以提高拉坯速度和铸坯质量，喷淋结晶器的传热现象是很复杂的，本文通过建立传热实验台，对喷淋冷却过程进行较细致的实验研究，找出喷水量和换热系数的关系等，为设计喷淋冷却结晶器提供必要的参数。     

钢管冷却喷淋水量对换热系数的影响

 采用一种钢管外喷淋装置,通过在钢管中预埋热电偶测量钢管冷却期间的温降曲线,研究了喷淋水量对钢管冷却强度的影响。利用有限元模拟软件对测量结果进行分析,建立了钢管表面对流换热系数和水流密度的数学关系模型,将模型嵌入了钢管温度场计算软件当中,软件的计算精度进行了工程验证。结果表明,融合了该换热数学模型的钢管温度场模拟软件计算精度达到90％以上。     

An experimental study on heat transfer process of multiple mist impinging jets

Mist jet impingement cooling is an enhanced heat transfer method widely used after the continuous galvanizing process.The key of a successful design and operation of the mist jet impingement cooling system lies in mastering heat transfer coefficients.The heat transfer coefficients of high temperature steel plates cooled with multiple mist impinging jets were experimentally investigated,and the effects of gas and water flow rates on heat transfer coefficients were studied.The test results illustrate that the gas flow rate has little effect on the mist heat transfer rate.It is also found that the water flow rate has a great impact on the heat transfer coefficient.When the water flow rate ranges from 0.96m3/h to 1.59 m3/h,an increase in the rate will produce a higher heat transfer coefficient with a maximum of 5650 W/(m2·K).Compared with the conventional gas jet cooling,the heat transfer coefficient of the mist jet cooling will be much higher,which can effectively strengthen the after-pot cooling.     

Ultra Fast Cooling of a Hot Steel Plate by Using High Mass Flux Air Atomized Spray

In the current research, the ultra fast cooling (UFC) of a hot stationary AISI‐304 steel plate has been investigated by using air atomized spray at different air and water flow rates. The initial temperature of the plate, before the cooling starts, is kept at 900°C or above. The spray was produced from a full cone internal mixing air atomized spray nozzle at a fixed nozzle to plate distance; and the average spray mass flux was varied from 130 to 370 kg m^?2 s by selecting different combinations of air and water flow rates. The surface heat flux and surface temperature calculations have been performed by using INTEMP software and the calculated results have been validated by comparing with the measured thermocouple data. The heat transfer analysis indicates that the cooling occurs in the transition boiling regime up to surface temperature of 500°C and thereafter it changes to nucleate boiling regime. The superposed flow of air on the hot plate enhances the cooling in the temperature range of 900–500°C by sweeping the partially evaporated droplets from the hot surface. However, due to the high percentage of fine water droplets in the resultant spray produced at higher air flow rates, the maximum cooling rate is achieved at the medium air flow rate of 30 N m³ h^?1. The cooling rate (182°C s^?1) produced by an air atomized spray is found to be in the UFC regime of a 6 mm thick steel plate. The findings of this research can be considered as the basis for the fabrication of cooling system in the run‐out table of a hot strip mill.     

Experimental study of heat transfer in process of rolls cooling in rolling mills by water jets

The paper summarizes results obtained by carrying out a large set of experiments that studied cooling of rolls. The experiments are based on the cooling of a steel plate by a set of flat nozzles from a starting temperature of 615 °C. The temperature histories measured in 39 points of the test plate are the inputs to the evaluation procedure. The sensor distribution covers a surface of a size of 450 × 110 mm. Classical Beck's inverse task was extended for the 3-dimensional area. The inverse task computes the surface distribution of heat transfer coefficient history, heat flux history and surface temperature. The results have pointed out a non-homogeneity in cooling by means of flat jets and provide us with a comparison of the flat and the full cone jets. The possibility of the intensification of the cooling by non-rectangular spray angle is discussed. It is shown that a certain point of saturation exists in the experimental pressure range from 0.4 to 1.2 MPa and increasing the pressure has a negligible influence on the cooling intensity.