生活垃圾焚烧飞灰重金属特性分析

对国内四个不同的垃圾焚烧厂产生的飞灰进行物理及化学特性分析.四种飞灰在颗粒尺寸分布上有相似的规律,飞灰中重金属的质量分数分析结果表明采用纯垃圾焚烧的炉排炉飞灰中的质量分数高于掺煤混烧的流化床焚烧飞灰中的质量分数.随着飞灰颗粒尺寸的减小,飞灰中重金属的浓度呈现增加的趋势.飞灰的渗滤特性表明,飞灰中Ca质量分数越高,飞灰的酸中合能力越强,且重金属的渗出率受飞灰渗滤液的pH影响大,而在碱性渗滤条件下受飞灰中重金属质量分数的影响小.     

神华配煤孔隙分形对燃烧特性的影响

利用氮气吸附仪、沉降炉、扫描电镜(SEM)和X-射线能谱仪(EDS)研究了动力配煤的孔隙分形结构对着火和燃烧特性的影响.对神华煤分别与准格尔煤和澳洲煤组成的配煤研究表明,配煤孔隙分形维数随单煤比例呈现出单调变化规律,并且与比表面积和比孔容积的变化规律基本一致.当神华配煤的分形维数由2.451增加到2.482和2.532时,着火温度由783 ℃降低到587 ℃和462 ℃,飞灰中碳的质量分数由3.62%减少到2.83%和1.83%,说明配煤的分形维数越大则越容易着火和燃尽.随着准格尔煤比例增加和神华煤比例减少,燃烧渣样中硅铝质量比减小且灰熔点提高,导致配煤的结渣程度明显减轻.     

黑液对水煤浆灰熔融特性影响实验及分析

为了探求造纸黑液对水煤浆燃烧特性以及灰熔融特性的影响,从微观与宏观角度分别对某煤的水煤浆添加造纸黑液前、后的煤浆的灰熔融特性进行了对比分析.灰的熔融特性试验结果表明,黑液煤浆灰渣的初始变形温度,软化温度,半球温度及流动温度皆比普通水煤浆灰渣的相应温度要低;通过XRF以及X射线衍射试验对比分析,发现黑液煤浆灰渣熔点较低的原因是灰样中含有大量低熔点的霞石以及无水芒硝等.对黑液水煤浆灰熔融特性影响的实验研究,可为相关设计应用单位提供参考.     

过量空气系数对准东煤结渣特性的影响

为深入认识准东煤的结渣特性,改善燃用准东煤的锅炉结渣问题,采用多反应控制段携带流反应器模拟真实煤粉锅炉中的空气分级燃烧情况,研究空气分级条件下过量空气系数对准东煤结渣特性的影响规律.采用XRD与SEMEDX对灰渣在高温条件下的熔融特性与微观形貌进行分析,并取灰样分析其燃尽率.实验结果表明:准东煤在炉膛温度为1 250℃时具有很好的燃尽效果,燃尽率达到99%以上.过量空气系数在0.7~1.2时对燃尽效果影响不明显.随着主燃区过量空气系数的升高,莫来石含量逐渐增大,结渣逐渐减轻;灰渣中Si、Fe、Na富集明显,Al含量较低,结渣较强;主燃区过量空气系数较低时,灰中铁的硅铝酸盐容易形成低温共熔体,导致结渣加重.为避免严重结渣应该使主燃区过量空气系数大于0.7,同时可以通过掺配含铁量较低的煤来减轻准东煤的结渣.     

红外反射法测量飞灰碳质量分数

采用红外反射法研究飞灰中碳的质量分数.在自行设计的实验台架上,对碳质量分数为3%～14%的烟煤飞灰样品进行测量分析.测量结果表明,样品厚度对反射光强有影响,当样品厚度在1 cm以上时红外反射光强较稳定;当不同样品间碳的质量分数近似相同时,飞灰粒径对反射光强有影响,反射光强与飞灰粒径成正比;对于碳质量分数渐变的多个样品,粒径对反射光强影响不大,红外光反射比能够反映飞灰中碳质量分数的变化.     

循环流化床锅炉中灰颗粒的演化特征

循环流化床(CFB)锅炉炉内的燃烧及传热与炉内床料的状态密切相关,而炉内床料主要是由燃煤含有的矿物组分经过燃烧、爆裂和磨耗过程形成的。对多家循环流化床电站锅炉选用煤种和不同部位的灰进行取样,使用可视化显微仪,获取了粒度分布和灰颗粒的微观形貌特征。根据循环流化床锅炉内灰颗粒的机械强度和耐磨性能的不同,将灰颗粒归为三类不同性质的灰,以此为基点,分别采用固定床燃烧后冷态振动筛分的方法和流化床实验台热态流化后筛分的方法,对比分析了灰颗粒在燃烧过程中的演化特征。结果表明:三类灰颗粒在不同的燃烧温度和时间的演化过程存在明显的不同。从而对循环流化床中的床料粒径分布的确定提供了理论依据。     

采用动网格技术的煤粉-玉米秸秆掺烧飞灰沉积数值模拟

为了研究煤粉和生物质掺烧形成飞灰的结渣特性,采用基于动网格技术的计算流体动力学（CFD）模型对煤粉-玉米秸秆掺烧积灰结渣实验（玉米秸秆掺比分别为0、5%和10%）进行数值模拟. 模拟过程中考虑灰渣导热系数和灰渣表面温度的变化,并将模拟结果和实验结果进行比较. 模拟结果表明：飞灰撞击质量流率随沉积进行而减小,这是因为沉积物引起的动网格变化影响探针附近流场;3种工况下飞灰在探针表面的最终沉积效率分别为75%、80%和87%,说明了玉米秸秆掺烧形成飞灰的易结渣倾向;灰渣实时形貌在动网格执行下得以实现. 在换热特性方面,灰渣表面温度和热流密度的模拟值和实验值较为接近;3种工况下0~100 min热流密度降低率分别为52.13%、46.96%和53.25%.     

TK6生物质燃料结渣特性分析与判别

生物质与煤同为固体燃料,尽管组成成分存在明显的区别,但在气化、燃烧与成灰特性等方面有许多共性,本文在分析各种生物质燃料的灰渣组成成分及其对结渣倾向影响的基础上,主要研究了若干煤结渣判别指数和生物质结渣判别指数对判别生物质结渣特性的适用性,基于11种常见生物质燃料灰渣成分的分析,对各自的结渣特性进行了判别,并与以往文献的结渣试验结果进行了比较,建议了各种判别方法的适用程度,推荐了具有较高可靠性的生物质结渣判别方法。     

添加剂对高碱煤灰渣流动特性及钠捕获效率的影响

为了给液态排渣锅炉安全燃烧准东高碱煤提供理论依据,在水平管式炉上利用刚玉斜坡对添加不同质量分数 SiO₂、CaO、Fe₂O₃和MgO的准东煤灰渣在空气气氛下的流动性能进行研究. 利用XRF技术对煤灰渣的钠质量分数进行分析,并通过钠捕获效率来表征煤灰渣的固钠效果. 研究表明：SiO₂和Fe₂O₃能够促进准东煤灰熔融.当SiO₂的质量分数为10% 时,煤灰渣由结晶渣逐渐转变为玻璃体渣,流动性能大大提高;而CaO和MgO则会抑制煤灰熔融,导致流动性能降低. 随着SiO₂添加比例的增加,灰渣对钠的捕获效率逐渐升高,当SiO₂的质量分数达10%时,钠捕获效率由原先的23%上升至30%;而随着Fe₂O₃添加比例的增加,钠捕获效率缓慢降低. 因此,当SiO₂的质量分数为10%时即可有效改善煤灰渣的流动性能,又能提高钠的捕获效率.     

水煤浆燃烧可吸入颗粒物分布及排放规律

采用冲击式尘粒分级仪对水煤浆锅炉电除尘器前后的细灰粒径分布进行研究.发现除尘器前细灰粒径分布基本上完全符合对数正态分布,相关系数大于0.999;而除尘器后粒径分布更接近罗辛 拉姆勒分布,相关系数约为0.989.由于电除尘器对粗颗粒的除尘效率高于对细颗粒的除尘效率,导致除尘器后PM1、PM2.5和PM10的质量分数均有很大幅度的提高.烟气中细颗粒的质量分数与锅炉负荷有关,负荷降低将导致烟气中细颗粒的质量分数增大.水煤浆锅炉由于燃料中存在的水分,以及燃烧时雾化和结团的影响,PM2.5和PM10的质量分数低于一般煤粉炉     

Influence of fly ash fineness and shape on the porosity and permeability of blended cement pastes

The effects of the fineness and shape of fly ash on the porosity and air permeability of cement pastes were investigated. Pulverized coal combustion (PCC) fly ash and fluidized bed coal combustion (FBC) fly ash classified into three different finenesses were used. River sand with particle size distribution similar to that of fly ash was also used for comparison. Portland cement was replaced with fly ash and ground sand at the dosages of 0, 20wt%, and 40wt%. A water-to-binder ratio (w/b) of 0.35 was used thr...     

Physicochemical properties and heavy metals leachability of fly ash from coal-fired power plant

The physicochemical properties of fly ash from two kinds of coal-fired power plants were studied. Three aspects were examined: the micro-morphology, the mineral composition and the content of heavy metals. The results show that the fly ash from plants using a circulating fluidized bed are more irregular particles, while the particles from the plants using a pulverized coal-fired boiler are mainly spherical in shape. Quartz and mullite are the main crystalline phases in the ash. Clearly, both the technology and the coal used by a power plant can influence the mineral composition of the ash. The mineral composition of fly ash from a circulating fluidized bed is more complex than that from a pulverized coal-fired boiler. The quantity of elements found in the fly ash is greater than that found in the bottom ash for the same plant. Heavy metals are likely to be enriched in the fly ash. Heavy metal leachability was studied using two leaching methods. The results indicate that most of the heavy metals that leached during either batch leaching or column leaching experiments did not exceed the related maximum concentration standards. But Ni concentrations in the leachates from both batch and column tests exceed the standard. The highest excess rates in both tests were 572% and 497%, which levels might threaten the environment.     

新疆石煤料团流化床焙烧提钒试验研究

在一台小型流化床燃烧试验台上对新疆石煤料团进行了焙烧特性的试验,着重考察了焙烧温度、焙烧时间、流化风速、添加剂种类对焙烧成球率的影响,并对飞灰、底渣、床料进行收集采样,利用水浸、质量分数为2%的Na2CO3溶液、6%的H2SO4溶液、10%的H2SO4溶液对各种样品浸取提钒,研究了焙烧温度、焙烧时间、浸取方式对转浸率的影响.结果表明:采用水泥为添加剂,温度为930℃,焙烧时间为90min,采用质量分数为10%的H2SO4溶液酸浸,可得较高焙烧成球率和转浸率,钒总回收率约为55.1%,同时可有效回收石煤热能,用于产汽发电.     

Comparisons of Fly Ash and Deposition Between Air and Oxy-FuelCombustion in Bench-Scale Fluidized Bed with Limestone Addition

In Oxy-fuel circulating fluidized bed, the residual CaO particles may react with high concentration of CO₂ in flue gas to form bonded deposit on heat transfer surfaces in backpass when limestone is used as a sorbent to capture SO₂.In this paper, experiments were designed on ash deposition in a bench-scale fluidized bed under oxy-fuel and air atmosphere. A novel ash deposit sampling probe was used to simulate the tubes of tail surfaces. The chemical composition of fly ash and ash deposit from both air-firing and oxy-fuel firing cases were analyzed by Inductively Coupled Plasma-Atomic Emission Spectrometry(ICP-AES) and Scanning Electron Microscopy(SEM), respectively. The degrees of carbonation reaction of ash deposits were measured by Thermo Gravimetric Analysis. The results showed that there are distinct differences in fly ash deposition rate between oxy-fuel and air firing cases, and oxy-fuel combustion with limestone addition can affect chemical composition of fly ash and ash deposit, especially for elements of Ca, Na, K, and S. However, the carbonation reaction degree of ash deposits is found weak, which is due to the relatively low CaO content in ash deposit or not long enough of the sampling time.[JP]     

空气分级与空气重介流化床分选联合工艺研究

分析了固体颗粒在气-固流化床中的受力情况和运动方程，通过理论分析和实验得出了空气重介流化床分选入料的适宜粒级。讨论了空气重介流化床分选对入料粒度上下限的控制方法和存在问题，介绍了潮湿原煤空气分级新方法。试验表明，空气分级对潮湿原煤颗粒表面的煤粉有“清洗”作用，脱粉效果好，粗粒产物中含粉率仅为0.2%。这对控制入料粉量，稳定流化床密度和减少介质净化非常有利；空气分级还有分选作用，就试验煤种而言，其细粒级产物灰分比原煤中同粒级灰分降低1.7个百分点，比原煤灰分降低7.5个百分点，空气分级和空气重价流化床分选结合，可优化干法选煤工艺，降低工程投资和分选成本50%以上。     

Glass-ceramics made from arc-melting slag of waste incineration fly ash

Grate fly ash and fluidized bed fly ash mixed with glass cullet additive respectively were melted in the electronic arc-furnace. The product, arc-melting slag, was further treated by crushing, pressing and heat treatment in order to make the glass-ceramics. The crystallization behaviors of the produced glass-ceramics were examined by differential thermal analysis (DTA), X-ray diffractometry (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Results show that main crystalline phase of the glass-ceramics from grate fly ash is wollastonite (CaSiO₃) with small amount of diopside (Ca(Mg,Al)(Si,Al)₂O₆), and that from fluidized bed fly ash is diopside (Ca(Mg,Al)(Si,Al)₂O₆). It is found that the glass-ceramics sintered at 850 °C and 1 000 °C from grate fly ash and fluidized bed fly ash respectively have the optimal physical, mechanical and chemical characteristics. Glass-ceramics samples, produced from incinerator fly ash with desirable properties and the low leaching concentration of heavy metals, can be the substitute of nature materials such as marble, granite and porcelain tiles.     

Shell煤气化飞灰粘附特性影响因素探讨

针对Shell粉煤气化炉飞灰的粘附特性,利用XRF、激光粒度分析仪、SEM-EDX等仪器对采自皖北、云南矿区的两种煤在Shell气化过程中形成的飞灰样品进行了分析检测,探讨了化学成分、粒度分布、表面形貌及元素组成等因素对飞灰粘附特性的影响。结果表明,皖北煤飞灰中一些微量元素含量比云南煤飞灰含量高,颗粒直径在1-2μm范围的大颗粒数明显少于云南煤飞灰,但是飞灰的比表面积大于云南煤飞灰,这是皖北煤飞灰的粘附性比云南煤要高的主要原因;此外,飞灰颗粒为球状,表面附着小的球形颗粒,该颗粒的Ca元素含量较高,使得它们彼此容易粘连在一起,从而促进了飞灰的粘附和沉积。     

循环流化床锅炉灰渣对混凝土强度的影响

以利废为目的,进行循环流化床锅炉灰渣对混凝土强度影响的研究.结果表明：单掺循环流化床锅炉炉渣对混凝土强度不利,且间接冷却炉渣对混凝土强度的影响小于直接冷却炉渣;双掺循环流化床锅炉灰渣可使混凝土强度得以改善,且随循环流化床锅炉灰渣掺量的增加,混凝土的强度总体仍呈下降趋势,掺量在25%以内变化的灰渣对混凝土抗折强度的影响明显小于对抗压强度的影响.