Abrasive slurry wear behavior of stainless steel surface produced by plasma transferred arc hardfacing process

Abrasive slurry wear is generally defined as a mechanical interaction in which material is lost from a surface which is in contact with a moving particle-laden liquid. Slurry wear abrasion occurs in extruders, slurry pumps, and pipes carrying slurry of minerals and ores in mineral processing industries. The life of components used under slurry abrasion conditions is governed by the process parameters, properties of the abrasive particles in the slurry and the material properties. This paper analyzes in detail the effects of operating variables such as abrasive particle size, slurry concentration, speed of rotation and slurry bath temperature on the abrasive slurry wear behavior of a stainless steel surface produced by Plasma transferred arc (PTA) hardfacing process. Of the four variables considered in this investigation, it is found that the slurry concentration has a predominant effect on wear rate of hardfaced surfaces compared to other variables. Microstructural analyses of the worn surfaces were carried out using SEM. Both experimental and mathematical investigations show that the wear resistance of the PTA hardfaced stainless steel surface is four times better than that of the carbon steel substrate.     

钴基自熔合金涂层的耐磨性能研究

用真空熔烧方法在 40Cr钢表面制得钴基自熔合金涂层. 用金相显微镜和X射线衍射仪测定了涂层的硬度.比较了钴基自熔合金涂层与GCr15钢、激冷铸铁的耐磨性.结果表明,涂层主要由 Co基固溶体、共晶体和碳化物组成,真空熔烧钴基自熔合金涂层的耐磨性比 GCrl5钢、激冷铸铁的要高.     

高铬铸铁、100V钢及镍基合金的金相组织及耐磨性能

以高铬铸铁、100V钢和镍基合金为研究对象，通过热处理前后金相组织及硬度的对比和摩擦磨损后磨损表面的SEM照片、能谱分析，研究了金相组织、硬度和耐磨性之间的关系，表明合金中基体组织的强韧化是提高耐磨材料抗磨性能的有效手段。     

钎焊法制备硬质颗粒复合材料的耐磨性和磨损机理

为了提高硬质颗粒复合合金材料的耐磨性并揭示其与界面结合、微观组织及磨损机理之间的关系,本文设计并通过钎焊法,在普通铸钢件表面制得了厚度可达30mm的WC颗粒增强铜基合金覆层,测试分析了上述各种因素对此覆层耐磨性的影响.力学性能测试表明:该覆层与钢母体结合强固,且具有良好的综合性能.SEM观察和能谱分析说明:复合合金层组织由弥散强化铜基合金基体与WC颗粒相组成,且二者形成了强有力的反应性结合.磨料磨损试验证明:该复合合金在二体和三体磨损条件下均有较高的耐磨性,与低合金钢的切削和犁沟变形应变疲劳以及高铬铸铁的切削磨损机理不同,该复合合金与切削及脆性剥落两大磨损机理相对应.     

TC4合金和P110油管钢摩擦磨损性能的比较

对TC4合金和P110油管钢在不同温度下的摩擦磨损性能进行对比研究,分析其摩擦系数、磨损率和磨痕形貌随温度的变化规律,探讨磨损机制.结果表明:P110油管钢的耐磨性明显优于TC4合金,TC4合金的耐磨性随温度的升高无显著变化,磨痕呈犁沟形貌,在较低温度时的磨损机制为剥层磨损、黏着磨损和疲劳磨损,在较高温度时为剥层磨损、黏着磨损和氧化磨损;P110油管钢耐磨性随温度的升高而降低,在较低温度时磨痕呈磨坑形貌,磨损机制为剥层磨损和磨粒磨损,在较高温度时磨痕形貌呈犁沟形貌,主要为剥层磨损、黏着磨损和氧化磨损.     

Fe－B－C合金冲击磨料磨损性能及磨损机制的研究

以高铬铸铁为对比材料,采用MLD-10型冲击磨料磨损试验机,研究了Fe—B—C合金冲击磨料磨损性能：借助子扫描电镜,探讨了Fe—B—C合金的磨损机制。结果表明：Fe—B—C合金的硬度和冲击韧度与高铬铸铁相当,耐磨性能达到高铬铸铁水平,具有良好的性价比;Fe—B—C合金的磨损机制是以微观切削为主,同时存在微观断裂和微观犁沟的混合磨损。     

高钒高速钢的冲击磨料磨损性能试验

以高铬铸铁(Cr26及高锰钢Mn13Cr2为对比材料,在MLD-10动载磨料磨损试验机上研究了高钒高速钢以鹅卵石为磨料时的冲击磨料磨损性能.结果表明,冲击功为0.5J时,高钒高速钢(V10)的耐磨性是高铬铸铁(Cr26)的2.1倍,是高锰钢(Mn13Cr2)的2.8倍.随13着冲击功的增大,高钒高速钢(V10)的耐磨性大幅下降,但其耐磨性仍高于高铬铸铁(Cr26)和高锰钢(Mn13Cr2).     

Fe-C-Ti-Cr-B系堆焊合金组织及耐磨性能

采用CO2气体保护堆焊方法,在Q235钢表面制备不同硼含量的Fe-C-Ti-Cr-B系堆焊层金属,利用扫描电镜（SEM）对堆焊层的组织进行了观察分析.在MLS-225型湿式橡胶轮磨粒磨损试验机上进行磨粒磨损试验,通过对磨损试样表面扫描电子显微镜观察分析并结合能谱成分分析探讨了磨损机理.结果表明,Fe-C-Ti-Cr-B耐磨堆焊合金中随着硼含量增加,基体组织逐渐细化,TiC颗粒数目增多且分布弥散均匀,但当硼含量增大至1.16%时,磨损面上大量碳化物剥落,抗磨损性能降低;当硼含量为0.55%时合金表现出优良的耐磨损性能,其耐磨性比未加硼的Fe-C-Ti-Cr系堆焊合金提高了3.7倍.     

Influence of material characteristics on the abrasive wear response of some hardfacing alloys

This study examines the abrasive wear behavior of two iron-base hardfacing materials with different combinations of carbon and chromium after deposition on a steel substrate. Effects of applied load and sliding distance on the wear behavior of the specimens were studied. Operating material removal mechanisms also were analyzed through the scanning electron microscopy (SEM) examination of typical wear surfaces, subsurface regions, and debris particles. The results suggest a significant improvement in the wear resistance of the hardfaced layers over that of the substrate. Further, the specimens overlaid with the material with low carbon and high chromium contents attained better wear resistance than the one consisting of more carbon but less chromium. The former specimens also attained superior hardness. Smoother abrasion grooves on the wear surfaces and finer debris formation during the abrasion of the hardfaced samples were consistent with wear resistance superior to that of the substrate.     

Abrasiveness of an electrochemical iron binder on a solid abrasive surface with aluminum oxide particles

The results of the investigation into the abrasiveness of iron-coated surfaces during friction on a solid abrasive surface with aluminum oxide particles on a ceramic binder are presented. It is shown that the particles of the abrasive surface are deteriorated considerably more during friction on a surface of a pure iron coating than on these doped with nickel or cobalt, while they detach from the ceramic binder under considerably smaller loads. It is established that the partial friction coefficient of the abrasive surface is considerably larger during friction on the usual iron depositions than on these doped with nickel or cobalt.     

Microstructure and wear performance of Al5083/CeO2/SiC mono and hybrid surface composites fabricated by friction stir processing

Friction stir processing (FSP) was utilized to produce surface composites by incorporating nano-sized cerium oxide (CeO₂) and silicon carbide (SiC) particles individually and in combined form into the Al5083 alloy matrix. The study signified the role of these reinforcements on microstructure and wear behavior of the resultant surface composite layers. The wear characteristics of the resultant mono and hybrid surface composite layers were investigated using a pin-on-disc wear tester at room temperature. The microstructural observations of FSPed regions and the worn out surfaces were performed by optical and scanning electron microscopy. Considerable grain refinement and uniform distribution of reinforcement particles were achieved inside the nugget zone. All the composite samples showed higher hardness and wear resistance compared to the base metal. Among the composite samples, the hybrid composite (Al5083/CeO₂/SiC) revealed the highest wear resistance and the lowest friction coefficient, whereas the Al5083/SiC composite exhibited the highest hardness, i.e., 1.5 times as hard as that of the Al5083 base metal. The enhancement in wear behavior of the hybrid composites was attributed to the solid lubrication effect provided by CeO₂ particles. The predominant wear mechanism was identified as severe adhesive in non-composite samples, which changed to abrasive wear and delamination in the presence of reinforcing particles.     

几种典型抗磨材料抗冲击磨粒磨损性能比较研究

在实验室条件下，用Amsler-135型磨损试验机，对高钒合金、高铬铸铁和贝氏体钢三种抗磨材料进行了抗冲击磨粒磨损性能试验。结果表明，在三种冲击载荷和两种不同磨料的试验条件下，高钒合金的抗磨性都最好，高铬铸铁次之，贝氏体钢最差。从金相组织方面分析了这三种抗磨材料的上述试验结果。     

TiC颗粒增强低合金铁素体钢的耐磨性能

通过与传统低合金铁素体钢做对比,研究了原位合成方法制备的1.0vol%TiC颗粒增强型铁素体耐磨钢的磨粒磨损性能。采用光学显微镜(OM)、扫描电镜(SEM)及能谱分析(EDS)对试验钢的显微组织形貌和析出相粒子分布进行了分析,并对试验钢的硬度、强度、韧塑性和磨粒磨损性能进行测试。试验结果表明: 经过轧制后的TiC粒子在试验钢中分布均匀,其中纳米TiC粒子产生明显的沉淀强化作用,提高了基体的强度和硬度,并保证了良好的弯曲性能。粒径1～5 μm的TiC颗粒有效阻碍了磨粒对基体的犁削作用,提高了基体抵抗磨粒磨损的能力,TiC增强后的铁素体试验钢磨损量仅为未增强铁素体钢的60%,与未增强铁素体钢淬火+低温回火处理后的耐磨性相当。TiC颗粒增强铁素体钢的磨粒磨损机制既包括犁皱塑性变形机制又包括显微切削机制,钢的耐磨性提高为纳米、微米TiC粒子共同作用的结果。     

Improvement in high stress abrasive wear property of steel by hardfacing

High stress abrasive wear behavior of mild steel, medium carbon steel, and hardfacing alloy has been studied to ascertain the extent of improvement in the wear properties after hardfacing of steel. High stress abrasive wear tests were carried out by sliding the specimen against the abrasive media consisting of silicon carbide particles, rigidly bonded on paper base and mounted on disk. Maximum wear was found in the case of mild steel followed by a medium carbon alloy steel and a hardfacing alloy. Different compositions of steels and constituent phases present led to different wear rates of the specimen. The extent of improvement in wear performance of steel due to hardfacing is quite appreciable (twice compared to mild steel). Microstructural examination of the wear surface has been carried out to understand the wear mechanism.     

Low stress abrasive wear behavior of a hardfaced steel

A plain carbon steel was overlayed with a wear-resistant hardfacing alloy by manual arc welding. Low stress abrasive wear tests were conducted with an ASTM rubber wheel abrasion tester using crushed silica and as the abrasive medium. The wear rate decreased with sliding distance, and there was an overall improvement in the abrasive wear resistance as a result of overlaying. The wear behavior of the samples has been discussed in terms of microstructural features while the examination of wear surface and subsurface regions provides insight into the wear mechanisms.     

灰铸铁表面WC颗粒-高铬铸铁铸渗层研究

采用铸渗技术,研究了在灰铸铁表面获得良好WC颗粒－高铬铸铁铸渗层工艺以及铸渗层组织和耐磨性。结果表明,在适宜工艺条件下,铸渗层平整、均匀、与基体结合良好,具有优良的抗磨粒磨损性能。用WC颗粒－高铬铸铁铸渗法制造的灰铸铁基搅拌机叶片,其使用寿命是Q235钢制叶片的三倍以上。     

等离子熔覆添加和内生联合WC颗粒增强铁基涂层的组织和性能

采用等离子熔覆技术,以铸造碳化钨、钨铁粉、镍包石墨和铁基合金粉为原材料,在Q235钢基体上制备了外加和内生联合WC颗粒增强铁基复合涂层,通过扫描电镜和能谱分析、X射线衍射、硬度测试和磨料磨损试验对其微观组织、物相组成、硬度和耐磨性能进行了表征。结果表明,在优化的工艺参数下,可以获得与基体冶金结合良好的涂层,硬质相除外加的WC颗粒,还有内生的WC、W₂C、W₃C、Fe₃W₃C和Fe₂W₂C等;随着混合粉末中除外加WC之外的W含量增加,熔池中合金液密度增大,可以减弱外加WC颗粒下沉;当W含量达到15%时,外加WC颗粒均匀分布在涂层中,没有团聚现象发生,且在外加WC颗粒周围有细小的原位WC颗粒生成,涂层的显微硬度和耐磨损性能显著提高,涂层的平均硬度约为1300 HV0.2,耐磨性为Q235钢基体的10倍。     

Determination of wear parameters and mechanisms of diamond/copper tools in marble stones cutting

In this paper, a type of soft metal binder of diamond tools (diamond segments) that was consisted of 78% Brass (Cu-10Zn) +16% Bronze (Cu–10Sn) + %6Co was investigated. The first, it was approved that the binder is a soft metal binder by a hardness test for diamond tools in natural stones cutting. Then, the effective factors on grinding efficiency such as specific energy (SE), Cutting force (FC), metal binder removal rate (MRR), grinding ratio (G-ratio), wear resistance and Mean free path (MFP) were evaluated by different formula and equations. On the other hand, the effect of different wear mechanisms on the metal binder and diamond grits of the tool was evaluated by the cutting of a type of very hard marble stone that calls Cappochino Beige Marble (CBM). The existence of wears of abrasive, surface fatigue, impact and erosive were confirmed by scanning electron microscopic observations. According to hardness 73 HRB (hardness of the binder) and the wears, there is a short tools life for the diamond tool due to low wear resistance of the metal binder but, the cutting rate was high.Novelty statementThe rising price of decorative stones will increase the final price of the stones and will overshadow the global market of decorative stones. The presence of cobalt, iron, chromium and nickel powders increases the price of diamond tools because of their high price. On the other hand, due to the higher temperature and time of hot press to produce these tools by the mentioned powders, it will also increase the price. Therefore, in this paper, brass and bronze alloy powders, which are much cheaper than cobalt, iron, chromium and nickel powders, have been used as main metal binder powders to reduce raw material prices and manufacturing process costs. On the other side, due to the creation of a softer metal binder compared with the more expensive and harder binder of cobalt, iron, chromium and nickel powders, it can be affected to increase the cutting speed because of increasing wear of the binder. Therefore, mathematical calculations are essential for the efficiency of the tools' cutting.     

铁基含TiC陶瓷粉电弧喷涂粉芯丝材的研究

采用电弧喷涂含TiC陶瓷粉末的粉芯丝材，在低碳钢基体上制备了铁基复合涂层。用MLS-225型湿砂橡胶轮磨损试验机测试了涂层的抗磨粒磨损性能。利用光学显微镜、SEM、XRD分析技术对涂层的显微组织结构、磨损表面和相组成进了研究。结果表明：采用电弧喷涂工艺可制备含TiC陶瓷硬质相的复合涂层，在铁基体上弥散分布着一定量的TiC硬质颗粒，使整个涂层得到强化，涂层显微硬度平均值约为1137HV0.1，涂层的抗磨粒磨损性能较好，相对Q235钢提高T6倍。涂层磨损机制主要为犁沟切削和脆性断裂。     

感应钎涂金刚石/镍基合金复合涂层的性能

以45钢为基体,采用感应钎涂工艺在其表面制备金刚石/镍基合金复合涂层,通过洛氏硬度计、磨粒磨损试验机对涂层进行硬度和耐磨性测试,采用超景深显微镜、扫描电子显微镜对涂层、钎料和金刚石形貌进行观察,采用EDS对金刚石表面微区进行成分分析,初步研究了复合涂层的微观形貌、磨损规律及机制. 结果表明,金刚石颗粒在镍基合金复合涂层中弥散分布,与钎料合金实现了良好的冶金结合. 随着金刚石含量增加,可显著提高复合涂层的硬度及耐磨性. 当金刚石质量分数为20%时,涂层的宏观硬度达到63 HRC,较纯钎料涂层提高1.5倍;在相同的磨损试验条件下,纯钎料涂层的磨损失重为0.335 4 g,金刚石含量为20%的复合涂层磨损失重为0.097 9 g,仅为纯钎料涂层的29.2%.