Slot-Line Filters and Couplers

The slot-transmission line on a dielectric substrate has many possible microwave circuit applications. This paper presents experimental data concerning the performance of bandpass and bandstop filters and a hybrid coupler; the work described was performed at S-band frequencies using the single substrate slot line geometry. Also included are theoretical data concerning the slot-line wavelength and characteristic impedance for the case of the slot-line configuration having dielectric material above and below the metsllization, the so-called slot-line "sandwich."     

HTS coplanar meander-line resonator filters with a suppressed slot-line mode

The design and experimental results of a four-pole coplanar waveguide (CPW) quasi-elliptic filter using high-temperature superconductor (HTS) films are presented. Quarter-wavelength meander-line resonators are used in the filter topology. Although the resonators are aligned in two lines, no bond-wire bridges are required to balance the ground planes in the design and measurement. The slot-line mode of the filter was shifted to be higher than its third harmonic. The filter is highly miniaturized and the performance is significantly improved by the use of superconductors. The main circuit of the filter only has an area of about 6.6 mm /spl times/ 2.4 mm on a magnesium oxide substrate, coated with 600-nm-thick YBCO HTS thin film on single side of the substrate. The 3-dB bandwidth is about 1.6% centered at 2.95 GHz. The performance measured at 30 K, without any tuning, gives an insertion loss of better than 0.4 dB and a return loss of about 12 dB in the passband. The first spurious mode is about triple the center frequency.     

A closed slot-line resonator filter

A microwave bandpass filter made from three-dimensional (3-D) slot-line resonators is described. This structure readily lent itself to the design and realization of a 16-pole filter. By concentrating the losses on the resonant element, very high Q can be achieved by using low surface resistance material, such as high temperature superconductor, for the slot-line resonator. The filter is five to ten times smaller than previous generation 3-D filters made using high temperature superconductors.     

Slot-Line Field Components (Correspondence)

Formulas derived by mode summation give the six B- and H-field components in the various air and dielectric regions of a slot-line cross section. These formulas are valid except when very close to the slot, where approximations in the analysis cause a large error. A quasi-static method yields a second set of formulas that apply near the slot. Thus the field is determined satisfactorily in all parts of the cross section. Graphs of the H components show that elliptical polarization exists, with the best approach to circularity near the slot and near the opposite surface of the substrate. Quantitative field data are useful for analysis and design of slot-line components, such as ferrite devices, dielectric-resonator filters, directional couplers, and broad-band transitions to coaxial line or microstrip.     

Quasi-elliptic filter characteristics of an asymmetric defected ground structure

An asymmetric defected ground structure (DGS) with respect to a microstrip line is proposed. Its unit cell consists of two square slots connected with a rectangular slot by meandered transverse slots. The simulated, measured and equivalent circuit responses have been presented. The unit DGS pattern under microstrip line produces wide rejection bandwidth and high sharpness factor. Its elliptic band-reject filter response is modelled by appropriate LC equivalent circuit. Two such DGS cells under a microstrip line produce 3-pole quasi-elliptic bandstop filter response, which shows deeper attenuation without appreciable change in pole frequencies in comparison to single cell structure. Unit DGS pattern under coupled gap microstrip lines produces band-accept filtering characteristics. The frequency characteristics show a quasi-elliptic highpass filtering characteristics with sharp lower transition knee. Accordingly, an LC equivalent circuit is proposed. A cascaded band-accept and band-reject filter is proposed for designing a wideband bandpass filter. The bandwidth and centre frequency of the bandpass filter can be varied by choosing different set of DGS dimensions.     

Design of Dual- and Triple-Passband Filters Using Alternately Cascaded Multiband Resonators

A novel method for designing multiband bandpass filters has been proposed in this paper. Coupling structures with both Chebyshev and quasi-elliptic frequency responses are presented to achieve dual- and triple-band characteristics without a significant increase in circuit size. The design concept is to add some extra coupled resonator sections in a single-circuit filter to increase the degrees of freedom in extracting coupling coefficients of a multiband filter and, therefore, the filter is capable of realizing the specifications of coupling coefficients at all passbands. To verify the presented concept, four experimental examples of filters with a dual-band Chebyshev, triple-band Chebyshev, dual-band quasi-elliptic, and triple-band quasi-elliptic response have been designed and fabricated with microstrip technology. The measured results are in good agreement with the full-wave simulation results.     

Slot Line on a Dielectric Substrate

Slot line consists of a narrow gap in a conductive coating on one side of a dielectric substrate, the other side of the substrate being bare. If the substrate's permittivity is sufficiently high, such as /spl epsiv//sub r/ = 10 to 30, the slot-mode wavelength will be much smaller than free-space wavelength, and the fields will be closely confined near the slot. Possible applications of slot line to filters, couplers, ferrite devices, and circuits containing semiconductor elements are discussed. Slot line can be used either alone or with microstrip line on the opposite side of the substrate. A "second-order" analysis yields formulas for slot-line wavelength, phase velocity, group velocity, characteristic impedance, and effect of adjacent electric and magnetic walls.     

带DGS结构的宽带微带线准椭圆函数滤波器设计

准椭圆滤波器体积小，重量轻，结构紧凑，比契比雪夫滤波器有更好的过渡特性，更高的带外抑制，在卫星通信和移动通信中有广泛的应用前景。但在用准椭圆滤波器实现宽带滤波器时，有时会遇到耦合间隙过小难以加工的问题。在准椭圆滤波器的谐振器底板加入缺陷接地结构（DGS），可以增强谐振器之间的耦合。应用DGS结构，用较宽的耦合间隙实现较强的耦合，从而使宽带滤波器物理上更容易实现。应用三维电磁场仿真软件，设计了一种带DGS结构的宽带微带线准椭圆函数滤波器。     

Quasi-Elliptic Microstrip Low-Pass Filters Using an Interdigital DGS Slot

This letter introduces a DGS slot with an interdigital shape. The resonant frequency of the slot can be easily controlled by changing the length of the metal fingers, without changing the area taken by the structure. Using this slot, two quasi-elliptic low-pass filters were designed, fabricated and tested. The filters have a cut-off frequency of about 3 GHz.     

基于L型槽结构的小型化SIW滤波器

为了解决传统基片集成波导(SIW)滤波器在通信电路中占用空间较大的问题,提出一种新型的开槽方法实现了小型化SIW滤波器.通过在四分之一模基片集成波导(QMSIW)谐振腔的顶层金属板上蚀刻L型谐振槽,利用开槽扰动的模移技术原理,使QMSIW腔的谐振基模被移动到低频处.基于此,设计了一款中心频率为2.6 GHz,相对带宽为...     

Investigation of quasi-elliptic hairpin dual-mode filters under different perturbations

This article presents a dual-mode resonator developed from a hairpin resonator with a reactive perturbation tapped at the mid-point. The dual-mode resonance characteristics are investigated intensive under both inductive and capacitive perturbations. Using this resonator, a method of synthesising the filter is also developed to determine the circuit layout directly according to the specified filter characteristics. Moreover, to improve the filter's performance, cross-coupling technique to realise quasi-elliptic responses is also discussed for both types of perturbations. Finally, two quasi-elliptic dual-mode filters were designed, fabricated and measured to verify the proposed theory.     

The design of microstrip six-pole quasi-elliptic filter with linearphase response using extracted-pole technique

The development of microstrip filters has been in great demand due to the rapid growth of wireless communication systems in this decade. Quasi-elliptic response filters are very popular in communication systems because of their high selectivity, which is introduced by a pair of transmission zeros. A number of ways of implementing the quasi-elliptic response filter on microstrip have been studied over the last two decades, i.e., the cascaded quadruplet filter, canonical filter, and extracted-pole filter. However, there is very little information in the literature giving the design details for microstrip extracted-pole filters. In this paper, design equations of the extracted-pole filter for microstrip are reviewed. A new class of microstrip filter is also presented here. This class of filter will have a quasi-elliptic function response and at the same time linear phase in the passband. The linear phase of the filter is introduced by an in-phase cross coupling, while the transmission zero is realized using an extracted-pole technique. Experimental results, together with a theoretical comparison between the group delay of this design, and the conventional quasi-elliptic six-pole filter are also presented     

Compact microstrip resonators for 900 MHz frequency band

A technique to reduce the size of planar resonators is investigated using a transmission line model and a finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method. New miniaturized square microstrip resonators are proposed for 900 MHz band. The resonators offer low impedance sections leading to a better handling of power. The feasibility of compact filters using the proposed resonators is demonstrated. The input/output coupling lines of a two-pole filter have been positioned in a way that produces a filter response with transmission zeros on the both sides of the pass-band. Sharper skirts and higher out-of-band rejection are obtained for four-pole filters with cross-coupled resonators.     

Design and Development of Advanced Cavity-Based Dual-Mode Filters Using Low-Temperature Co-Fired Ceramic Technology for V-Band Gigabit Wireless Systems

In this paper, a novel concept of 3-D integrated -band dual-mode cavity filters, which permit the realization of a variety of quasi-elliptic responses by creating transmission zeros, has been demonstrated using multilayer low-temperature co-fired ceramic (LTCC) technology. A single-cavity resonator is designed to generate a degenerate resonance of two orthogonal modes ( and ), enabling dual-mode operation. The appearance and elimination of transmission zeros have been analyzed through the multipath coupling diagrams and lumped-element models. The quasi-elliptic dual-mode filters with the appropriate locations of the transmission zeros are then developed for receiver and transmitter channels of a -band transceiver module. Two pre-synthesized, dual-mode cavity filters are vertically stacked with two types of inter-coupling slots (1: rectangular, 2: cross) to realize the multipole filters for 60-GHz wireless local area network narrowband applications. These proposed filters are the first to be reported and have great potential to be integrated into miniaturized -band LTCC transceiver modules.     

Quasi-elliptic compact high-power notch filters using a mixedlumped and distributed circuit

A quasi-elliptic notch filter response is defined as one in which the ultimate stopband depth is sacrificed in favor of a faster transition from the passband to a specified minimum equiripple stopband attenuation level (i.e., steeper attenuation slope) with no increase in filter order (as compared to a Chebyshev or similar transfer function design). Such notch-filter responses can be achieved if the topology synthesized includes arbitrary frequency invariant impedances and line lengths in the main series line of filters. Using lumped approximations to the series coaxial sections but with the series sections not at 50 Ω (for a 50-Ω filter), it is possible to improve upon the Chebyshev-based results. The resulting network provides lower passband insertion loss, with no reduction in minimum notch depth or power handling, improved temperature performance and additional harmonic reduction. The improvements are due to the implementation of the quasi-elliptic response defined above, and are made possible by the larger range of main line impedances and line lengths available using inductors and capacitors rather than lengths of transmission line. In principle, the technique can be extended to achieve full-elliptic responses     

Miniaturized Bandpass Filters With Double-Folded Substrate Integrated Waveguide Resonators in LTCC

This paper proposes miniaturized bandpass filters with double-folded substrate integrated waveguide (SIW) resonators using multilayer low-temperature co-fired ceramic (LTCC) technology. Formed by inserting a metal plate with two orthogonal slots into the cavity, the double-folded SIW resonator is used for the circuit size reduction with its footprint about a quarter of the conventional ${rm TE}_{101}$ mode. With LTCC technology, there is more flexibility to organize the cavities of filters because of the 3-D arrangement. The vertically stacked cavities are coupled by “L”- or “U”-shaped slots, and if arranged horizontally, by an inductive window on the common sidewall or a suspended stripline between the cavities. Through experimental measurements and simulations at both the $Ka$- $V$ -bands, it has been demonstrated that the proposed filter has compact sizes and good frequency responses. The area of the fully stacked Chebyshev filter has 88% size reduction in comparison with a three-pole planar waveguide filter, while the vertically stacked quasi-elliptic filter has 74% size reduction in comparison with a four-pole planar waveguide filter.      

Computer-Aided Filter Alignment and Diagnosis

The cavity resonant frequencies and coupling values of a wide range of bandpass filters, band-reject filters, and equalizers have been determined in situ by computer-adjusting analytic models to fit the scattering parameters measured on an automatic network analyzer. A higher order mode elliptic filter, a dual-mode quasi-elliptic filter, and a dual-mode band-reject filter are presented as examples. The general relationships between mechanical dimensions and circuit parameters are discussed. The circuit adjustment procedure is outlined, and equations for the sensitivity coefficients of several element types are tabulated.     

A Novel Microstrip Filter Using Three-Mode Stepped Impedance Resonator (TSIR)

A novel microstrip filter using three-mode stepped impedance resonator (TSIR) is presented, with its coupling scheme given so as to accurately predict its desired performance. A T-type open stub is introduced into the design of a miniaturized TSIR. It is shown that the developed filter exhibits quasi-elliptic characteristics with sharp skirt and wide stopband. Good agreements are obtained between its measured and simulated S-parameters.      

Bandwidth-Compensation Method for Miniaturized Parallel Coupled-Line Filters

This paper proposes a bandwidth-compensation method for miniaturized filters based on short-ended parallel coupled lines. Capacitive loading of such coupled lines is a relatively simple means of reducing the line lengths. In this study, a method is developed that predicts exactly the degree of reduction in the fractional bandwidth due to miniaturization. Using this method, the fractional bandwidth of the prototype coupled line filter can be adjusted, enabling miniaturized filters to maintain the targeted fractional bandwidth. The proposed bandwidth-compensation method applies for any type of filters with coupled lines realized with various transmission lines, with uniform or nonuniform line lengths. Experimental results are also presented that verify the validity of the method.     

微带线和槽结构对多层滤波器性能影响的对比研究

微带线和槽结构是多层结构微波滤波器实现小型化、高性能的关键，因此需研究不同形状的微带线和槽结构对微波滤波器性能的影响。通过使用全波电磁仿真软件对各种结构微波滤波器S参数进行仿真，发现改变顶层、底层拓扑结构对微波滤波器整体性能影响不明显，表明不同形状的拓扑结构在面积相等时可近似等效；而改变中间层耦合槽的结构则对滤波器整体性能影响较大，表明改变耦合槽形状是一种比较理想的能调谐滤波器性能的方法。