窄缝通道内过冷沸腾区域汽泡脱离频率研究

采用高速摄像仪对矩形窄缝通道内垂直上升流过冷流动沸腾区域汽泡脱离频率进行可视化实验研究。结果表明,汽泡脱离频率随质量流速的增大而减小,随入口过冷度的增大而减小,随热流密度的增大而增大。将实验数据与文献中汽泡脱离频率计算模型进行比较,发现基于池式沸腾和饱和流动沸腾开发的计算模型不能准确预测过冷沸腾区域汽泡脱离频率。本文以无量纲参数的形式,分别用液相雷诺数、过冷雅各布数和核态沸腾热流密度表示质量流速、主流过冷度和热流密度对汽泡脱离频率的影响,获得矩形窄缝通道内过冷沸腾区域汽泡脱离频率预测关系式,关系式的平均预测误差为±17.1%。     

高温、高流速氢气在圆管内流动换热特性研究

为探究工质在核热推进反应堆冷却剂通道内的热工水力行为,基于数值计算方法,开展了圆管内高温、高流速氢气流动换热特性研究。通过与实验数据对比发现,采用压力基耦合算法、SST k-ω湍流模型以及物性模型进行高温、高流速氢气流动换热特性数值模拟是合理可行的,计算值与实验值符合较好,计算模型选择正确。在分析基础工况流场与温度场的基础上,还研究了热工参数对氢气管内流动换热特性的影响,结果表明,随质量流量的增大换热效果增强,随热流密度的增大换热效果变差。研究方法与结果可为高温、高热流密度环境下气体工质流动换热特性研究、核热推进反应堆的热工设计与仿真模拟提供参考。     

垂直上升管内对流沸腾瞬态数值模拟及其两相流不稳定性预测

核电站蒸汽发生器二次侧为两相对流沸腾换热过程,在设计过程中须保证其不发生两相流不稳定性。本工作采用时域法对垂直上升管内两相流不稳定性进行研究,建立了垂直上升直管内流动沸腾过程的一维模型,并编制计算程序。采用该程序模拟了流动沸腾过程气液两相流密度波的不稳定性,给出两相流波动过程瞬态参数分布,由此分析了密度波不稳定发生的机理,并分析了质量流速、系统压力、入口过冷度对不稳定的影响。结果表明,与已有实验及理论结果相比,瞬态参数计算结果与实验结果符合较好,可较好找到不同工况下直管内气液两相流发生不稳定的边界,结果优于Khabenski线算图方法。     

复合换热管过冷沸腾换热实验与关联式评价

以去离子水为实验介质,在单面受热流密度条件下,开展了聚变装置偏滤器的过冷流动沸腾强化换热特性实验研究,将内肋强化换热技术与内插扭带结构相结合,利用两者的协同强化传热效应,设计出一种复合换热管。实验参数为：质量流速,992～4 960 kg/(m2·s);压力,04～2 MPa;入口过冷度,8701～11921 ℃;热流密度,1～163 MW/m2。对4种强化换热管（光管、内插扭带管、内螺纹肋管和复合换热管）的管内过冷流动沸腾换热特性和综合性能评价指标（PEC）进行了对比实验。结果表明：与其他3种管道相比,复合换热管的对流换热系数和PEC最高,传热特性最好。研究了复合换热管的扭带扰动比、螺距、压力和质量流速对管内两相流动对流换热系数的影响规律,发现对流换热系数与螺距、质量流速呈正比,与扭带扰动比、压力呈反比。最后对比了4个现有的过冷流动沸腾换热经验公式,并在无量纲模型基础上,增加了扰动比和螺径比（t/Dh）进行修正,利用非线性拟合方法提出了适合复合换热管过冷流动沸腾的努塞尔数新公式。     

竖直窄缝水工质常压过冷沸腾流动与传热分析

以去离子水为工质,对常压下竖直窄缝通道内过冷沸腾流动与换热规律进行实验和数值模拟研究。对壁面气泡核化特点进行可视化实验分析,建立2 mm窄缝通道的壁面核化沸腾模型,包括:汽化核心密度、气泡脱离直径和气泡脱离频率关联式。以两流体模型为基础,结合壁面热量分配伦斯勒理工学院(RPI)模型以及壁面核化沸腾模型,建立竖直窄缝通道内过冷沸腾流动传热计算流体动力学(CFD)数值模型,对典型实验工况进行模拟分析,并与实验结果进行对比,两者吻合良好。     

沸腾传热数值模拟方法及多管耦合应用特性研究

针对直流蒸汽发生器（OTSG）中全流型沸腾传热及一、二次侧耦合换热等复杂物理现象,计算流体动力学（CFD）数值分析普遍面临计算难度大、计算效率低及不确定性大等问题。基于欧拉两流体多相流模型与临界热流密度（CHF）壁面沸腾模型,建立了管内全流型流动沸腾传热数值分析模型,并验证了模型的有效性。基于所验证的模型,开展了数值模型在多管耦合传热下的应用特性研究,明确了该数值模拟方法在多管耦合下的可靠性,并对温度与相分布计算结果对相间作用力模型的敏感性进行了数值分析。研究结果表明：基于欧拉两流体多相流模型与CHF壁面沸腾模型,能够较准确地预测管内水介质由过冷到过热的全流型流动沸腾传热过程,计算的“干涸”点位置及壁面峰值温度与实验值符合较好,最大误差小于10%;基于欧拉两流体多相流模型与CHF壁面沸腾模型的数值方法对多管耦合工况有较好的适用性,计算的二次侧温度与实验结果吻合良好;两相间曳力对壁面温度及空泡份额的计算结果有较明显的影响,但非曳力对壁面温度的影响较小,因此对于大规模工程应用计算,可在分析中不考虑部分相间非曳力的影响。本文研究结果可为OSTG的三维精细化数值分析的模型选择提供有益参考。     

管内过冷流动沸腾CFD模型参数敏感性研究

采用CFD方法对燃料组件进行过冷流动沸腾数值模拟研究是反应堆热工水力分析的一项重要内容。本研究使用STAR CCM+基于欧拉双流体模型结合壁面沸腾模型对管内过冷流动沸腾进行数值模拟,得到了壁面温度、主流温度及空泡份额的分布。基于实验结果对网格模型、湍流模型、壁面沸腾模型及相间作用力模型的参数设置进行了敏感性分析。研究结果表明,对于欧拉双流体模型,并非网格量越多结果越准确,加热面第1层网格的高度对结果影响显著。湍流模型和曳力模型对计算结果影响较小,非曳力中的湍流耗散力及升力对结果影响较大。Li Quan或Hibiki Ishii汽化核心密度模型与Kocamustafaogullari气泡脱离直径模型组合对壁面温度及空泡份额的计算较准确。本研究可为反应堆燃料组件内过冷流动沸腾数值模拟提供参考依据。     

竖直窄矩形通道内沸腾换热系数的预测模型

对窄矩形通道内流动沸腾换热特性进行实验研究,拟合出沸腾换热系数计算关系式。使用不同的沸腾换热预测模型计算窄矩形通道的沸腾换热系数并将预测值与实验值进行对比,结果表明:各关系式预测窄矩形通道的沸腾换热系数,预测效果都不同程度地存在一些问题。根据Schrock-Grossman模型并以强迫对流沸腾换热原理为基础,建立了窄矩形通道沸腾换热系数的预测模型,与实验数据符合良好。     

螺旋管内单相及沸腾的强化换热与阻力特性实验

实验研究了三维内肋螺旋管内单相及沸腾的强化换热与阻力性能。单相对流换热实验采用光滑螺旋管和两种不同结构尺寸的三维内肋螺旋管。与光滑螺旋管相比,在测试的流动范围内．两种三维内肋管的平均换热系数增加了71％和103％．平均阻力增加了90％和140％;曲率δ=0．0605、测试段长0．58m的三维内微肋螺旋管内流动沸腾换热实验结果表明：在不同质量流速、热流密度工况下,三维内微肋螺旋管的平均换热系数比光滑螺旋管增加40％到120％．阻力增加18％到119％。     

纳米流体饱和池沸腾传热及CHF模型研究

纳米流体传热是一种新兴的换热方式,目前研究多集中在单相研究领域,而纳米流体沸腾传热特性的相关研究较少。本文采用热通量拆分方法,将壁面传热分为4种模型(微液层蒸发、气泡脱离前的瞬态导热、气泡脱离后的瞬态导热以及微对流换热),对这4种模型的传热量分别进行计算,结合壁面核化中心密度等参数,计算了壁面平均传热系数和CHF。结果表明,本文计算结果与国际上已发表的实验数据符合较好,充分验证了所建立模型的合理性。     

池式沸腾和流动沸腾的人工神经网络研究

成功构建了2个分别用于预测同心圆管开式热虹吸器内自然循环临界热流密度(CHF)和池式核态沸腾换热系数的人工神经网络。其预测均方误差分别为16.43%和19.57%。用训练成功的人工神经网络分析了2种沸腾换热的影响因素,分析结果表明:热虹吸器内同心内管的出现使CHF增加,热虹吸器内的CHF随内管外径的增加先增加后减小。池式核态沸腾表面传热系数随压力的增加先呈线性增加,当压力接近临界压力时,增加速度增大。     

Boiling heat transfer during rewetting

An analytical one-dimensional conduction model is developed for the rewetting of a hot surface. The solution scheme is not limited to a specific heat flux profile. Experimental results falling within the range of validity of the one-dimensional solution are correlated using a generalized pool boiling curve. The effect of various heat transfer parameters such as inlet velocity and local subcooling is discussed. A unique relationship is shown to exist between the dimensionless quench front velocity, which is defined here as an eigenvalue of the governing equation, the ratio of the integral of the dimensionless heat flux, and the integral of the surface axial temperature gradient.     

Boiling two-phase flow under microgravity

To study the effects of reduced gravity on the flow regime and the heat transfer characteristics of a boiling two-phase horizontal flow, parabolic flight experiments were performed by using an aircraft. The gravity level during the parabolic flight and the duration time were about −0.01g_e +0.01g_e and 20 s, respectively. Under earth gravity, many small bubbles are detached very frequently from the heater rod surface, flowing into the upper stream due to the buoyancy and resulting in a stratified flow in the cases of lower inlet fluid velocity and higher heat flux. Under microgravity conditions, bubbles are hardly detached from the heater rod, growing and coalescing to become much larger along the heater rod, surrounding the heater rod in the downstream. This tendency was more noticeable in the cases of lower inlet fluid velocity, higher heat flux and lower inlet fluid subcooling. The local heat transfer coefficients at the bottom of the heater rod tend to decrease slightly under microgravity compared with those under earth gravity because of the reduction of the heat removal due to natural convection. On the other hand, the local heat transfer coefficients at the top of the heater rod tend to increase slightly under microgravity. However, the differences of the local heat transfer coefficients are very small in spite of large differences of the flow regimes under earth gravity and microgravity.     

Incipient Boiling on Exponentially Heated Surfaces

Calculations have been performed on the asymptotic angular neutron flux, critical thickness and extrapolation distance in the axial direction for a cylindrical system of finite length. Neutrons are assumed to be monoenergetic. Applying the finite Laplace transformation in the axial direction and buckling approximation in the radial, we find a solution of the transport equation that satisfies the boundary conditions of no incoming neutron and symmetry. This method is an extension of Kobayashi's Laplace transform method for slab problem, and may easily be applied to other geometries. For a rectangular prism system, numerical results based on our method are compared with results from P₃-approximation.     

Semi-Time-Optimal Control of Boiling Water Reactor

A simple semi-time-optimal controller is proposed for a linear single-input single-output system. The controller is presented as a state feedback with time-varying gains. Stability analysis of the control system shows that the system is stable if the closed loop coefficient matrix is within a limited range. A method of eigenvalue assignment for the closed loop is provided and coordinate transformation is applied in the present paper to design the controller. Simulations of the control system for BWR indicate that the present controller realizes the time-optimal control better than the conventional PID controller.     

Non-Hydrodynamic Aspects of Pool Boiling Burnout

More than 400 pieces of test sections—flat plates made of various metals and alloys—were placed in saturated water under atmospheric pressure and heated to physical destruction by passing electric current directly through them.

Several non-hydrodynamic parameters have marked effect upon the critical heat flux, which indicates that purely hydrodynamic theories are not directly applicable to general prediction of the critical heat flux.

The critical heat flux data was found to be well correlated with the heat capacity per unit surface area of the test section: the critical heat flux is reduced with decrease of this parameter, while with increasing parameter it approaches a certain asymptotic value.

The fluctuation of surface temperature due to alternate contact with vapor and liquid was calculated by the proposed model, and the trend of dryout duration was estimated from the critical heat flux data.     

直流沸腾系统不稳定性分析

根据直流沸腾系统的特点．采用了以集中参数和可移动边界为特征的简化动态模型．推导出了两相流反馈系统。利用自动控制中的频域理论以及MATLAB软件的不稳定性分析语句和Tool Box中的Simulink工具,对其进行了分析和仿真．并得出了几种主要因素影响下的稳定性边界曲线：     

沸腾换热强化特性实验研究

沸腾换热具有传热温差低、换热系数高等优点,对提高设备的紧凑性、经济性和安全性具有重要意义.目前,核动力装置中主要以光管作为沸腾换热元件,沸腾换热强化的空间很大.本文针对核动力装置非能动余热排出换热器沸腾换热工况,以水为工质,对光管及3种强化管的管外沸腾换热特性进行实验研究,得出了4种管型的沸腾换热强化特性,并分析了各强化管的强化机理.整体针翅管表面大量螺旋排列的三维翅片增大了换热面积、延缓了汽泡在壁面附近聚合形成大汽膜,使沸腾换热得到强化;多孔管采用机械方法在壁面加工出大量微细小孔,汽化核心数量和汽泡脱离频率均大幅提高,因此,沸腾换热强化效果显著;绕丝针翅管是一种复合强化手段,兼有整体针翅管和多孔管的优点,沸腾换热强化效果也较好.     

Acoustic Emission in Subcooled Nucleate Pool Boiling

Intensity and power spectral density of acoustic emission in subcooled nucleate pool boiling of water from boiling inception to the heater burnout was investigated experimentally. Platinum and Ni-Cr wires with dia. 1.0 mm or smaller were used as the heater. The measurements were performed in containers at atmospheric pressure and in a dam at pressures up to 3 atm. In the former case photographic observations of boiling bubbles were also made.

The acoustic emission in boiling had frequency components up to and sometimes beyond 50 kHz; the shape of power spectral densities behaved differently for heat fluxes above and below a certain value at which the overall acoustic intensity assumed a maximum value. With the increase in heat flux the acoustic emission increased in high frequencies below this heat flux, while it became eminent in low frequencies above the same heat flux. This phenomenon is related to the transition from the region with single bubbles to the region with coalesced bubbles. Resonance-like peaks found in the measurements with containers that may depend on the container geometry were not observed in the measurements in the dam and smoother power spectral densities were obtained.