农药残留加工因子及其在膳食暴露评估中的应用

从初级农产品到入口的食品通常需要各种加工处理,而加工过程会影响食品中的农药残留水平,从而影响来源于初级农产品检测数据的风险评估结果的准确性,因此在风险评估模型中纳入农药残留加工因子有助于真实反映农药残留膳食暴露风险。本文以常用的食品加工技术如清洗、去皮、烹调、榨汁、杀菌及其他相关技术为出发点,综述了典型的加工方式对食品中农药残留的影响以及目前相应的加工因子在农药残留暴露评估中的应用情况,为掌握食品中农药在加工过程中的残留动态、改进食品加工技术提供参考,也为农药残留膳食暴露评估提供依据,进而真实反映人群中农药残留的暴露风险。     

Calculation of the dietary exposure of Chinese consumers to acephate residues using deterministic and probabilistic approaches

This paper compares the exposure for the Chinese populations and sub-groups to acephate, a widely applied organophosphorus pesticide, using deterministic and probabilistic approaches. Acephate residue data were obtained from the national food contamination monitoring program 2001–2006, collected by multi-stage stratified sampling and with a detection rate of 3.3%. Food consumption data were gathered from the national diet and nutrition survey conducted in 2002 over three consecutive days by the 24-h recall method, and included 22,563 families or 65,886 consumers aged 2–100 years. For point estimate, it was evident that exposures were higher than the acute reference dose (ARfD) in many cases. For the probabilistic approach, the P99.9 exposures for the general population and children accounted for 11.88 and 24.15% of the ARfD, respectively, in acute intake calculations and 52.86 and 68.75%, respectively, of the acceptable daily intake (ADI) in chronic intake calculations. The exposure level of rural people was higher than urban dwellers, and vegetables contributed most to acephate intake.     

Calculation of the dietary exposure of Chinese consumers to acephate residues using deterministic and probabilistic approaches

This paper compares the exposure for the Chinese populations and sub-groups to acephate, a widely applied organophosphorus pesticide, using deterministic and probabilistic approaches. Acephate residue data were obtained from the national food contamination monitoring program 2001-2006, collected by multi-stage stratified sampling and with a detection rate of 3.3%. Food consumption data were gathered from the national diet and nutrition survey conducted in 2002 over three consecutive days by the 24-h recall method, and included 22,563 families or 65,886 consumers aged 2-100 years. For point estimate, it was evident that exposures were higher than the acute reference dose (ARfD) in many cases. For the probabilistic approach, the P99.9 exposures for the general population and children accounted for 11.88 and 24.15% of the ARfD, respectively, in acute intake calculations and 52.86 and 68.75%, respectively, of the acceptable daily intake (ADI) in chronic intake calculations. The exposure level of rural people was higher than urban dwellers, and vegetables contributed most to acephate intake.     

内蒙古地区居民蔬菜中农药残留膳食暴露风险评估

目的 了解内蒙古地区蔬菜中农药残留情况,对内蒙古地区蔬菜中农药残留膳食暴露风险进行评估。方法 利用2016—2019年内蒙古地区风险监测的蔬菜中农药残留数据,结合2012年全国总膳食研究中内蒙古地区居民的食品消费量数据,采用食品安全指数法与急性膳食暴露风险评估方法对我区居民通过蔬菜摄入的农药残留进行风险评估。结果 2016—2019年共检测蔬菜样本9类15 106份。蔬菜中有机磷类、有机氯类、氨基甲酸酯类及拟除虫菊酯类农药均有检出,有机磷类农药总体检出率为0.98%（72/7 315）;有机氯类农药总体检出率为3.43%（109/3 178）;拟除虫菊酯类总体检出率为4.44%（56/1 261）;氨基甲酸酯类总体检出率为0.30%（10/3 352）。其中有机磷类农药中超标的有氧化乐果（0.05%,4/7 315）、甲拌磷（0.16%,12/7 315）、毒死蜱（0.10%,7/7 315）、甲基异柳磷（0.01%,1/7 315）、水胺硫磷（0.01%,1/7 315）、灭线磷（0.01%,1/7 315）;有机氯类农药超标的有腐霉利（0.09%,3/3 178）、百菌清（0.03%,1/3 178）;拟除虫菊酯类农药超标的有氯氟氰菊酯（0.32%,4/1 261）;氨基甲酸酯类农药超标的有克百威（0.09%,3/3 352）。通过对内蒙古地区居民蔬菜中农药残留膳食暴露风险进行评估,结果表明,采用食品安全指数法（IFS）以农药残留浓度Ri的平均值进行评估时,IFS均小于1,风险可接受;当以Ri的最大值评估时,我区人群对于蔬菜中甲拌磷、三唑磷、灭线磷、百菌清及氯氟氰菊酯农药残留存在暴露健康风险。急性暴露评估结果表明,当西红柿中甲拌磷浓度为1.42 mg/kg时,存在急性暴露风险。结论 蔬菜中四类农药均有检出,且存在超标现象。采用食品安全指数法（IFS）以农药残留浓度Ri的最大值评估时,我区人群对于蔬菜中甲拌磷、三唑磷、灭线磷、百菌清及氯氟氰菊酯农药残留存在摄入健康风险。急性暴露评估结果表明,通过西红柿摄入甲拌磷存在急性健康风险。建议相关部门加强对农药使用的监管,更好地保障我区居民身体健康。     

Dietary exposure assessment of Danish consumers to dithiocarbamate residues in food: A comparison of the deterministic and probabilistic approach

Probabilistic and deterministic estimates of the acute and chronic exposure of the Danish populations to dithiocarbamate residues were performed. The Monte Carlo Risk Assessment programme (MCRA 4.0) was used for the probabilistic risk assessment. Food consumption data were obtained from the nationwide dietary survey conducted in 2000–02. Residue data for 5721 samples from the monitoring programme conducted in the period 1998–2003 were used for dithiocarbamates, which had been determined as carbon disulphide. Contributions from 26 commodities were included in the calculations. Using the probabilistic approach, the daily acute intakes at the 99.9% percentile for adults and children were 11.2 and 28.2 μg kg^?1 body weight day^?1, representing 5.6% and 14.1% of the ARfD for maneb, respectively. When comparing the point estimate approach with the probabilistic approach, the outcome of the point estimate calculations was generally higher or comparable with the outcome of the probabilistic approach at the 99.9 percentile (consumers only). The chronic exposures for adults and children were 0.35 and 0.76 μg kg^?1 body weight day^?1 at the 99.9 percentile, representing 0.7% and 1.5%, respectively, of the acceptable daily intake for mancozeb and maneb at 50 μg kg^?1 body weight.     

北京市蔬菜中农药残留现状及慢性膳食暴露评估

目的了解北京市蔬菜中农药残留污染现状及对北京市居民的膳食风险水平。方法采集2013年北京市主要蔬菜生产基地和大型批发市场的蔬菜样品,采用NY/T 761-2008和GB/T 20769-2008等方法检测样品中的33种农药残留,分析北京市蔬菜中农药残留现状,并结合大城市居民的蔬菜消费情况和食品安全指数法对北京市居民从蔬菜中摄入农药风险进行慢性膳食暴露评估。结果 2013年北京市抽检的蔬菜中农药残留检测合格率达99.2%(502/506),农药超标的蔬菜为白菜类和绿叶菜类,拟除虫菊酯类农药检出频次较高,其构成比占40.8%,检出超标的农药为吡虫啉、毒死蜱、哒螨灵和百菌清;对所有检出农药进行慢性膳食暴露评估结果表明,百菌清的日摄入量相对较高,然而包括百菌清在内所有检出农药的食品安全指数值均小于1。结论北京市蔬菜中农药残留量的安全风险均在可接受范围内,百菌清是潜在的风险因子,应重点防患蔬菜中百菌清的残留风险。     

Dietary exposure assessment of Danish consumers to dithiocarbamate residues in food: a comparison of the deterministic and probabilistic approach.

Probabilistic and deterministic estimates of the acute and chronic exposure of the Danish populations to dithiocarbamate residues were performed. The Monte Carlo Risk Assessment programme (MCRA 4.0) was used for the probabilistic risk assessment. Food consumption data were obtained from the nationwide dietary survey conducted in 2000--02. Residue data for 5721 samples from the monitoring programme conducted in the period 1998--2003 were used for dithiocarbamates, which had been determined as carbon disulphide. Contributions from 26 commodities were included in the calculations. Using the probabilistic approach, the daily acute intakes at the 99.9% percentile for adults and children were 11.2 and 28.2 microg kg(-1) body weight day(-1), representing 5.6% and 14.1% of the ARfD for maneb, respectively. When comparing the point estimate approach with the probabilistic approach, the outcome of the point estimate calculations was generally higher or comparable with the outcome of the probabilistic approach at the 99.9 percentile (consumers only). The chronic exposures for adults and children were 0.35 and 0.76 microg kg(-1) body weight day(-1) at the 99.9 percentile, representing 0.7% and 1.5%, respectively, of the acceptable daily intake for mancozeb and maneb at 50 microg kg(-1) body weight.     

Pesticide residue assessment in different types of olive oil and preliminary exposure assessment of Greek consumers to the pesticide residues detected

In this study the occurrence and levels of multi-class pesticides in different types of virgin olive oil quality and origination were determined and the contribution of olive oil in the chronic risk of pesticide residues consumption in the Mediterranean diet was estimated. For this purpose, a multiresidue method for the determination of 35 pesticides in olive oil was evaluated and applied to a total number of 100 olive oil samples. Ten percent of the samples produced from fruits of conventional cultivations contained no detectable residues whereas in the rest samples were detected residues of 20 insecticides. The highest detection rates were observed for the residues of fenthion, dimethoate and endosulfan. The highest occurrence and levels of pesticides were observed in extra virgin olive oil whereas results pointed that residues in olive oil from variety of olives with high oil yield may be higher. Furthermore, olive oil from organic cultivations could be contaminated with pesticide residues and/or contain low levels of pesticide residues that are not registered for use in olive cultivations. For there were multiresidues of pesticides present in olive oil, there is no zero risk in consumption of olive oil. However, the exposure of olive oil consumers to each detected residue is far below the acceptable daily intake (ADI).     

济南市市售蔬菜中农药残留及慢性膳食暴露风险评估

目的了解济南市市售蔬菜中农药残留情况,评估蔬菜中农药残留的慢性膳食暴露风险。方法对2010—2012年济南市市售蔬菜的农药残留情况进行分析,以2002年山东省居民营养与健康状况调查和中国居民膳食指南中推荐的蔬菜摄入量及JMPR制定的ADI为参数,应用国际每日膳食摄入评估法对济南市居民蔬菜中农药残留的慢性膳食暴露风险进行评估。结果共监测样品675份,有机磷类农药(乐果和乙酰甲胺磷)的检出率为3.93%(13/331),超标率为2.11%(7/331);拟除虫菊酯类农药(甲氰菊酯和氯菊脂)的检出率为9.91%(21/212),超标率为6.60%(14/212);氨基甲酸酯类农药(抗蚜威和异丙威)的检出率为7.58%(10/132),超标率为5.30%(7/132)。经评估各类农药的摄入量均小于ADI。结论济南市市售蔬菜农药残留量在安全限制之内,居民蔬菜中农药残留的慢性膳食暴露风险小,但农药残留超标现象普遍,应规范和加强农药的使用和管理。     

Dietary exposure assessment of Danish consumers to dithiocarbamate residues in food: a comparison of the deterministic and probabilistic approach

Probabilistic and deterministic estimates of the acute and chronic exposure of the Danish populations to dithiocarbamate residues were performed. The Monte Carlo Risk Assessment programme (MCRA 4.0) was used for the probabilistic risk assessment. Food consumption data were obtained from the nationwide dietary survey conducted in 2000--02. Residue data for 5721 samples from the monitoring programme conducted in the period 1998--2003 were used for dithiocarbamates, which had been determined as carbon disulphide. Contributions from 26 commodities were included in the calculations. Using the probabilistic approach, the daily acute intakes at the 99.9% percentile for adults and children were 11.2 and 28.2 microg kg(-1) body weight day(-1), representing 5.6% and 14.1% of the ARfD for maneb, respectively. When comparing the point estimate approach with the probabilistic approach, the outcome of the point estimate calculations was generally higher or comparable with the outcome of the probabilistic approach at the 99.9 percentile (consumers only). The chronic exposures for adults and children were 0.35 and 0.76 microg kg(-1) body weight day(-1) at the 99.9 percentile, representing 0.7% and 1.5%, respectively, of the acceptable daily intake for mancozeb and maneb at 50 microg kg(-1) body weight.     

青岛市市售蔬菜中农残特征及膳食暴露风险评估

目的 了解青岛市市售蔬菜中农药残留污染水平,为青岛市蔬菜食用安全提供科学依据。方法 2020—2022年,在青岛10个区市随机采集7大类680份蔬菜样品,检测并分析蔬菜样品中28种农药残留的特征,对被检出农药进行急性、慢性膳食暴露风险评估。结果 680份蔬菜样品中,农药检出率为9.71%（66/680）;超标率为2.79%（19/680）。共检出10种农药,检出率最高的为联苯菊酯4.50%（27/600）;共超标6种农药,超标率最高的为毒死蜱1.18%（8/680）。各类农药检出率与超标率间的差异均具有统计学意义（P<0.001）。7类蔬菜间的检出率差异具有统计学意义（P<0.001）,茄果类农残检出率最高（27.68%,31/112）,检出农残种类的数量最多（8种）。7类蔬菜中均有禁限用农药的分布。10个区市均有农残检出,除黄岛区、胶州市、平度市外均有超标现象。城阳区检出率为19.44%（7/36）,李沧区超标率为7.02%（4/57）,市北区检出农残种类的数量最多为7种。检出的各类农药的急性、慢性膳食暴露风险评估aHQ、cHQ均小于1。结论 青岛市市售蔬菜样品中仍有部分禁限用农药存在,但农药残留水平较低,居民通过膳食途径摄入蔬菜中农残的健康风险较小。要继续加强对禁限用农药的监督管理,最大限度降低食用蔬菜中农药残留对人体健康造成的风险。     

2016—2020年天津市市售蔬菜中农药残留状况及膳食暴露评估

目的 了解天津市市售蔬菜中农药残留状况及居民膳食暴露风险。方法 根据《国家食品污染物及有害因素风险监测工作手册》要求,采集代表性时令蔬菜516份进行农药残留量检测,利用点评估方法对其进行膳食暴露评估。结果 70.54%（364/516）样品检出农药残留,其中47.29%（244/516）样品同时检出2种或以上农药;6.01%（31/516）样品农药残留量超标。各类型农药超标率排序为：有机磷类农药>氨基甲酸酯类农药>拟除虫菊酯类农药>有机氯类农药>杀菌剂类农药,差异有统计学意义（χ²＝9.84,P<0.05）。超标率位于前三位的农药分别为甲拌磷（2.62%,10/381）、克百威（1.55%,8/516）和氯氰菊酯（0.90%,2/223）。急性膳食暴露评估结果,甲拌磷急性膳食摄入风险值（%ARfD）为238.89%,克百威%ARfD为191.67%,大于100%,存在不可接受的风险;慢性膳食暴露评估结果,所有检出农药单项食品安全指数值（IFS）均小于1,风险可以接受。结论 天津市市售蔬菜中农药检出率较高,尤其是多种农药联合使用的现象突出,且仍存在使用禁用农药的情况,甲拌磷、克百威存在急性膳食暴露风险,政府和相关部门应加强对此类农药的监管。     

Assessment of uncertainty in a probabilistic model of consumer exposure to pesticide residues in food

The assessment of consumer exposure to pesticides is an important part of pesticide regulation. Probabilistic modelling allows analysis of uncertainty and variability in risk assessments. The output of any assessment will be influenced by the characteristics and uncertainty of the inputs, model structure and assumptions. While the use of probabilistic models is well established in the United States, in Europe problems of low acceptance, sparse data and lack of guidelines are slowing the development. The analyses in the current paper focused on the dietary pathway and the exposure of UK toddlers. Three single food, single pesticide case studies were used to parameterize a simple probabilistic model built in Crystal Ball™. Data on dietary consumption patterns were extracted from National Diet and Nutrition Surveys, and levels of pesticide active ingredients in foods were collected from Pesticide Residues Committee monitoring. The effect of uncertainty on the exposure estimate was analysed using scenarios, reflecting different assumptions related to sources of uncertainty. The most influential uncertainty issue was the distribution type used to represent input variables. Other sources that most affected model output were non-detects, unit-to-unit variability and processing. Specifying correlation between variables was found to have little effect on exposure estimates. The findings have important implications for how probabilistic modelling should be conducted, communicated and used by policy and decision makers as part of consumer risk assessment of pesticides.     

Unit to unit variation of pesticide residues options for acute dietary risk assessment

Within the context of the current UK policy for those commodities where the potential variability of residues in individual commodity units is taken into account, a variability factor nu , which reflects the ratio of a high level residue in the individual commodity unit to the corresponding composite residue level, is used. Data gathered from supervised industry trials in which individual items were analysed following treatment, although limited, show that variability is typically lower than that reflected by the default factors currently used and that the range of variability is reproducible over the limited range of different a.i./crop/method of application combinations investigated. In order to improve the accuracy of the acute dietary exposure estimate, the European Crop Protection Association (ECPA) proposes the following alternative to the current Tier I approach. The residue level input from a 'hot' unit within the dietary risk assessment should be determined using the highest composite sample residue from supervised field trials and a generic variability factor (nu) determined experimentally from supervised trials. The variability factor itself should be calculated as the 95th percentile level of the residue level found in an individual unit (or single serving portion for large crops) divided by sample mean for data produced from supervised trials. This would improve the accuracy of the Tier I approach and allow attention to be focused on particular a.i./crop/method of application combinations where the NESTI> acute RfD (based on a Tier I assessment) and generation of individual unit residue data for the particular outlet or other mitigation may be appropriate.     

Exposure assessment of the Belgian population to pesticide residues through fruit and vegetable consumption

Exposure of the Belgian consumer to pesticide residues from the consumption of fruit and vegetables was determined based on data collected in the Belgian food consumption survey performed by the Scientific Institute for Public Health and data from the Belgian Federal Agency for the Safety of the Food Chain 2005 monitoring programme. A first screening of pesticide residue exposure was performed by a deterministic approach. For most pesticide residues studied, the exposure was 100 times lower than the acceptable daily intake (ADI). However, for a high consumer (97.5th percentile of consumption) the intake could reach 23% of the ADI for imazalil, 15% for chlorpropham, 14% for the dithiocarbamates, 10% for dimethoate and lambda-cyhalothrin, and 9% for chlorpyriphos. Nevertheless, probabilistic exposure assessment performed on these pesticides in a second phase of the study indicated that, except for chlorpropham, the probability to exceed the ADI is much lower than 0.1%.     

Exposure assessment of the Belgian population to pesticide residues through fruit and vegetable consumption

Exposure of the Belgian consumer to pesticide residues from the consumption of fruit and vegetables was determined based on data collected in the Belgian food consumption survey performed by the Scientific Institute for Public Health and data from the Belgian Federal Agency for the Safety of the Food Chain 2005 monitoring programme. A first screening of pesticide residue exposure was performed by a deterministic approach. For most pesticide residues studied, the exposure was 100 times lower than the acceptable daily intake (ADI). However, for a high consumer (97.5th percentile of consumption) the intake could reach 23% of the ADI for imazalil, 15% for chlorpropham, 14% for the dithiocarbamates, 10% for dimethoate and lambda-cyhalothrin, and 9% for chlorpyriphos. Nevertheless, probabilistic exposure assessment performed on these pesticides in a second phase of the study indicated that, except for chlorpropham, the probability to exceed the ADI is much lower than 0.1%.     

叶菜类蔬菜中农药残留及膳食暴露风险评估

目的 了解叶菜类蔬菜农药残留现状,并评估农药残留的膳食暴露风险.方法 随机采集主要叶菜类样品682批,采用NY/T761—2008《蔬菜和水果中有机磷、有机氯、拟除虫菊酯和氨甲基酸酯类农药多残留的测定》方法检测105项农药残留,分析叶菜类蔬菜农药残留现状,并结合我国居民蔬菜消费情况,用每日允许摄入量和急性参考剂量分别对...     

Probabilistic acute dietary exposure assessment of the Chinese population to cypermethrin residues

A probabilistic estimation of dietary exposure to cypermethrin residues for the Chinese population was performed. Cypermethrin residue data were obtained from the national food contamination monitoring program for 2001–2006, encompassing 14,096 samples from 36 commodities with a detection rate of 10.4%. Food consumption data were gathered from the national nutrition and health survey conducted in 2002, comprising 65,915 consumers aged 2–100 years and 3701 children of 2–6 years old. The whole country was roughly divided into six regions and the ranges of the median and of P99.9 exposure estimated for these regions were 0.018–0.026 and 3.131–7.095?µg?kg^?1?bw?day^?1, respectively. Pak-choi and Chinese cabbage contributed 33.9 and 13.2%, respectively, to the cypermethrin intake for the general population, while pak-choi and citrus covered 30.7 and 22.5% of the total intake for children, respectively. The exposure of the rural population was higher than urban populations. Rural areas mainly located in the plains of central China had among the highest exposure of the six regions, accounting for 17.7% of the ARfD at P99.9, while the 99.99th percentile of exposure for children, especially rural children, far exceeded the ARfD, which is a cause for concern.     

Unit-to-unit variability of pesticide residues in fruit and vegetables.

Pesticide residue levels (36 pesticides and some of their metabolites) were determined in the individual units taken from large samples of apples, bananas, celery, kiwi fruit, oranges, peaches and nectarines, pears, plums, potatoes, and tomatoes. The 65 large samples (generally about 100-110 units, but only 45 units of celery) were purchased at retail or wholesale outlets in the UK. The lots from which the samples were drawn originated from 17 different countries. Average concentrations in the samples were in the approximate range 0.002-2 mg kg(-1). Unit-to-unit variability factors (97.5th percentile mg kg(-1)/average mg kg(-1)), for the pesticide/product combination data sets in which >10% of samples contained measurable residues (n = 106), were in the range 1.4-9.6 (11.1 based on a value of zero for data below reporting limits). Analytical variance contributed only a small proportion (up to 11%) to the overall variance of the 106 data sets. There was no evidence of a relationship between the variability factor and the commodity, country of origin, residue concentration or the physicochemical characteristics of the pesticide. The extent of variability appears to be determined at or about the time of pesticide application. Taking non-detectable residues as half the reporting limits, the frequency distribution of variability factors was approximately log-normal, with a geometric mean of 3.4. The corresponding 95% probability limits of the variability factors were calculated to be 1.6 and 7.6.     

An assessment of the acute dietary exposure to glyphosate using deterministic and probabilistic methods

Use of glyphosate in crop production can lead to residues of the active substance and related metabolites in food. Glyphosate has never been considered acutely toxic; however, in 2015 the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) proposed an acute reference dose (ARfD). This differs from the Joint FAO/WHO Meeting on Pesticide Residues (JMPR) who in 2016, in line with their existing position, concluded that an ARfD was not necessary for glyphosate. This paper makes a comprehensive assessment of short-term dietary exposure to glyphosate from potentially treated crops grown in the EU and imported third-country food sources. European Union and global deterministic models were used to make estimates of short-term dietary exposure (generally defined as up to 24 h). Estimates were refined using food-processing information, residues monitoring data, national dietary exposure models, and basic probabilistic approaches to estimating dietary exposure. Calculated exposures levels were compared to the ARfD, considered to be the amount of a substance that can be consumed in a single meal, or 24-h period, without appreciable health risk. Acute dietary intakes were <100% of the ARfD for all foodstuffs, except wild fungi, when calculated using the EFSA model. The model assumptions differ from those of the source model (German national model), resulting in the use of a higher variability factor. Intakes estimated with the German model represented only 18% of the ARfD. The impact of differing assumptions regarding variability and other input parameters is discussed. Probabilistic exposure estimates showed that the acute intake on no person-days exceeded 10% of the ARfD, even for the pessimistic scenario.