钛酸锂基锂离子电池及其健康状态研究进展

锂离子电池的高功率密度和高能量密度等特性使其成为电动汽车能源和新能源电网储能的重要载体。功率性能和安全特性是锂离子电池发展的两个主要挑战。钛酸锂Li₄Ti₅O₁₂材料因具有良好的结构稳定性、安全性能、长循环寿命、高功率特性和高低温放电性能,被认为是锂电池负极材料的良好备选。综述了以钛酸锂材料为负极的锂离子电池的相关工作,介绍了钛酸锂材料的结构、电化学特性、制备方法和作为电池负极材料面临的主要问题,重点介绍了钛酸锂负极电池的全电池性能和健康状态研究等方面。     

Rb掺杂Li4Ti5O12作为锂离子电池负极材料的合成及电化学性能

合成了不同Rb掺杂量的钛酸锂（Li_4-xRb_xTi₅O₁₂; x = 0.010, 0.015, 0.020）作为锂离子电池的负极材料。测试结果显示,Rb离子掺杂有效增强了钛酸锂的电子电导率。相同的测试条件下,相比于未掺杂样品和高Rb含量掺杂样品（x = 0.015, 0.020）,适量的Rb掺杂钛酸锂（Li_3.99Rb_0.01Ti₅O₁₂; x = 0.010）表现出最优的电化学性能。Li_3.99Rb_0.01Ti₅O₁₂材料表现出161.2 mA∙h/g的初始容量,且在1 C下经过1000次循环后容量保持率可达90.9%。此外,全电池Li_3.99Rb_0.01Ti₅O₁₂ // LiFePO₄在0.5 C条件下首次放电容量为144 mA∙h/g,经过150次循环后,容量保持率为78.8%。     

Recent research progress of Li4Ti5O12 as anode materials for lithium-ion batteries

锂离子电池凭借诸多优势广泛应用于便携式电子产品（3C）领域,在电动汽车及可穿戴设备方面具有巨大应用前景,是未来最具潜力的储能电池之一。作为一种锂离子电池负极材料,尖晶石型Li₄Ti₅O₁₂相比石墨负极具有较高嵌锂电位,且"零应变材料"的特性决定Li₄Ti₅O₁₂材料具有较好的循环稳定性及热稳定性,从而备受关注。本文简要介绍了钛酸锂（Li₄Ti₅O₁₂）的结构和性能,详细阐明了Li₄Ti₅O₁₂的嵌锂机制、制备及改性方法,总结了相应制备及改性方法对Li₄Ti₅O₁₂材料的充放电特性、循环性能等电化学性能的影响,针对Li₄Ti₅O₁₂的胀气产生原因、机制和胀气解决方法进行简单阐述,并对纯电动乘用车的应用前景提出了几点建议。     

Matching the positive and negative electrode based on hierarchical porous carbon supporting π-conjugated polymers composites for asymmetric organic supercapacitor

能量密度是制约超级电容器实际应用的关键因素,通过正负电极材料的比电容匹配,构建有机非对称超级电容器是提高能量密度的有效途径。本工作以活化分级孔碳（aHPC）作载体,以β-萘磺酸为软模板和掺杂酸,借助化学氧化聚合方法,分别制备出活化分级孔碳负载聚苯胺（aHPC@PANI）及活化分级孔碳负载聚1,5-二氨基蒽醌（aHPC@PDAA）纳米复合材料。结果显示,两种复合材料均呈现疏松多孔的结构,且聚合物以纳米尺度均匀沉积在活化多孔碳孔壁内外,这对提高活性物质利用率及其倍率性能十分有利。在1 A/g电流密度下,aHPC@PANI正极材料与aHPC@PDAA负极材料的比容量,分别达256.7 F/g（–0.6～0.8 V）及253 F/g（–2～-0.6 V）。所组装的aHPC@PANI//Et 4NBF4-AN//aHPC@PDAA有机非对称超级电容器呈现宽的电位窗口（2.8 V）,高的能量密度（65 W·h/kg,1.38 kW/kg,基于aHPC@PANI和aHPC@PDAA总质量）及优异的循环稳定性（循环5000次后其容量保持率高达90.2%）。     

The cycle life investigation for spinel LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 full cells

分别以石墨和钛酸锂为负极活性物质,制备了尖晶石镍锰酸锂的32131型圆柱锂离子电池.石墨负极电池和钛酸锂负极电池容量分别为7.5 A·h和5.5 A·h,质量能量密度分别达到152 W·h/kg和81 W·h/kg.常温充放电循环测试结果表明,石墨和钛酸锂两种负极体系电池循环寿命将分别达到400次和1000次,这种循环寿命的差别主要体现在负极上,即正极材料中溶解的Mn在石墨负极表面沉积并持续催化SEI膜生成,减少了电池中可使用的活性Li⁺,进而导致电池寿命快速衰减;相比而言,钛酸锂负极表面不存在明显SEI,同时正极过量设计电池也使得钛酸锂体系电池的镍锰酸锂与电解液间的界面副反应低于石墨体系的负极过量设计电池.     

Facile controlled synthesis of hierarchically structured mesoporous Li4Ti5O12/C/rGO composites as high-performance anode of lithium-ion batteries

In this paper, a facile strategy is proposed to controllably synthesize mesoporous Li₄Ti₅O₁₂/C nanocomposite embedded in graphene matrix as lithium-ion battery anode via the co-assembly of Li₄Ti₅O₁₂ (LTO) precursor, GO, and phenolic resin. The obtained composites, which consists of a LTO core, a phenolic-resin-based carbon shell, and a porous frame constructed by rGO, can be denoted as LTO/C/rGO and presents a hierarchical structure. Owing to the advantages of the hierarchical structure, including a high surface area and a high electric conductivity, the mesoporous LTO/C/rGO composite exhibits a greatly improved rate capability as the anode material in contrast to the conventional LTO electrode.     

The degradation analysis of lithium-ion storage battery with Li4Ti5O12 anode

钛酸锂作为储能电池负极材料,在长循环和安全性上有突出的表现。通过对室温1C和2C倍率下循环的三元+钴酸锂/钛酸锂储能电池拆解,结合SEM、FTIR、XRD和EIS等分析手段,发现造成容量衰减和阻抗增大的原因出现在正极,由于正极与电解液发生反应,在表面生成界面膜,并且循环过程中界面膜不稳定,进一步消耗活性锂离子导致。另外,对这款电池的产气分析发现,所产生气体的主要成分为CO2和C2H6,原因可能是在制备电池过程中严格控制水分以及在电解液添加剂方面做了改进。     

有机溶剂浸泡法回收再利用锂离子电池钛酸锂负极材料

利用有机溶剂法回收了废旧锂离子电池中的钛酸锂负极材料,并对回收的钛酸锂材料的结构、形貌和电化学性能进行了测试。XRD结果表明,材料除炭后添加适量锂源进一步合成得到的产物具有尖晶石结构,且不含其他的杂质。SEM图像显示,其颗粒分布均匀、无团聚现象。EIS结果表明,最终回收的钛酸锂电极材料比未添加锂源进行煅烧处理的材料具有较小的电荷转移阻抗和较高的锂离子扩散系数。在0.1 C倍率下,经过100次循环后其容量保持率为92.4%,具有优异的循环稳定性和可逆性,可以实现循环利用。     

Electrochromic properties of lithiated Co-oxide (LixCoO2) and Ni-oxide (LixNiO2) thin films prepared by the sol–gel route

Layered Li_xCoO₂ and Li_xNiO₂ thin films (x1) were prepared by a peroxo wet chemistry route from Li(I), Co(II) and Ni(II) acetate precursors and the addition of H₂O₂. Structural changes during the processing of xerogel to final oxide were followed by X-ray diffraction and infrared spectroscopy. Electrochromic properties were determined with in-situ potentiodynamic, potentiostatic and galvanostatic spectroelectrochemical measurements. Single dipped films with composition Li_0.99Co_1.01O₂ or Li_0.94Ni_1.06O₂ exhibited stable voltammetric response in 1 M LiClO₄/propylene carbonate electrolyte after about 60 cycles. The total charge exchanged in a reversible charging/discharging cycle was about ±30 mC cm⁻² for Li_0.99Co_1.01O₂ and ±20 mC cm⁻² for Li_0.94Ni_1.06O₂ oxide films. Galvanostatic measurements showed that about 1/2 (x0.5) and 2/3 (x0.3) of Li⁺ ions could be reversibly removed from the structure of Li_0.99Co_1.01O₂ and Li_0.94Ni_1.06O₂ films, respectively. Practical applicability of Li_0.99Co_1.01O₂ and Li_0.94Ni_1.06O₂ oxide films was studied in electrochromic devices with WO₃(H⁺)Li⁺ormolyteLi_0.99Co_1.01O₂ and WO₃(H⁺)Li⁺ormolyteLi_0.94Ni_1.06O₂ configuration. The monochromatic transmittance T_s (λ=633 nm) of dark blue coloured devices was extremely low (T_s3%), whereas in bleached state the value reached around T_s70%.     

Compounding preparation of novel solid electrolyte with high lithium ion conductivity

将二元硫化物固体电解质75Li2S·24P2S5·1P2O5（LPOS）的非晶前驱体与三元硫化物电解质Li10GeP2S12（LGPS）前驱体按不同质量比均匀混合后,在270℃下进行烧结制备得到系列新型固体电解质材料 (1ω%)LPOS·ω%(t-LGPS)（ω=3、5、7、10）。当ω=5时,制得的新型固体电解质95%LPOS·5%(t-LGPS) 在室温下具有最佳的离子电导率1.0×103 S/cm。采用XRD、EIS、SEM等手段对该新型电解质材料的结构、形貌及电化学性能等进行了系统表征,并对电导率提高的机理进行了探讨。构建的全固态锂电池LiCoO2/95%LPOS·5%(t-LGPS)/Li表现出良好的电池性能,在25℃、0.1 C下,电池首周放电容量为115.7 mA·h/g,循环20圈后仍有80.38%的容量保持率。     

Electrochemical and structural characteristics of metal oxide-coated lithium manganese oxide (spinel type): Part I. In the range of 2.5–4.2 V

The electrochemical and structural characteristics of the metal oxide-coated spinel were investigated in the range of 2.5–4.2 V. Metal oxide coating on commercial spinel powder (LiMn_2−xM_xO₄, M=Zr, Nikki, Japan) was carried out using the sol–gel method. Al₂O₃/(PtO_x or CuO_x)-coated spinel exhibited improved cyclability compared to bare spinel. Impedance analysis results indicated that electrochemical resistance value was not consistent with cycle performance. The improved cycle performance of metal oxide-coated spinel may be due to formation of a new Li₂Mn₄O₉, Li₂MnO₃ phase, which is expected to have stability to phase transition (Jahn–Teller distortion).     

Safety-enhancing electrode additives for Li-ion batteries

分别以α-Al₂O₃和Li₂TiO₃作为锂离子电池正极和负极中的安全添加剂,提出了安全添加剂的作用模型,系统比较了有无安全添加剂的两组电池的电化学性能和安全性能。电化学性能测试结果表明,安全添加剂的加入会很小幅度降低锂离子电池的能量密度;电池的倍率性能不受影响,其在5 C放电倍率时容量保持率达到82.3%（以1 C为基准）;电池的预期循环寿命达2409次（按照80% DOD计算）,相比对比组电池的896次预算寿命大幅增加。安全性能测试结果表明,添加了安全添加剂的电池能够通过严苛的穿刺测试、重物撞击测试和外短路测试等安全测试,安全添加剂的存在可以有效避免电池内部局部热点的产生,使不可控的内部短路转变为可控的低倍率放电,显著提高电池的安全性能,在商业化方面展示出良好的应用前景。     

Structural and electrochemical properties of Li1+xNi0.5Mn0.5O2+δ (0 ≤ x ≤ 0.7) cathode materials for lithium-ion batteries

A comparative analysis of the properties of LiNi_0.5Mn_0.5O₂ and Li_1+xNi_0.5Mn_0.5O₂ (0.2 ≤ x ≤ 0.7) powders, obtained by the freeze drying method, was performed. Lattice parameters of Li_1+xNi_0.5Mn_0.5O₂ decreased considerably with growing amounts of Li until x = 0.3; at x > 0.5 trace amounts of Li₂MnO₃ are observed by X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analysis displayed an increase of Ni³⁺/Ni²⁺ ratio at 0.3 < x < 0.5, while Mn 2p spectra were almost identical in all samples. Rechargeable capacity values (V = 2.5–4.6 V) increased systematically with x reaching its maximum (185–190 mAh g⁻¹) at x = 0.5. Samples with superstoichiometric lithium content also demonstrated good C rate characteristics.     

Influence of chemical modification of activated carbon surface on characteristics of supercapacitors

The influence of the change of Fermi level electrons position of activated carbon μ_C caused by chemical modification of its porous surface by Mn²⁺ ions on its capacitive characteristics in 7.6 m KOH, 4 m KI, 2 m ZnI₂ aqueous solutions is investigated in this work. The detection of adsorbed Mn²⁺ ions on the surface of activated carbon was carried out according to methods of secondary ionic mass spectrometry (SIMS). An increase in electronic density on the Fermi level of modified with Mn²⁺ activated carbon was determined with a help of X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) data. Capacitive characteristics of the electrodes have been investigated by means of electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, computer modeling, and galvanic discharge. The correlation between electronic structure of modified activated carbon (MAC) and thermodynamic characteristics of ions of the used electrolytes is established. On the basic of the obtained experimental data, electrochemical system of the hybrid capacitor with a specific capacitance of 1740 F g⁻¹ and with a specific energy of 30 mWh g⁻¹ is developed.     

Preparation and electrochemical performance of LiFePO4/S composite cathode materials

以提高磷酸铁锂体系动力电池的能量密度为目的,在LiFePO₄正极材料中加入少量S材料球磨制得LiFePO₄/S复合正极材料。使用X射线衍射（XRD）和扫描电子显微镜（SEM）表征了结构和形貌,并分别组装扣式电池和软包电池测试其电化学性能。结果表明,磷酸铁锂纳米颗粒致密均匀附着在硫材料表面,构成具有包覆性结构的复合材料。在不同比例的LiFePO₄/S复合材料中,硫的添加量为15%的LiFePO₄/S复合正极材料表现出最优异的电化学性能,0.1 C下的初始容量为251.5mA·h/g,循环100周之后容量保持率达94.9%。以该比例的复合材料为正极的0.5A·h软包电池,循环100周后容量保持率为86.7%。LiFePO₄作为一种极性载体,对多硫化物有一定的吸附能力,少量硫的加入可以在大幅度提高LiFePO₄材料放电容量的同时,维持优异的循环稳定性。LiFePO₄/S复合材料可为磷酸铁锂体系动力电池的发展提供新的思路。     

Double metal MOF-based composite structure and performance as supercapacitor electrode

超级电容器作为一种新型储能原件,具有功率密度高和可快速充放电等优点。本文通过溶剂热法制备了铁锰双金属有机框架材料（FeMn-MOF）,并将其作为前驱体,经过高温热处理后,得到碳和金属氧化物的复合结构材料（C-MOF）。采用傅里叶变换红外光谱仪、X射线衍射仪和场发射扫描电子显微镜对制备得到的材料进行了结构表征,将高温处理后的材料作为电极材料应用于超级电容器,并对其进行了一系列的化学测试。当电流密度为0.5 A/g时,C-MOF基超级电容器的比容量最高可达388.9 F/g,C-MOF基超级电容器的比容量最高可达388.9 F/g。在2 A/g的电流密度下循环5000次后,比容量为初始值的201.5%,说明在循环的过程中C-MOF电极不仅具有良好的循环稳定性,还存在一个活化过程使其比容量增加。这将极大地提高MOF基复合结构材料作为超级电容器电极材料的应用价值,同时也为双金属MOF材料的研究与应用提供了新的思路。     

Enhancing the elevated temperature performance of Li/LiMn2O4 cells by reducing LiMn2O4 surface area

Lithium-rich spinels were obtained with the same structure but different surface area by two different synthesis routes, namely the “once-annealed” and the “twice-annealed” methods. The elevated temperature performance of Li/Li_1+xMn₂O₄ cell is significantly improved using a spinel cathode with a small surface area: the cell at 50°C lost 5% of the initial capacity over the first 100 cycles based on a spinel cathode with the small surface area of 1.2 m²/g compared to 8% based on a large one of 6.2 m²/g. Also the mechanism responsible for the reaction of LiMn₂O₄ with LiOH to form lithium-rich spinel has been investigated.     

Synthesis and lithium storage property of high-performance N-doped reduced graphene oxide

石墨烯是一种具有高比表面积、高导电性和良好化学稳定性的新型二维碳材料,在电化学储能领域具有广阔的应用前景。氮原子掺杂可以制造结构缺陷并改变电荷分布,有利于增强其电化学储能性能。本工作以尿素为氮源,与氧化石墨烯混合冻干,经过高温热还原制备出氮掺杂石墨烯材料,研究了热还原温度对其化学组成、形貌结构以及电化学储锂性能的影响。研究结果表明,随着热还原温度的升高,材料的氮含量下降,石墨化程度升高,电导率提高。将其作为负极材料组装成锂离子半电池进行测试,样品N-rGO-800在0.05 A/g的电流密度下表现出高达876 mA·h/g的稳定比容量,优于目前文献报道的比容量。在1 A/g的大电流密度下,其依然具有584 mA·h/g的比容量,经过850圈的长循环,容量保持稳定,显示出该材料优异的循环和倍率性能。     

The preparation of Fe3O4/nanocellulose aerogel nanocomposite as anodes for lithium-ion batteries and electrochemical performance

纤维素因其环境友好、价格低廉等优点受到研究者的广泛关注,近年来作为碳材料广泛应用于电化学研究中。采用碳化后的纳米纤维素气凝胶为载体,六水合氯化铁为铁源,通过溶液热法合成了四氧化三铁/纳米纤维素气凝胶复合材料。通过XRD和SEM对产物进行了结构表征和微观形貌分析,并将其作为锂离子电池的负极材料,测试了一系列电化学性能,并与纯Fe₃O₄纳米颗粒的进行对比。结果表明,碳化后的纳米纤维素气凝胶保持着疏松多孔的三维网络结构,尺寸均一的Fe₃O₄纳米粒子均匀的分布于其中。该复合材料表现出优异的循环稳定性,在100 mA/g的电流密度下,首次放电比容量为1064 mA·h/g,100次循环后仍稳定在847 mA·h/g。相比于纯Fe₃O₄纳米颗粒,材料的电化学性能得到大幅度提高。本文有助于推动纤维素基碳材料在电化学领域中的进一步应用,为复合电极材料的发展提供一定的实验依据。     

电活性双酚A的合成及其锂离子电池防过充性能研究

对双酚A进行结构修饰,经甲醚化、氰基取代,设计合成了2,2-双-(4-(β-氰基乙氧基)苯基)丙烷（DBDCN）、2-(4-(β-氰基乙氧基)苯基)-2'-(4-甲氧基苯基)丙烷（DBMCN）和2,2-双-(4-甲氧基苯基)丙烷（DBMB）,将三种化合物作为锂离子电池的防过充添加剂开展研究。在锂离子电池电解液1 mol/L LiPF₆/[碳酸乙烯酯（EC）+ 碳酸二乙酯（DEC） + 碳酸甲乙酯（EMC） （1∶1∶1,体积比）]中分别添加0.1 mol/L的DBDCN、DBMB和DBMCN,采用循环伏安、过充测试、电化学阻抗、恒流充放电和扫描电子显微镜等手段研究DBDCN、DBMB和DBMCN的防过充性能,并探讨添加剂与正极材料LiFePO₄的相容性。这些化合物的氧化还原电位均为4.1 V,显著提高了电池的过充保护。100%过充测试和5 V截止电压测试结果表明,DBMB的防过充性能明显优于DBDCN和DBMCN。以0.5 C倍率电流循环100圈,基础电解液和分别添加0.1 M DBDCN、DBMB、DBMCN的电池放电比容量分别为134.5 mA∙h/g、135.3 mA∙h/g、132.8 mA∙h/g和127.0 mA∙h/g,容量保持率分别为87.7%、87.0%、89.5%和84.3%。结果表明,DBMB对电池防过充作用最明显。