硫铜钴矿生物浸出过程中细菌的作用及其溶解反应途径（英文）

研究硫铜钴矿生物浸出过程中细菌的作用及其溶解反应途径。结果表明,间接作用机制和接触作用机制均对硫铜钴矿生物浸出过程产生影响。当细菌吸附到矿物表面时,矿物溶解速率显著加快,说明浸出过程中接触作用机制对硫铜钴矿的溶解有重要影响。浸出过程中硫元素氧化价态的变化顺序为S-2→S0→S+4→S+6,并有单质硫沉淀在矿物表面,说明硫铜钴矿生物浸出过程按照多硫化物途径进行。硫铜钴矿表面被细菌严重腐蚀,出现许多大小不一的腐蚀坑洞,并有单质硫、硫酸盐及亚硫酸盐生成。这些氧化产物在矿物表面形成一层钝化层。     

黄铜矿表面生物氧化膜的形成过程

在细菌浸出黄铜矿的过程中,浸出速率缓慢的原因是矿物表面会形成一层阻碍矿物与浸出液之间物质交换的钝化膜,这层膜的组成会随着浸出的进行而变化.利用SEM,EDS,XRD和XPS等对细菌浸出黄铜矿的过程中,矿物表面的形貌、组成及物相变化进行了研究.结果表明,黄铜矿在细菌浸出过程中依次形成了缺铁铜硫化物Cu_1-xFe_1-yS_z（x0.氧化铁,羟基氧化铁和黄钾铁矾.由于浸矿混合细菌ASH-07对硫的氧化作用.硫化物层和单质硫层都是氧化膜形成过程中的中间产物,致密的黄钾铁矾层则对黄铜矿的浸出产生钝化作用.     

硫化锌精矿常压富氧直接浸出行为

借助工艺矿物学分析对常压富氧直接浸出条件下锌精矿中主要硫化物的浸出行为进行研究。结果表明,除黄铁矿外,其他硫化矿均会明显溶解。基于对浸出渣中单质硫与反应残余硫化物之间关系的分析,认为闪锌矿、黄铜矿、铜蓝、方铅矿的溶出可能遵循间接氧化方式,即硫化物首先酸溶,生成的H2S脱离矿物表面并迁移至溶液本体中进而氧化成单质硫。上述硫化矿的浸出过程可能受界面化学反应控制。对于磁黄铁矿的溶出,直接电化学氧化可能起主导作用,其浸出过程可能受产物层单质硫的扩散控制。     

活性炭对含钴矿物生物浸出的催化作用

研究活性炭对含钴矿物摇瓶生物浸出的影响。结果表明:在浸出过程中,由于原电池效应,添加活性炭加速硫铜钴矿的氧化溶解,钴的浸出率也随之提高。添加1.0 g/L活性炭,在矿浆浓度为10%、浸出温度为45℃、转速为180 r/min的条件下,钴浸出率提高22.06%,铜浸出率提高15.43%。粒状活性炭与粉末状活性炭具有相同的催化效果,硫铜钴矿的生物浸出不受活性炭形状影响,生物浸出过程中可以用活性炭颗粒代替活性炭粉末。pH值对活性炭对钴离子的吸附有控制作用,随着pH值降低,活性炭对钴离子的吸附量减小,浸出条件下金属离子的损失可忽略。     

不同菌种对雌黄的生物浸出机理

分别采用嗜酸氧化亚铁硫杆菌(At.f)、嗜酸氧化硫硫杆菌(At.t)以及中度嗜热西伯利亚硫杆菌(S.s)对雌黄进行浸出。结果表明:嗜酸氧化硫硫杆菌浸出雌黄的效果较好,浸出过程是细菌直接与矿物作用;中温菌浸出雌黄则主要通过将Fe2+氧化成Fe3+,再由Fe3+氧化溶解矿物,浸出后期在矿物表面生成覆盖层;嗜酸氧化亚铁硫杆菌很难在雌黄矿浆中生长;添加适量表面活性剂Tween-80能有效改善矿物表面润湿性,促进Fe3+对砷的浸出,但对细菌生长会造成影响,抑制细菌直接浸出。     

初始pH对极端嗜热菌万座嗜酸两面菌作用下黄铜矿氧化溶解的影响(英文)

采用生物浸出和循环伏安试验研究初始pH对黄铜矿在65℃条件下氧化溶解的影响,分别采用XRD和拉曼光谱分析黄铜矿生物浸出过程中和电极表面形成的氧化产物。化学浸出结果表明:黄铜矿溶解速率随着初始pH的减小而增大,然而初始pH对黄铜矿生物浸出的影响却正好相反。当初始pH为1.0时,万座嗜酸两面菌的加入几乎没有促进黄铜矿的溶解,这主要是由于高酸度严重抑制了万座嗜酸两面菌的生长。电解液中存在或不存在万座嗜酸两面菌时黄铜矿的阳极氧化电流都随着初始pH的增大而增大,同时在黄铜矿电极表面检测到了单质硫和铜蓝。结果表明,在化学浸出过程中黄铜矿是在质子作用和氧化作用下溶解的,黄铜矿氧化生成了铜蓝和单质硫。     

锌精矿与锌浸渣协同浸出及氧化转化行为

锌精矿与锌浸渣协同浸出过程中利用Fe~(3+)与锌精矿发生氧化还原反应,实现锌精矿与锌浸渣的同步溶解,且缓解溶液中高浓度Fe~(3+)对锌浸渣溶解的抑制作用。对渣矿协同浸出的矿物溶解行为进行研究,同时也以单一矿物锌精矿为研究对象,研究了其在H_2SO_4-Fe_2(SO_4)_3体系中的氧化转化行为。结果表明:渣矿协同浸出能有效提高有价金属的浸出率,且浸出液中Fe~(3+)含量较低,便于后续处理;根据XRD、SEM和XPS分析,锌精矿在氧化转化过程中不断溶解,锌精矿中的硫主要被氧化成单质硫进入渣中,且单质硫在矿物颗粒表面形成包裹,使其溶解不充分。     

嗜酸硫氧化细菌作用下元素硫化学形态的研究进展

嗜酸硫氧化细菌是生物冶金过程中研究最为广泛的细菌,广泛分布在含硫和硫化物丰富的环境中。嗜酸硫氧化细菌作用下,单质硫及其它还原型硫化物（包括金属硫化矿）经过一系列形态转换使得硫在其细胞体内、体外和环境沉积物中存在着不同形态分布。单质硫经细菌细胞活化后在细胞体内以硫球形式积累;还原型硫化物可被细菌氧化至硫酸盐,其氧化中间态多为单质硫或连多硫酸盐等。有关嗜酸硫氧化细菌作用下硫的形态研究十分缺乏,进一步开展嗜酸硫氧化细菌作用下元素硫化学形态的研究可以为这类细菌的硫氧化机制及对硫化矿的浸出机理的阐明提供理论依据。     

生物浸出过程中微生物协同作用机制的研究进展

在生物浸出过程中,不同类型的浸矿微生物相互影响、相互促进,提高各自的代谢活动,从而提高金属浸出率。综述浸矿微生物协同作用的类型铁氧化菌与硫氧化菌、自养菌与异养菌、吸附菌与游离菌以及常温菌与高温菌的协同作用以及它们之间的作用机制,并分析协同作用的研究思路及生物浸出过程中矿物的溶解途径,重点介绍协同作用的研究方法和关键代谢产物及其作用。     

混合嗜热古菌在65°C生物浸出黄铜矿过程中活性炭的催化作用和钝化现象的相关性（英文）

研究活性炭对四株典型嗜热古菌混合培养物(Acidianus brierleyi,Metallosphaera sedula,Acidianus manzaensis和Sulfolobus metallicus)在65°C时浸出纯黄铜矿过程中活性炭的催化作用和钝化现象的相关性。浸出实验表明,活性炭能够有效地促进黄铜矿的生物浸出和化学浸出。基于同步辐射技术的X射线衍射、铁的L-边和硫的K-边X射线吸收近边结构光谱学分析表明,在生物浸出过程中当氧化还原电位较低((27)400 mV)时,活性炭能通过原电池反应改变电子传递途径,生成更易溶解的次生矿物辉铜矿,从而增强黄铜矿的浸出。在添加活性炭的生物浸出过程的前期,黄钾铁矾迅速累积但铜离子的浸出速率未受到抑制,然而在生物浸出的后期,大量黄钾铁矾沉淀在矿物表面,从而抑制黄铜矿的进一步溶解。在添加活性炭时检测到了更多的单质硫,但由于嗜热古菌混合培养物具有很强的硫氧化活性,所以生成的单质硫被其消解,因此,未检测到其对黄铜矿浸出有显著影响。     

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

Thermodynamics Study on the Decomposition of Chromite with KOH

Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, has proposed a method for oxidative leaching of chromite with potassium hydroxide. Understanding the mechanism of chromite decomposition, especially in the potassium hydroxide fusion, is important for the optimization of the operating parameters of the oxidative leaching process. A traditional thermodynamic method is proposed and the thermal decomposition and the reaction decomposition during the oxidative leaching of chromite with KOH and oxygen is discussed, which suggests that chromite is mainly destroyed by reactions with KOH and oxygen. Meanwhile, equilibrium of the main reactions of the above process was calculated at different temperatures and oxygen partial pressures. The stable zones of productions, namely, K2CrO4 and Fe2O3, increase with the decrease of temperature, which indicates that higher temperature is not beneficial to thermodynamic reactions. In addition, a comparison of the general alkali methods is carried out, and it is concluded that the KOH leaching process is thermodynamically superior to the conventional chromate production process.     

Influence of Heat Treatment on Damping Behaviour of the Magnesium Wrought Alloy AZ61

The effect of isochronal heat treatments for 1h on variation of damping, hardness and microstructural change of the magnesium wrought alloy AZ61 was investigated. Damping and hardness behaviour could be attributed to the evolution of precipitation process. The influence of precipitation on damping behaviour was explained in the framework of the dislocation string model of Granato and Lücke.     

Effect of Rare Earth Doping on Impedance,Modulus and Conductivity Properties of Multiferroic Composites:0.5(BiLa_xFe_(1-x)O_3)–0.5(PbTiO_3)

The Lanthanum-doped bismuth ferrite–lead titanate compositions of 0.5(Bi LaxFe1-xO3)–0.5(Pb Ti O3)(x = 0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20)(BLxF1-x-PT) were prepared by mixed oxide method.Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction and shows a tetragonal structure at room temperature.The lattice parameter c/a ratio decreases with increasing of La(x = 0.05–0.20) concentration of the composites.The effect of charge carrier/ion hopping mechanism,conductivity,relaxation process and impedance parameters was studied using an impedance analyzer in a wide frequency range(102–106Hz) at different temperatures.The nature of Nyquist plot confirms the presence of bulk effects only,and non-Debye type of relaxation processes occurs in the composites.The electrical modulus exhibits an important role of the hopping mechanism in the electrical transport process of the materials.The ac conductivity and dc conductivity of the materials were studied,and the activation energy found to be 0.81,0.77,0.76 and 0.74 e V for all compositions of x = 0.05–0.20 at different temperatures(200–300 °C).     

Quantitative Analysis of the Crystallographic Orientation Relationship Between the Martensite and Austenite in Quenching–Partitioning–Tempering Steels

The orientation relationships(ORs)between the martensite and the retained austenite in low-and medium-carbon steels after quenching–partitioning–tempering process were studied in this work.The ORs in the studied steels are identified by selected-area electron diffraction(SAED)as either K–S or N–W ORs.Meanwhile,the ORs were also studied based on numerical fitting of electron backscatter diffraction data method suggested by Miyamoto.The simulated K–S and N–W ORs in the low-index directions generally do not well coincide with the experimental pole figure,which may be attributed to both the orientation spread from the ideal variant orientations and high symmetry of the low-index directions.However,the simulated results coincide well with experimental pole figures in the high-index directions{123}_(bcc).A modified method with simplicity based on Miyamoto’s work was proposed.The results indicate that the ORs determined by modified method are similar to those determined by Miyamoto’method,that is,the OR is near K–S OR for the low-carbon Q–P–T steel,and with the increase of carbon content,the OR is closer to N–W OR in medium-carbon Q–P–T steel.     

Using Finite Element and Contour Method to Evaluate Residual Stress in Thick Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Welded by Electron Beam Welding

This work was to reveal the residual stress profile in electron beam welded Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates(50 mm thick) by using finite element and contour measurement methods.A three-dimensional finite element model of 50-mmthick titanium component was proposed,in which a column–cone combined heat source model was used to simulate the temperature field and a thermo-elastic–plastic model to analyze residual stress in a weld joint based on ABAQUS software.Considering the uncertainty of welding simulation,the computation was calibrated by experimental data of contour measurement method.Both test and simulated results show that residual stresses on the surface and inside the weld zone are significantly different and present a narrow and large gradient feature in the weld joint.The peak tensile stress exceeds the yield strength of base materials inside weld,which are distinctly different from residual stress of the thin Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates presented in references before.     

Microstructures and Tensile Properties of Ultrafine-Grained Ni–(1–3.5) wt% SiC_(NP) Composites Prepared by a Powder Metallurgy Route

Silicon carbide nanoparticle-reinforced nickel-based composites(Ni–Si CNP),with a Si CNPcontent ranged from1 to 3.5 wt%,were prepared using mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering.In addition,unreinforced pure nickel samples were also prepared for comparative purposes.To characterize the microstructural properties of both the unreinforced pure nickel and the Ni–Si CNPcomposites transmission electron microscopy(TEM) was used,while their mechanical behavior was investigated using the Vickers pyramid method for hardness measurements and a universal tensile testing machine for tensile tests.TEM results showed an array of dislocation lines decorated in the sintered pure nickel sample,whereas,for the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the presence of nano-dispersed Si CNPand twinning crystals was observed.These homogeneously distributed Si CNPwere found located either within the matrix,between twins or on grain boundaries.For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,coerced coarsening of the Si CNPassembly occurred with increasing Si CNPcontent.Furthermore,the grain sizes of the Ni–Si CNPcomposites were much finer than that of the unreinforced pure nickel,which was considered to be due to the composite ball milling process.In all cases,the Ni–Si CNPcomposites showed higher strengths and hardness values than the unreinforced pure nickel,likely due to a combination of dispersion strengthening(Orowan effects) and particle strengthening(Hall–Petch effects).For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the strength increased initially and then decreased as a function of Si CNPcontent,whereas their elongation percentages decreased linearly.Compared to all materials tested,the Ni–Si CNPcomposite containing 1.5% Si C was found more superior considering both their strength and plastic properties.     

Directional Growth of Tin Crystals Controlled by Combined Solute Concentration Gradient Field and Static Magnetic Field

A new method was introduced to achieve directional growth of Sn crystals. Microstructures in liquid(Pb)/liquid(Sn) diffusion couples were investigated under various static magnetic fields. Results show that the β-Sn crystals mainly reveal an irregular dendritic morphology without or with a relatively low static magnetic field(B0.3 T). When the magnetic field is increased to 0.5 T, the β-Sn dendrites close to the final stage of growth begin to show some directional character. With a further increase in the magnetic field to a higher level(0.8–5 T), the β-Sn dendrites have an enhanced directional growth character, but the dendrites show a certain deflection. As the magnetic field is increased to 12 T, the directional growth of the β-Sn dendrites in the center of the couple is severely destroyed. The mechanism of the directional growth of the β-Sn crystals and the deflection of the β-Sn crystals with the application of static magnetic field was tentatively discussed.     

Growth Kinetics of Single Inclusion Particle in Molten Melts

On the basis of the single-particle framework, a new theory on inclusion growth in metallurgical melts is developed to study the kinetics of inclusion growth on account of reaction and collision. The studies show that the early growth of inclusion depends on reaction growth and Brawnian motion collision, and where the former is decisive, the late growth depends on turbulence collision and Stokes＇ collision, and where the former is dominant; collision growth is very quick during the smelting process, lessened in the refining process, but nearly negligible in the continuous casting process.