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1.
Wondimeneh Taye Amare Ayalew Alemayehu Chala Mashilla Dejene 《Food Additives and Contaminants: Part B: Surveillance Communications》2016,9(4):237-245
Natural contamination of sorghum grains by aflatoxin B1 and total fumonisin and their producing toxigenic fungi has been studied. A total of 90 sorghum grain samples were collected from small-scale farmers’ threshing floors and 5–6 months later from underground pits during 2013 harvest from three districts of East Hararghe, Ethiopia. Mycotoxin analysis was done using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The limits of detection were in the range 0.01–0.03 μg kg–1. The results revealed that all sorghum grain samples were contaminated with both Aspergillus and Fusarium species. Aflatoxin B1 was detected at levels ranging from ?1 grain. There were marked variations in aflatoxin B1 concentrations between fresh and stored samples, with much higher levels in the latter. Total fumonisin levels varied between 907 and 2041 µg kg?1 grain across the samples. Lowest total fumonisin was recorded in freshly harvested sorghum grain samples. Sorghum is a main staple cereal in the studied districts and its consumption per day per person is high. Daily intake of low doses of mycotoxin-contaminated food stuff over a period of time could lead to chronic mycotoxicosis. 相似文献
2.
Laura P. Garcia Geovana D. Savi Karolina Santos 《Food Additives and Contaminants: Part B: Surveillance Communications》2016,9(2):79-84
This survey reports the occurrence of fumonisins (FBs) and fungi in dry soybeans sold for human consumption. The variation levels were 138–1495 µg kg?1 and 178–552 µg kg?1 for FB1 and FB2, respectively. In addition, potentially toxigenic fungi as Fusarium, Aspergillus and Penicillium genera were isolated in the samples. These can be considered as indicator-toxin and can produce considerable amounts of mycotoxins. Despite FB presence in the soybeans for human consumption, there is no legal regulation. Therefore, it is important to emphasise the need for frequent monitoring of these contaminants in soybeans. 相似文献
3.
《Food additives & contaminants. Part A, Chemistry, analysis, control, exposure & risk assessment》2013,30(12):2101-2112
An ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS) multi-mycotoxin analytical method was developed to simultaneously identify and quantify 20 mycotoxins in grass silages, inclusive of mycotoxins that are currently regulated in European Union feeds. Extraction of mycotoxins from dried grass silages was performed using of a modified QuEChERS extraction employing an acidified aqueous extraction (0.1 N HCl) with no further clean-up. Following chromatographic separation, analytes were detected using a fast polarity-switching MS/MS method that allowed both positive and negative ions to be analysed from a single injection, thus the reducing time and cost of analysis. The limits of detection and quantification ranged between 3 µg kg–1 DM (aflatoxin B1, beauvericin and enniatin A and A1) and 200 µg kg–1 DM (deoxynivalenol), and between 10 µg kg–1 DM (aflatoxin B1, beauvericin and enniatin A1) and 500 µg kg–1 DM (deoxynivalenol), respectively. Inter-assay accuracy and precision ranged between 90% and 107% and between 3.9% and 15.0% CV, respectively. The accuracy of the method was assessed through the application to a range of incurred samples in an inter-laboratory study. 相似文献
4.
《Food additives & contaminants. Part A, Chemistry, analysis, control, exposure & risk assessment》2013,30(2):307-318
Sorghum samples (n = 60) from Tunisian markets were analysed for the occurrence of 22 of both traditional and emerging mycotoxins. Samples were extracted with a QuEChERS-like method and mycotoxins were detected by LC-MS/MS. This method was validated and adequate analytical parameters were obtained. All samples had contamination with mycotoxins and several samples had higher contamination levels than European Union legislative limits (MLs). The most frequently found mycotoxins were ENB (100%), OTA (98%), ENA1 (63%), ENB1 (56%), BEA (48%), AFB1 (38%) and STG (33%). Mean contaminations were 30.7, 1.93, 33.2, 51.0, 15.4, 1.49 and 20.5 µg kg–1, respectively. While two samples were contaminated with FB2 and FB3 at mean values of 16.2 and 45.9 µg kg–1, respectively, one sample was contaminated with AFB2 and ZEA at levels of 0.82 and 45.0 µg kg–1, respectively. The results were used to estimate the daily intake of mycotoxins through sorghum consumption with regard to normal consumers (low-risk population) and high consumers such as babies (high-risk consumers) who are facing an alarming situation. 相似文献
5.
Amani Lahouar Ines Jedidi Vicente Sanchis Salem Saïd 《Food Additives and Contaminants: Part B: Surveillance Communications》2018,11(2):103-110
A total of 64 samples of sorghum (37 Tunisian sorghum samples and 27 Egyptian sorghum samples) were collected during 2011–2012 from markets in Tunisia. Samples were analysed for contamination with aflatoxin B1, ochratoxin A and zearalenone by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography Coupled with Fluorescence Detection (HPLC-FLD). Aflatoxin B1 was found in 38 samples in the range 0.03–31.7 µg kg?1. Ochratoxin A was detected in 24 samples with concentrations ranging from 1.04 to 27.8 µg kg?1. Zearalenone was detected in 21 samples and the concentration varied between 3.7 and 64.5 µg kg?1. ANOVA analysis of the influence of the country of origin on the incidence and concentration of mycotoxins in the samples studied showed no significant difference (P > 0.05) between the two batches of samples for each of the three mycotoxins studied. The studied mycotoxins contaminate sorghum and may also co-exist because of the diversity of the mycobiota in this cereal. 相似文献
6.
A survey of 11 mycotoxins in 348 wheat flour samples marketed in Hebei province of China were analysed by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, was carried out. The selected mycotoxins consisted of four aflatoxins (AFs: AFB1, AFB2, AFG1 and AFG2) and seven Fusarium toxins, i.e. deoxynivalenol (DON), nivalenol, 3-acetyldeoxynivalenol and 15-acetyldeoxynivalenol, zearalenone, Fusarenon-X and deoxynivalenol-3-glucoside. Results indicated that most of the wheat samples analysed were contaminated with mycotoxins. Wheat was most susceptible to DON (91.4% contamination), with a mean level of 240 μg kg?1. On average the probable daily intake (PDI, expressed as µg kg?1 body weight day?1) of mycotoxins was within the provisional maximum tolerable daily intake (PMTDI, 2.0 µg kg?1 of body weight day?1) as set by the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives. Nevertheless, exposure assessment revealed that the maximum PDI of mycotoxins was 4.06 µg kg?1 body weight day?1, which was twice the PMTDI value. Thus, consistent monitoring is recommended, as to keep the contamination level under control. 相似文献
7.
Cavallarin L Tabacco E Antoniazzi S Borreani G 《Journal of the science of food and agriculture》2011,91(13):2419-2425
BACKGROUND: Most of the maize silage stored in horizontal silos is exposed to air and can be spoiled by fungi. Potentially toxigenic fungi have been found in maize silage, and about 300 mycotoxins have been detected. Among these mycotoxins, the most harmful for feed and food safety are aflatoxins. The aim of the study was to set up a specific method to detect aflatoxins in maize silage, and to investigate whether aflatoxin contamination in maize silage depends on the level of field contamination of the crop, and whether the occurrence of aerobic spoilage during ensiling has any effect on the final contamination of the silage. RESULTS: A method for the determination of aflatoxin B1, B2, G1 and G2 in maize silage using high‐performance liquid chromagraphy with fluorescence detection has been developed and validated. Recoveries of aflatoxin B1, B2, G1, and G2 spiked over the 0.25 to 5 µg kg?1 range averaged 74–94%. The results of laboratory scale and farm scale ensiling experiments indicated that aflatoxins could increase when silage is exposed to air during conservation or during the feed‐out phase. CONCLUSIONS: The method here proposed to detect aflatoxins in silages has proved to be sensitive and is able to detect levels of 0.1 and 0.5 ng mL?1 for AFB1 and AFG1, and between 0.025 and 0.125 ng mL?1 for AFB2 and AFG2. This study also provides evidence of aflatoxin accumulation in whole crop maize silage as a result of aerobic exposure. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry 相似文献
8.
《Food additives & contaminants. Part A, Chemistry, analysis, control, exposure & risk assessment》2013,30(11):1952-1958
Traditional and improved varieties of maize, pearl millet and sorghum were planted by small-scale farmers under the direction of the International Institute for Tropical Agriculture in two Nigerian agro-ecological zones: the Sudan Savanna and the Northern Guinea Savanna. Samples were collected for the determination of Fusarium infection and fumonisin (B1, B2 and B3) contamination. A previous paper reported Aspergillus infection and aflatoxin contamination of these samples. Fusarium infection levels, measured by per cent kernels infected, were modest with mean levels for the above cereals of 16% ± 11% (SD), 12% ± 7% and 13% ± 16%, respectively. However, the Fusarium species recovered from maize were predominantly the fumonisin producers F. verticillioides and F. proliferatum, together making an infection rate of 15% ± 10%, whereas these species were present to a limited extent only in the other two cereals, 1% ± 1% for pearl millet and 2% ± 6% for sorghum. Fumonisin contamination was variable but reflected the diversity of Fusarium producers in these three cereals. Mean levels were 228 ± 579 µg kg–1 (range < 5–2860 µg kg–1) for maize, 18 ± 7 µg kg–1 (range = 6–29 µg kg–1) for pearl millet and 131 ± 270 µg kg–1 (range < 5–1340 µg kg–1) for sorghum. Together with previous results on aflatoxin, this study confirmed the co-occurrence of aflatoxins and fumonisins in maize as well as in the traditional African cereals, millet and sorghum (89% co-occurrence across all three cereals). The low fumonisin levels may be ascribed to the use of good agricultural practices. Of the Fusarium species present, those in maize consisted mainly of fumonisin producers, the opposite of what was observed in pearl millet and sorghum. It is concluded that replacement of maize by pearl millet and sorghum could improve food safety with regards to aflatoxin B and fumonisin B exposure. 相似文献
9.
One hundred and forty-six samples of animal feed (barley, n = 60; wheat bran, n = 22; wheat dry pulp, n = 29; and canola meal, n = 35) were collected in 2011 from Mashhad (Khorasan, Iran). Aflatoxins (AFs) were determined in these samples after immunoaffinity column clean-up by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with fluorescence detection. Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) contamination was found in 28 samples: in five of the barley samples (8.3%) at a mean level of 0.48 µg·kg?1, in two wheat bran samples (9.0%) at a mean level of 0.88 µg·kg?1, in 10 wheat dry pulp samples (34.5%) at a mean level of 0.30 µg·kg?1 and in 11 canola meal samples (31.4%) at a mean level of 0.92 µg·kg?1. AFB1 levels were below the maximum levels of Iran regulations (5 µg·kg?1) and the EU maximum limit (5 µg·kg?1). 相似文献
10.
《Food additives & contaminants. Part A, Chemistry, analysis, control, exposure & risk assessment》2013,30(11):1833-1841
A simple analytical method for the determination of hydrocortisone and progesterone in bovine, swine, and chicken muscle and eggs was developed. Hydrocortisone and progesterone were extracted with acetonitrile and subsequently cleaned-up using an Oasis® HLB mini-cartridge. The method was validated in accordance with Japanese guidelines and exhibited trueness from 86.6% to 104.3% and precision (relative standard deviations (RSDs) of repeatability and within reproducibility were under 8.7% and 11.7%, respectively). The method was applied to 103 bovine muscle, 137 swine muscle, 69 chicken muscle and 52 egg samples that were commercially available in Tokyo, Japan. The hydrocortisone concentration was 0.9–41.2 µg kg?1 in all bovine muscle samples, with an average of 7.7 µg kg?1 and a median of 6.2 µg kg?1. The progesterone concentration in 50 samples exceeded the limit of quantification (LOQ) and reached a maximum of 95.4 µg kg?1. Hydrocortisone was also detected in all swine muscle samples at concentrations of 2.0–56.0 µg kg?1. Its average and median concentrations amounted to 13.1 and 11.3 µg kg?1, respectively. Twenty-three samples contained progesterone levels surpassing the LOQ, with a maximum concentration of 107.0 µg kg?1. No chicken muscle samples contained any of the analytes. The progesterone concentration was 15.5–200.0 µg kg?1 in all egg samples, with an average of 95.4 µg kg?1 and a median of 90.5 µg kg?1. 相似文献
11.
Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) levels were evaluated in betel nuts (Areca catechu L.) being imported to Pakistan during 2010–2011. In total, 278 betel nut samples (India = 21, Indonesia = 51, Sri-Lanka = 34 and Thailand = 172) were received from the Department of Customs and were analysed by thin layer chromatography (TLC). All Indian origin betel nuts showed AFB1 contamination ranging from 11.7–262.0 µg kg?1 with a mean of 92.5 µg kg?1. Among Indonesian and Sri Lankan shipments, 80.4% and 73.5% betel nuts were contaminated with AFB1 ranging between 3.3–39.2 and 6.5–103.4 µg kg?1 with a mean of 11.6 and 35.0 µg kg?1, respectively. However, only 30.2% of Thailand origin samples showed AFB1 contamination ranging 3.3–77.0 µg kg?1 with a mean of 6.6 µg kg?1. The widespread occurrence of AFB1 increases the hazard associated with betel nuts. Thus, strict control is a pre-requisite for the production and import/export of psychoactive substances as betel nuts. 相似文献
12.
P. Mngqawa G.S. Shephard I.R. Green S.H. Ngobeni T.C. de Rijk 《Food Additives and Contaminants: Part B: Surveillance Communications》2016,9(1):38-45
The aim of this study was to assess mycotoxin contamination of crops grown by rural subsistence farmers over two seasons (2011 and 2012) in two districts, Vhembe District Municipality (VDM, Limpopo Province) and Gert Sibande District Municiality (GSDM, Mpumalanga Province), in northern South Africa and to evaluate its impact on farmers’ productivity and human and animal health. A total of 114 maize samples were collected from 39 households over the two seasons and were analysed using a validated liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry mycotoxins method. Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) occurrence ranged from 1 to 133 µg kg?1 in VDM while AFB1 levels in GSDM were less than 1.0 µg kg?1 in all maize samples. Fumonisin B1 levels ranged from 12 to 8514 µg kg?1 (VDM) and 11–18924 µg kg?1 (GSDM) in 92% and 47% positive samples, respectively, over both seasons. Natural occurrence and contamination with both fumonisins and aflatoxins in stored home-grown maize from VDM was significantly (p < 0.0001) higher than from GSDM over both seasons. 相似文献
13.
《Food additives & contaminants. Part A, Chemistry, analysis, control, exposure & risk assessment》2013,30(7):1339-1347
The presence of ochratoxin A (OTA), fumonisin B2 (FB2) and black aspergilli in raisins from Western Greece regions (Messinia, Corinthia, Achaia, Ilia and Zante Island) was investigated in relation to the different geographic and climatic conditions in the 2011 growing season. The biseriate species Aspergillus niger “aggregate” and A. carbonarius were mainly identified. The population of A. niger “aggregate” species occurred in all raisin samples at colony-forming units (CFU) concentrations significantly higher (mean 2.2 × 105 CFU g?1 homogenate) than those of A. carbonarius population (mean 4.9 × 103 CFU g?1 homogenate), which occurred in 80% of the raisin samples. OTA was found in 73% of the samples at levels ranging from 0.1 µg kg?1 to 98.2 µg kg?1, with the highest level occurring in a raisin sample from Ilia that also contained the highest level of A. carbonarius. The European Union legal limit for OTA was exceeded in 15% of the raisin samples. FB2 was found in 29% of the raisin samples at levels ranging from 7.1 µg kg?1 to 25.5 µg kg?1, with 20% of the samples co-occurring with OTA. Principal-component analysis was applied to levels of mycotoxins, fungal contamination, geographical data and environmental conditions recorded in the harvesting (August) or drying (September) period. Principal-component analysis clearly indicated a good direct correlation of rainfall and relative humidity with OTA and A. carbonarius contamination. A lack of clustering was observed when A. niger and FB2 contamination were considered. This is the first report on the co-occurrence of the mycotoxins OTA and FB2 in dried vine fruits from Greece. 相似文献
14.
Muhammad Asif Asghar Erum Zahir Summan Rantilal Aftab Ahmed Javed Iqbal 《Food Additives and Contaminants: Part B: Surveillance Communications》2016,9(2):113-119
This survey was carried out to evaluate the occurrence of total aflatoxins (AFs; B1+B2+G1+G2) in unpacked composite spices. A total of 75 samples of composite spices such as biryani, karhai, tikka, nihari and korma masalas were collected from local markets of Karachi, Pakistan, and analysed using HPLC technique. The results indicated that AFs were detected in 77% (n = 58) samples ranging from 0.68 to 25.74 µg kg?1 with a mean of 4.63 ± 0.95 µg kg?1. In 88% (n = 66) samples, AFs level was below the maximum limits (ML = 10 µg kg?1) as imposed by EU. Furthermore, 61% (n = 46) tested samples contained AFs level between 1 and 10 µg kg?1, 9% (n = 7) exhibited AFs contamination ranged 10?20 µg kg?1 and only 3% (n = 2) of the investigated samples contained AFs levels higher than the ML of 20 µg kg?1 for total aflatoxins as set by the USA. It was concluded that there is need to establish a strict and continuous national monitoring plan to improve safety and quality of spices in Pakistan. 相似文献
15.
《Food additives & contaminants. Part A, Chemistry, analysis, control, exposure & risk assessment》2013,30(9):1614-1625
Silage is an important feed source for intensive dairy herds worldwide. Fungal growth and mycotoxin production before and during silage storage is a well-known phenomenon, resulting in reduced nutritional value and a possible risk factor for animal health. With this in mind, a survey was conducted to determine for the first time the occurrence of mycotoxins in corn and wheat silage in Israel. A total of 30 corn and wheat silage samples were collected from many sources and analysed using a multi-mycotoxin method based on LC-MS/MS. Most mycotoxins recorded in the present study have not been reported before in Israel. Overall, 23 mycotoxins were found in corn silage; while wheat silage showed a similar pattern of mycotoxin occurrence comprising 20 mycotoxins. The most common post-harvest mycotoxins produced by the Penicillium roqueforti complex were not found in any tested samples, indicative of high-quality preparation and use of silage. Moreover, none of the European Union-regulated mycotoxins – aflatoxin B1, ochratoxin, T-2 toxin, diacetoxyscirpenol and deoxynivalenol – were found above their limits of detection (LODs). The Alternaria mycotoxins – macrosporin, tentoxin and alternariol methyl ether – were highly prevalent in both corn and wheat silage (>80%), but at low concentrations. The most prominent (>80%) Fusarium mycotoxins in corn silage were fusaric acid, fumonisins, beauvericin, monilifomin, equisetin, zearalenone and enniatins, whereas in wheat silage only beauvericin, zearalenone and enniatins occurred in more than 80% of the samples. The high prevalence and concentration of fusaric acid (mean = 765 µg kg–1) in Israeli corn silage indicates that this may be the toxin of highest potential concern to dairy cow performance. However, more data from different harvest years and seasons are needed in order to establish a more precise evaluation of the mycotoxin burden in Israeli silage. 相似文献
16.
Maria Antonia Calori-Domingues Carolina Maria Gil Bernardi Mariana Sartori Nardin Gláucia Vendramini de Souza Fernanda Gregório Ribeiro dos Santos Mirella de Abreu Stein 《Food Additives and Contaminants: Part B: Surveillance Communications》2016,9(2):142-151
Fusarium mycotoxins deoxynivalenol (DON), nivalenol (NIV) and zearalenone (ZEN) were investigated in wheat from the 2009 and 2010 crop years. Samples (n = 745) from commercial fields were collected in four wheat producing regions (WPR) which differed in weather conditions. Analyses were performed using HPLC-DAD. Contamination with ZEN, DON and NIV occurred in 56, 86 and 50%, respectively. Also, mean concentrations were different: DON = 1046 µg kg?1, NIV < 100 µg kg?1 and ZEN = 82 µg kg?1. Co-occurrence of ZEN, DON and NIV was observed in 74% of the samples from 2009 and in 12% from 2010. Wet/cold region WPR I had the highest mycotoxin concentration. Wet/moderately hot region WPR II had the lowest mycotoxin levels. Furthermore, the mean concentration of each mycotoxin was higher in samples from 2009 as compared with those from 2010. Precipitation during flowering or harvest periods may explain these results. 相似文献
17.
Sibel Kacmaz Zuzana Zelinkova Thomas Wenzl 《Food additives & contaminants. Part A, Chemistry, analysis, control, exposure & risk assessment》2016,33(4):631-638
A rapid and sensitive method has been developed for the determination of the four European Union marker polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs; benz[a]anthracene, chrysene, benzo[b]fluoranthene and benzo[a]pyrene) in some cereal-based foods. The method is based on pressurised liquid extraction (PLE), solid-phase extraction clean-up (SPE) and isotope-dilution gas chromatography with mass-spectrometric detection (GC/MS). The developed method was calibrated for the content range of 0.05–12.5 µg kg?1 (expressed on a product basis). Recoveries of PAH were monitored in each sample via the recovery of 13C-labelled PAHs. Recovery values were in the range between 86% and 91%, with relative standard deviations (RSDs) between 5% and 9%. The achieved limits of detection for all analytes were below 0.05 µg kg?1. The applicability of the method for the analysis of routine samples was studied by the analysis of a set of commercial bread and breakfast cereal samples. In all analysed samples, benzo[a]pyrene (BAP) was the most prevalent PAH with the content between 0.09 and 0.30 µg kg?1. On average, samples showed low levels of the sum of the four EU marker PAHs (ΣPAH4) that ranged between 0.11 and 0.22 µg kg?1 for bread samples and between 0.23 and 0.87 µg kg?1 for breakfast cereal samples. The developed method was found suitable for the determination of PAHs in cereal-based foods like cornflakes and breads with total relative fat contents below 3.5%. 相似文献
18.
Muhammad Asif Asghar Aftab Ahmed Javed Iqbal 《Food Additives and Contaminants: Part B: Surveillance Communications》2016,9(1):51-58
During 2012–2014, 170 samples of export quality raisins were collected from different vendors in Pakistan. The collected samples were analysed for the presence of aflatoxins (AFs) and Ochratoxin A (OTA) contamination using high-performance liquid chromatography technique. The limit of detection and limit of quantification of AFs/OTA were 0.12/0.10 and 0.36/0.30 µg kg?1, respectively. Only 5% of the samples were contaminated with AFs, ranging 0.15–2.58 µg kg?1 with a mean of 0.05 ± 0.26 µg kg?1. None of the raisin samples exhibited AFs contamination above the maximum limit (ML = 4 µg kg?1) as set by the European Union (EU). About 72% of the samples were contaminated with OTA, ranging 0.14–12.75 µg kg?1 with a mean of 2.10 ± 1.9 µg kg?1. However, in 95.3% of the tested samples, OTA level was lower than the ML of 10 µg kg?1 as regulated by the EU. Apparently, a strict and continuous monitoring plan, including regulatory limits, improves food safety and quality for all types of commodities. 相似文献
19.
《Food additives & contaminants. Part A, Chemistry, analysis, control, exposure & risk assessment》2013,30(7):1240-1245
A total of 60 Chinese medicinal herbs were examined for contamination of the emerging Fusarium mycotoxins enniatins (ENNs) A, A1, B, B1 and beauvericin (BEA). The herbs under study are commonly used in China as both medicines and food. The dried samples of herbs were randomly collected from traditional Chinese medicine stores in Zhejiang province, China. Sample preparation was achieved by methanol extraction, followed by a simple membrane filtration step; no tedious clean-ups were involved. ENNs A, A1, B, B1 and BEA were analysed by the recently developed stable isotope dilution assays, using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). With limits of detection ranging between 0.8 and 1.2 µg kg–1 for the analytes under study, 25% of all analysed samples were contaminated with at least one of the ENNs and BEA. BEA was the most frequently detected toxin with a 20% incidence in all samples. The percentages of ENN-positive samples were lower: each single ENN was detected in 6.7–11.7% of all samples. Considering the total amounts of the five mycotoxins in single samples, values between 2.5 and 751 µg kg–1 were found. The mean total amount in positive samples was 126 µg kg–1. Regarding ginger, the frequent occurrence of ENNs and BEA in dried ginger could be confirmed in samples from Germany. However, in fresh ginger root the toxins were not detectable. This is the first report on the presence of ENNs and BEA in Chinese medicinal herbs. 相似文献
20.
Arthur Tin-chung Yau Melva Yung-yung Chen Chi-ho Lam Yuk-yin Ho Ying Xiao 《Food additives & contaminants. Part A, Chemistry, analysis, control, exposure & risk assessment》2016,33(6):1026-1035
Dietary exposure of Hong Kong adults to mycotoxins and their metabolites including aflatoxins (AFs), ochratoxin A (OTA), fumonisins (FNs), deoxynivalenol (DON), acetyldeoxynivalenols (AcDONs) and zearalenone (ZEA) was estimated using the Total Diet Study (TDS) approach to assess the associated health risk to the local people. Sixty commonly consumed food items, collected in four seasons, were sampled and prepared as consumed. These mycotoxins were primarily found at low levels. The highest mean levels (upper bound) were: AFs, 1.50 µg kg–1 in legumes, nuts and seed; OTA, 0.22 µg kg–1 in sugars and confectionery; FNs, 9.76 µg kg–1 in cereals and their products; DON and AcDONs, 33.1 µg kg–1 in cereals and their products; and ZEA, 53.8 µg kg–1 in fats and oils. The estimated dietary exposures of Hong Kong adults to the mycotoxins analysed were well below the respective health-based guidance values, where available. For AFs, the upper-bound exposure for high consumers is 0.0049 µg kg bw–1 day–1, which was estimated to contribute to about 7.7 (< 1%) of liver cancer cases when compared with 1222 liver cancer cases per year in Hong Kong. The percentage contributions of the estimated 95th percentile dietary exposures (lower and upper bound) to the health-based guidance values of individual mycotoxins were: ochratoxin A, 3.6–9.2%; fumonisins, 0.04–8.5%; deoxynivalenol and acetyldeoxynivalenols, 21.7–28.2%; and zearalenone 3.3–34.5%. The findings indicate that dietary exposures to all the mycotoxins analysed in this study were unlikely to pose an unacceptable health risk to the Hong Kong population. 相似文献