双轴向经编针织复合材料的弹道侵彻破坏

通过真空辅助树脂传递模压法（VARTM）制造双轴向经编针织复合材料。在350～750m/s冲击速度范围内对复合材料作弹道冲击测试,得到弹体的入射速度、剩余速度及动能损失,弹体的剩余速度与入射速发近似满足线性关系,动能损失随弹速的增加呈现先上升后下降的状态。考察复合材料靶体的弹道侵彻破坏损伤形态,发现复合材料受弹面的破坏区域较子弹出射面的破坏区域小且破坏形态不同,由此揭示双轴向经编针织复合材料的弹道侵彻破坏模式与机理。     

三维正交机织复合材料弹道侵彻有限元模拟

测试复合材料弹道侵彻性质,得到复合材料弹道侵彻过程中子弹的入射速度和剩余速度及冲击破坏形态。基于复合材料的真实细观结构,建立细观结构模型,运用商用有限元软件ABAQUS/Explicit计算复合材料弹道侵彻破坏过程。研究发现三维正交复合材料不同破坏机制:三维正交机织复合材料不产生冲击分层,纤维断裂和基体开裂是主要吸能模式,复合材料冲击破坏是最主要的破坏模式。     

复合材料拐角的抗冲击性能实验研究

由于树脂基复合材料层合板对冲击作用比较敏感,因此,在使用过程中受到低能冲击时,极易产生不可见损伤,造成复合材料在强度和刚度上的损失,严重威胁结构的安全使用性。本文借助四点弯曲实验分别对五种不同铺层的乙烯基树脂/玻纤复合材料拐角在不同能量冲击后的弯曲刚度衰减进行了测试,讨论了不同铺层和冲击能量对复合材料拐角抗冲性能的影响。研究结果表明,随着冲击能量的增加,冲击损伤越明显,剩余弯曲刚度越低,各种铺层冲击破坏面积与刚度下降呈现基本一致的趋势;相邻铺层的铺层角相差越小,复合材料拐角的弯曲刚度越大,冲击后弯曲刚度损耗越小,[45°/0°/-45°/90°]铺层的冲击后刚度损失率最低,正交铺层的试样组抗冲击性能最差。     

冲头形状对层合板低能量冲击损伤尺寸及剩余压缩强度的影响

为探索冲头形状对层合板低能量冲击损伤尺寸及剩余压缩强度的影响,采用不同形状的冲头对T700/DS1202层合板进行了低能量冲击试验,测量损伤尺寸及其冲击后的剩余压缩强度。结果表明:随着冲击能量等级的增加,锥形冲头造成的损伤更易向深度方向发展,当损伤深度≥0.315 mm时,层合板背部出现裂纹,造成层合板剩余压缩强度退化到90%以下;同时,冲头形状会影响冲击能量门槛值,锥形冲头与圆形冲头的冲击能量门槛值分别为5 J·mm-1、6.67 J·mm-1。     

碳纳米管和碳黑掺杂RDX和HMX的反应性光声谱

用光声-光电测试法和差示扫描量热法(DSC)研究了激光作用下碳黑(CB)和碳纳米管(CNTs)掺杂RDX和HMX的反应性光声谱。结果表明,在一定的入射激光能量下,纯RDX和HMX的反应性光声信号很弱,适量掺杂CNTs和CB均可提高二者的反应性光声强度;同一样品,激光能量越大光声信号越强;入射激光能量和掺杂物都相同的条件下,掺杂量越大光声信号越强;在激光入射能量和掺杂量相同的条件下,RDX掺杂CNTs的光声信号强,HMX则表现为掺杂CB光声信号强。DSC分析结果显示,掺杂后RDX和HMX的放热量比纯品的高,掺杂CNTs的放热量大于掺杂CB。     

三维正交机织复合材料弹道冲击实验及破坏模式

本文用钢芯弹对三维机织复合材料作弹道冲击测试。得到了弹体的入射速度和剩余速度,比较了常见几种材料的弹道性能评价参数的差异,并考察侵彻破坏模式和靶体最后的损伤破坏形态。在300-800m/s冲击速度范围下观测了材料的冲击破坏形态,发现机织复合材料受弹面和子弹出射面破坏形态不一样,受弹面主要是以纤维的压缩、剪切破坏以及基体开裂为主,出射面以纤维的拉伸、厚度方向的纱线断裂为主要破坏模式。通过对破坏模式和形态的分析,可以帮助建立更加准确的破坏准则,从而在设计抗弹材料时起到一定的作用。     

管束集装箱Ⅳ型储氢瓶筒体CFRP层抗弹冲击数值模拟

利用Abaqus/Explicit有限元仿真软件建立了管束集装箱Ⅳ型储氢瓶筒体碳纤维增强复合材料(CFRP)层子弹冲击模型,重点探讨了当子弹以不同冲击初始速度穿透均衡CFRP储氢瓶筒体时的纤维缠绕角度与筒体CFRP层抗弹冲击性能的变化规律。结果表明:在模拟条件下,当子弹以250～500 m/s的较低速度冲击储氢瓶筒体时,筒体CFRP层抗弹冲击性能伴随纤维缠绕角度的递增呈现先增强后减弱的趋势,在缠绕角度为±45°左右时的筒体CFRP层抗弹冲击性能最好;当子弹以500～850 m/s的较高速度冲击筒体时,筒体CFRP层抗弹冲击性能同纤维缠绕角度的关系不明显。该研究可为管束集装箱Ⅳ型储氢瓶的抗冲击设计及优化提供参考。     

串联攻坚战斗部前级爆轰场对后级影响分析

为了研究串联战斗部前级爆轰场作用下,后级随进子弹炸药安全性及其速度降的大小,建立了一维冲击波传播理论分析模型,由图解法得到了后级装药的初始压力。通过与炸药引爆阈值压力比较,判断了后级装药的安全性。根据动量守恒,得到了后级子弹的速度降表达式。进行了串联装药的数值计算,得到一定隔板厚度情况下后级装药受到的冲击压力和后级子弹速度降,计算得到的后级子弹变形情况与试验结果相吻合。     

低速冲击后三维中空夹层复合材料的压缩损伤容限

为了研究低速冲击后三维中空夹层复合材料的压缩损伤容限(剩余压缩强度),制作了满足要求的实验件并进行了剩余压缩强度对比实验.采用数码照片和外观检测等方法对压缩破坏损伤发展的过程进行了研究,分析了压缩破坏机理.结果表明,冲击损伤严重影响了三维中空夹层复合材料板的抗压能力,剩余压缩强度随冲击能量的增加而减少;三维中空夹层复合材料的压缩破坏主要由前面板控制,前面板发生局部屈曲的载荷与板的压缩破坏载荷几乎相等;表面蒙皮不仅能减少冲击损伤,而且能使板内的损伤显露在表面,容易让人发现.     

碳纤维层合板抗球形弹冲击动态响应特性试验研究

为了研究碳纤维复合材料层合板对球形弹的抗冲击特性,利用一级气炮发射弹体对层合板进行高速冲击试验,通过高速摄像机记录弹靶冲击过程。利用C扫成像及显微镜检测层合板的损伤区域,分析不同速度弹体冲击下层合板的能量吸收率、损伤形式及能量吸收机制的变化规律。研究结果表明:弹体剩余速度随着初始速度的增加先减小后增加,而弹体剩余速度变化率先增大后减小。当弹体初始速度比较低时,层合板主要通过分层吸收弹体动能。随着弹体初始速度增加,层合板的冲击响应时间减小,分层面积下降,纤维断裂成为吸能的主要方式,层合板能量吸收量迅速下降。     

高强玻璃纤维板抗高速破片侵彻性能试验

为了研究高强玻璃纤维板抗高速破片侵彻性能,开展了弹道试验,探讨了破片入射速度、靶板厚度对高强玻璃纤维板抗侵彻性能的影响,通过对弹道试验结果分析,指出了高强玻璃纤维板的变形失效模式、吸能特性和抗侵彻机理。结果表明:破片在侵彻高强玻璃纤维板过程中可视为刚体,高强玻璃纤维板迎弹面破坏模式为纤维剪切破坏并伴随纤维反向喷出,迎弹面弹孔附近区域出现基体碎裂、纤维脱粘;背弹面破坏模式为纤维拉伸断裂,背弹面损伤区域远大于迎弹面损伤区域;高强玻璃纤维板单位面密度吸能随着破片侵彻速度增加呈线性增加,在试验速度范围内,得出了立方体破片侵彻不同厚度靶板入射速度与剩余速度、入射速度与靶板单位面密度吸能关系。     

UHMWPE纤维/LDPE复合材料防弹性能及机理研究

本文探讨了用超高分子量聚乙烯（UHMWPE）纤维增强低密度聚乙烯（LDPE）复合材料的防弹性能，研究了不同基体含量对复合材料防弹性能的影响。实验证明，UHMWPE纤维／LDPE复合材料具有较好的防弹性能，其最佳的基体含量在26％左右。同时，本文还通过分析防弹片材的断裂区域及复合材料的防弹机理确定了弹丸的变形情况和靶片“背凸”在防弹作用中的贡献。     

Rate‐dependent self‐healing behavior of an ethylene‐co‐methacrylic acid ionomer under high‐energy impact conditions

In this work, the mechanical and the self‐healing behaviors of an ethylene‐co‐methacrylic acid ionomer were investigated in different testing conditions. The self‐healing capability was explored by ballistic impact tests at low‐velocity, midvelocity, and hypervelocity bullet speed; different experimental conditions such as sample thickness and bullet diameter were examined; in all impact tests, spherical projectiles were used. These experiments, in particular those at low and midspeed, allowed to define a critical ratio between sample thickness and bullet diameter below which full repair was not observed. After ballistic damage, the healing efficiency was evaluated by applying a pressure gradient through tested samples. Subsequently, morphology analysis of the affected areas was made observing all tested samples by scanning electron microscope. This analysis revealed different characteristic features of the damaged zones affected at different projectile speed. Stress–strain curves in uniaxial tension performed at different temperatures and strain rates revealed yield strength and postyield behavior significantly affected by these two parameters. A rise of temperature during high strain rate tests in the viscoplastic deformation region was also detected. This behavior has a strong influence on the self‐repairing mechanism exhibited by the studied material during high‐energy impact tests. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 130: 1949–1958, 2013     

Ballistic response of the corrugated ceramic composite target under the impact of the flat-headed projectile

The ballistic responses of the composite targets composed of the corrugated ceramic block and corrugated steel plate were investigated by numerical simulation. The effects of the composite target configuration on the projectile residual velocity, the failure mode, and the energy absorption of targets were analyzed. The ballistic performance of the composite target with composites back plate was discussed. The results show that the projectile impacting on the slope of the target has the least residual velocity of projectiles, and the slope of the target can remarkably change the trajectory of the projectile. Adding the corrugated UHMWPE composites plate along the direction of the steel back plate of the configuration can effectively improve the overall anti-penetration performance of the configuration.     

Low‐velocity impacts in continuous glass fiber/polypropylene composites

The low‐velocity impact behavior of a continuous glass fiber/polypropylene composite was investigated. Optical microscopy and ultrasonic scanning were used to determine the impact‐induced damage. At low impact energy, the predominant damage mechanism observed was matrix cracking, while at high energy the damage mechanisms observed were delamination, plastic deformation, which produced a residual specimen curvature, and a small amount of fiber breakage at the edge of the indentation on the impacted face of the specimens. The impact load vs. time signals were recorded during impact and showed that the load corresponding to the onset of delamination was independent of the impact energy in the range tested. The load at which the onset of delamination occurred corresponded to the values obtained by performing a linear regression of the delaminated area, obtained by ultrasonic scanning, as a function of the impact force. Tensile and flexural tests performed on impacted specimens showed that the tensile and flexural residual strengths and the flexural modulus decreased with increasing incident impact energy, while the post‐impact residual tensile modulus remained constant. The dynamic interlaminar fracture toughness was evaluated from the critical dynamic (impact) strain energy release rate of specimens with a delamination simulated by an embedded insert. The results are compared with the interlaminar fracture toughness values obtained during subcritical steady crack growth.     

Failure and fragmentation of ceramic target with varying geometric configuration under ballistic impact

The failure and fragmentation of monolithic bare alumina 99.5% ceramic target and energy dissipation of steel 4340 projectile have been studied in a series of ballistic experiments carried out, with the incidence velocities in a range, 122–290 m/s. The velocity drop and energy dissipation increased with incidence velocity for 10 mm thick target with damage zone extended upon the whole area of rear face at higher velocities. The ballistic results obtained with the 10 mm thick target have been compared with the ballistic performance of the 5 mm thick target used in a previous study to explore the effects of target thickness on the failure mechanism. A model for the residual velocity of projectile after perforation of the single layered ceramic target has been developed based on the Lambert Jonas model by using the experimental data available for 5 mm and 10 mm thick alumina 99.5% target against 10.9 mm projectile. The residual velocities and damage patterns were reproduced with a reasonable amount of accuracy by a three-dimensional finite element model developed on commercial ABAQUS/CAE. The effect of obliquity and projectile diameter to target thickness ratio (D/T) on ballistic performance has been determined by the numerical simulation model with impact velocity in a range of 300–500 m/s. A spatial variation of ejected fragments velocity at different time steps was plotted to develop a velocity profile for the ceramic fragments coming out of the target. A semi-empirical model has been proposed for residual velocity after perforation of a monolithic ceramic target, relating to the incidence velocity and projectile diameter to target thickness ratio. The monolithic ceramic targets have been investigated for a comparative assessment of energy dissipation by the ceramic layer to eventually design an efficient front layer of a ceramic based composite armour in future studies.     

The Effects of Micro- and Nano-Fillers’ Additions on the Dynamic Impact Response of Hybrid Composite Armors Made of HDPE Reinforced with Kevlar Short Fibers

Hybrid composite armors consisting of Kevlar short fibers reinforced high-density polyethylene were prepared and the effects of the addition of micro and nano-fillers on the dynamic impact response and the energy absorption under ballistic impact were investigated. Five groups of specimens were manufactured using compression molding of pellets containing mixtures of high-density polyethylene and the reinforcing materials. The first group consist of high-density polyethylene reinforced with 10?wt% Kevlar pulp (KN-1). The rest are hybrid composites created by the addition of 20?wt% of micro and nano-fillers. The natural micro-fillers used are particles of chonta palm wood (KN-2) and potato flour (KN-3). The synthetic nanofillers are colloidal silica (KN-4) and gamma alumina (KN-5). Microstructure (scanning electronic microscope) and compositional (energy-dispersive spectroscopy) analysis of the hybrid composites were carried out to evaluate matrix-reinforcements-interface. The fabricated composites plates were subjected to high velocity impact using split Hopkinson pressure bar system and ballistic impact, according to NIJ standard–0101.06 for ballistic resistance. Significant stiffness improvements of up to 43.5% were achieved as a result of the addition of synthetic nano-particles to Kevlar fiber reinforced high-density polyethylene. X-ray diffractometer analysis revealed that the crystalline structure of the Kevlar reinforced high-density polyethylene is unaffected by addition of the nano-particles as fillers. However the intensity of the crystalline peaks decreased depending on the type of the added fillers. The results of dynamic impact test using split Hopkinson pressure bar revealed improved impact resistance by addition of synthetic nanofillers (silica and alumina). The results of the ballistic impact test showed the gamma alumina nano-particles (KN-5) exhibited the highest energy absorption capability. The results of these investigations indicate that hybridization Kevlar short fibers reinforced high-density polyethylene by micro and nano-fillers addition enhances the stiffness, impact resistance and ballistic energy absorption capability of the composites.