低聚果糖的开发与应用

综述了低聚果糖的理化特性、作用机理、种类、生产方法，同时介绍了低聚果糖在当前国内外的研究进展和发展趋势。     

低聚果糖在饲料中的应用

介绍了低聚果糖的理化特性，作用机理，同时对低聚果糖的生产方法及在在饲料中的应用和发展趋势作了概述。     

低聚果糖降血脂作用的动物研究

为探讨低聚果糖对高脂动物血脂的影响,以高脂饲料诱发大鼠为高脂动物模型,同时给予高脂饲料与低聚果糖28d后,与高脂模型组比较.0.5、1.5、2.5g/kgBW低聚果糖可显著降低大鼠血清总胆固醇(TC)和甘油三脂(TG)的水平(P＜0.05);但对高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)的水平无显著影响.结果表明低聚果糖可降低高脂动物血脂水平.     

低聚果糖制备的研究进展

对近年来国内外生产低聚果糖所用的酶和产酶菌种 ,酶、细胞和菌丝体的固定化技术 ,固定化载体及高纯度低聚果糖制备的研究进展进行了综述 .在此基础上指出 :在低聚果糖的制备过程中 ,主要应考虑降低生产低聚果糖时的葡萄糖生成量、寻找高酶活力菌株、研究简便的固定化方法、寻找更加适宜且廉价的固定化载体 .     

低聚果糖酸奶的研制

通过对低聚果糖糖浆（ＦＯＳ）杀菌方式和酸奶菌株及发酵剂配比的选择，生产风味良好的ＦＯＳ酸奶。     

低聚果糖生产工艺

低聚果糖是一种国内外公认的保健产品基料。以蔗糖为原料，通过一种专门的糖苷酶转化而成。目前，国内外生产这种糖苷酶所采用的技术和相应设备投入较大，耗能也较高。有鉴于此，无锡轻工大学的金其荣教授等采用我国酒厂的传统制曲方法——固体制曲，代替菌丝体生产低聚果糖。通过这种方法生产出来的低聚果糖纯度可达52～54％，最高达58％，已于1999年12月通过生产验收。     

低聚果糖研究进展

介绍国内外以蔗糖为基质用活菌体或酶，采用间歇式或连续式生产低聚果糖的方法，以及生产中采用酶母菌、葡萄糖氧化酶、葡萄糖异构酶、糖苷酶消除葡萄糖，提高低聚果糖产率的几种途径。     

低聚果糖降血脂作用及其机制探讨

目的探讨低聚果糖的降血脂作用和机制。方法体内实验:30只昆明种小鼠随机分为对照组、实验低剂量、高剂量共3组,每组10只。实验组小鼠分别灌胃低聚果糖0.8,2.5 g/kg,对照组灌胃等剂量蒸馏水,一日1次,连续30 d,测定血清和肝组织中甘油三酯(TG)、总胆固醇(TC)含量。体外实验:测定低聚果糖对高脂血症模型动物血清胆固醇的吸附能力;模拟人体胃和肠道p H环境,取一定量低聚果糖,分别加入猪油、花生油、蛋黄,测定不同p H时低聚果糖吸附甘油三酯和胆固醇的能力。结果体内实验中,实验组小鼠血清TG含量低于对照组(P0.01)。低聚果糖对高脂血症模型动物血清胆固醇的吸附率为46.87%。p H 3.0,p H 7.0时,低聚果糖对猪油的吸附能力较强;p H 7.0时,对花生油和胆固醇的吸附能力较强。结论低聚果糖能降低正常小鼠血清TG含量,并可减少胃肠道对猪油、花生油和胆固醇的吸收,提示低聚果糖是影响脂类吸收、代谢的重要因素。     

低聚果糖的研究进展(二)

当前能产生催化果糖基转移反应的酶的优良菌株有：Asp．niger、Asp．niger ATCC 20611、Asp．niger NRRL 4337、Asp．niger ATCC 9612、Asp．niger 2003及Asp．oryzae等。     

高纯度低聚果糖的研制

低聚果糖具有优越的生理功能,但是普通级低聚果糖产品含有近50％葡萄糖、蔗糖和果糖,它们没有特殊的功能,并且可能会损害低聚果糖的生理功能．为了制备高纯度低聚果糖,已开发了一些新的技术,例如,采用固定化黑曲霉细胞和葡萄糖异构酶,或采用一种由葡萄糖氧化酶和过氧化物酶组成的双酶体系的酶处理方法和采用模拟移动床的离子交换法．本文简单地介绍这些工艺．     

Fructooligosaccharides Impact on the Hydration and Retro-Gradation of Wheat Starch and Gel

In the present work, the hydration and retro-gradation of mixtures of wheat starch and fructooligosaccharides in diluted hydrated matrixes were discussed. Rapid Visco-Analyzer, differential scanning calorimeter, Fourier transform-infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and x-ray diffraction were used to determine the properties of the mixture of wheat starch and fructooligosaccharides. Swelling of the wheat starch showed significant changes when the addition of fructooligosaccharides surpassed 0.1 g/g starch. Water absorption index showed obvious change but there was no regular variation. The water solubility index of starch increased after adding the fructooligosaccharides and the highest value was up to 19.85 as compared with the control (3.61). There was no significantly change for the pasting parameters of the mixture. Fructooligosaccharides significantly affected the enthalpy of wheat starch from the result of differential scanning calorimeter analysis, and enlarged the freezing scope of the mixture gel (from –23.09 ± 0.25ºC to –38.85 ± 0.32ºC). The melting enthalpy of sample with fructooligosaccharides decreased by 9.9 J/g as compared with the control. Fourier transform-infrared spectroscopy results showed that there were no obvious differences between the samples with or without fructooligosaccharides except that the O–H stretching vibration of hydrogen bond of the mixture gel strengthened after storage for 2 or 4 days. Scanning electron microscopy results indicated fructooligosaccharides should be conductive for starch to form fine gel structures and could inhibit the retrogradation of wheat starch. X-ray diffraction spectrum further illustrated the fructooligosaccharides could interfere with the retrogradation of wheat starch during storage.     

The Metabolism of Fructooligosaccharides and Fructooligosaccharide-Related Compounds in Plants

Fructooligosaccharides are the most studied prebiotics. They are fructose oligomers linked to glucose and/or fructose molecules that contain up to ten sugar moieties. Fructooligosaccharides have both functional (physiologically beneficial to health) and technological properties. The aim of this article is to review published plant sources of different fructooligosaccharide types and production mechanisms, since the properties depend on the molecular structure. Fructooligosaccharide metabolizing enzymes, sources of specific fructooligosaccharide isomers and factors affecting their profiles reported in the plant species are also included.     

内切菊粉酶法生产低聚果糖研究进展

菊糖是自然界中广泛存在的碳水化合物,以此为原料生产功能性食品配料是食品发酵领域研究的热点之一,本论述了以菊糖为原料,利用内切菊粉酶生产低聚果糖的方法并将其与呋喃果糖苷酶法进行了比较。     

Recent trends in the microbial production,analysis and application of Fructooligosaccharides

This review focuses on the recent developments in the area of FOS research—its microbial production, functional properties and applications and an overview of the different analytical methods for the determination of the FTase. Different microbial sources of FTase reported in literature to produce FOS with different linkages to form 1-kestose, 6-kestose and neokestose in varying yields based on initial sucrose concentration is discussed. Different fermentative methods have been used for production of FOS. SSF has been used for the production of a value added product FOS utilizing various agroindustrial byproducts. The nutritional and culture parameters when optimized, the FOS yields and productivity could be improved. The use of immobilized enzymes and cells has led to the development of effective and economic methods for large-scale production of FOS. Forced flow Membrane reactor systems, biocatalyst system with a bioreactor equipped with a microfiltration systems, have been used for production of high content FOS by removing the released glucose and unreacted sucrose from the reaction mixture resulting in up to 98% FOS. The use of mixed enzyme system of Fructosyl Transferase and glucose oxidase or glucose dehydrogenase, could produce highly concentrated FOS up to 90–98%. Nano-filtration for removing glucose resulted in FOS of 90% concentration. The purified enzyme was found to produce kestose and nystose unlike the crude enzyme which produced GF₅ and GF₆ oligosaccharides Kinetic parameters (V_m, K_m, and K_i) of the enzyme were determined from experimental data on the transfructosylation rate at various substrate concentrations with and without addition of glucose Techniques like HPLC, using polar-bonded phase and resin-based HPLC columns are commonly used for separation of oligosaccharides with refractive Index Detector or pulsed amperometric detector and annular size exclusion chromatography for large scale and continuous fractionation. Other techniques like gas liquid chromatography, thin layer chromatography, NMR and Mass Spectrometry have been used for structure analyses. The functional properties like use as prebiotics, dietary fiber, role in absorption and defense/Immunity, lipid metabolism control of diabetics have been discussed. A variety of applications in food formulations are also discussed.     

Fructooligosaccharides as a fat replacer in fermented cooked sausages

Fermented cooked sausages with a 50% reduction in pork back fat and addition of 0%, 3%, 6% or 9% of fructooligosaccharides (FOS) were produced and studied during manufacturing and storage. Their production was monitored by physicochemical (pH, water activity, weight loss, proximate composition, colour and texture profiles) and microbiological analysis (aerobic mesophiles, lactic acid bacteria, and total and faecal coliforms). During storage, it was evaluated the sensory properties, stability to lipid oxidation and microbiological safety. The final fat content of the control was 27.54%. F0, F3, F6 and F9 treatments had final fat contents of 17.63%, 17.55%, 17.91% and 17.59%, respectively, representing an approximately 40% reduction in the fat content. The simple reduction in pork back fat without fat substitute adversely affected the technological and sensory properties of the fermented cooked sausages, but the addition of FOS suppressed the defects caused by the fat reduction. The content of FOS did not changed during storage, indicating that this functional prebiotic compound can be used for developing of reduced fat fermented meat products.     

吸附剂对啤酒中嘌呤类物质吸附的研究

建立了几种吸附剂对啤酒中嘌呤类物质吸附的方法.研究这几种吸附剂对嘌呤类物质的吸附率,研究活性炭和壳聚糖的颗粒度、吸附时间、吸附温度、添加量、溶液pH值对吸附率的影响,在优化的吸附条件下对啤酒酒样进行吸附,活性炭和壳聚糖对啤酒中的嘌呤类物质的总吸附率分别为68.2%和42.8%.