北京市分散式污水再生利用设施的现状

对北京市已投产的分散式污水再生利用设施的建设、运行及管理现状进行了调研分析.调研对象包括商业楼宇、高等院校、居住小区.结合工程实例分析了分散式污水再生利用设施在实际工程应用中面临的困难和问题,并对今后的设施建设提出了几点建议,以促进分散式污水再生利用设施在我国的环境保护和水资源可持续利用方面发挥应有的作用.     

节能建筑对工程造价的影响

在大力提倡节能建筑的可持续理念下,整个工程项目的建设对于节能建筑造价的管理方案尤为重要。本文就对节能建筑与工程造价控制措施的实施进行了有针对性的研究,并阐述了节能建筑在项目运行中对于工程造价的影响。     

基于KPI的绿色建筑项目绩效管理研究

大力发展绿色建筑,成为我国解决能源危机的重要措施之一。文章在参考相关文献资料、借助绿色建筑建设管理经验的基础上,对业主与绿色专项咨询机构直接签订委托协议PMC模式下基于关键绩效指标（KPI）的绿色建筑项目绩效管理各步骤内涵进行了分析研究,构建了此模式下基于KPI的绿色建筑项目绩效管理一般流程。     

基于绿色建筑标准的历史文保区建筑节能环保技术集成应用

概述了绿色建筑的概念及基本要求,并介绍我国绿色建筑评价的标准。以新建居家养老服务中心及社区卫生服务站建设工程为例,研究历史文化保护区建筑节能环保技术集成应用。提出生态优先,以人为本,因地制宜及经济、社会、环境效益相统一的设计原则,从节地、节能、节水、节材、室内环境质量和运营管理方面在历史文化保护区建筑集成应用各项绿色环保技术,以降低建筑能耗,减少污染物排放,实现可持续发展的目标。     

Development of a dynamic operational rating system in energy performance certificates for existing buildings: Geostatistical approach and data-mining technique

The operational rating system in building energy performance certificates(EPCs) has been used for systematically monitoring and diagnosing the energy performance in the operation and maintenance phases of existing buildings. However, there are several limitations of the conventional operational rating system,which can be subdivided into three aspects:(i) building category;(i i) region category; and(iii) space unit size. To overcome these challenges, this study conducted the problem analysis of the conventional operational rating system for existing buildings by using the statistical and geostatistical approaches. Based on the problem analysis, this study developed the dynamic operational rating(DOR) system for existing buildings by using the data-mining technique and the probability approach. The developed DOR system can be used as a tool for building energy performance diagnostics.To validate the applicability of the developed DOR system, educational facilities were selected as the representative type of existing buildings in South Korea. As a result, it was determined that the developed DOR system can solve the irrationality of the conventional operational rating system(i.e., the negative correlation between the space unit size and the CO2 emission density). Namely, the operational ratings of small buildings were adjusted upward while those of large buildings were adjusted downward. The developed DOR system can allow policymakers to establish the reasonable operational rating system for existing buildings, which can motivate the public to actively participate in energy-saving campaigns.     

公共建筑项目中暖通空调专业的绿色设计

室内环境质量、节能与能源利用与暖通空调专业紧密相关的。在设计阶段,室内设计参数决定着室内环境质量,而围护结构的热工性能和暖通空调系统设计直接决定着绿色建筑中节能与能源利用。本文对绿色建筑项目中的暖通空调设计做了初步探讨,旨在为绿色建筑项目中的暖通空调设计提供一定的指导。在项目设计中,不仅需要选择节能型的设备、设计合理的系统形式,还需与建筑师共同探讨建筑围护结构的热工性能,同时还需根据项目所在地的情况做到因地制宜,切忌盲目使用可再生能源。     

User behavior in whole building simulation

Energy use in buildings is closely linked to their operational and space utilization characteristics and the behavior of their occupants. The occupant has influence due to his presence and activities in the building and due to his control actions that aim to improve indoor environmental conditions (thermal, air quality, light, noise). Due to the demand for sustainable buildings more passive buildings will be built. Consequently the weight of the user behavior on the energy balance of a building increases. In the design phase, e.g., via building performance simulation, this effect has only recently been recognized. In this study the effect of user behavior on building performance has been evaluated further to assess requirements for design solutions to arrive at buildings that are more robust to the influence of user behavior. In the research two recent developments with respect to user presence and user interactions in a building have been combined. The results indicate that for specific buildings user behavior should be assessed in more detail, to allow the building design to be optimized for the actual user and its peculiarities. A guideline supports the decision process.     

Energy and exergy analysis of the Greek hotel sector: An application

Energy consumption in buildings vary significantly, depending on factors as the use of the building, the construction type, maintenance, existing heating, cooling and lighting systems and other types of services. Hotel buildings have high energy consumption rate, as a result of their unique operational characteristics. Energy consumption in hotels is among the highest in the non-residential building sector in absolute values. Available specific information on the energy characteristics, thermal performance, energy losses, electric loads, and comfort conditions play significant role for the sustainable development of hotel's systems. These data can also be used to identify whether there is space for improvement in new or existing hotels by comparing them against predicted or actual building energy performance. The aim of the present paper is to analyze the energy and exergy utilization in four hotels in Rethimno, Crete (Southern Greece) and in Kassandra, Halkidiki (Northern Greece).     

Architects need environmental feedback

The role of environmental feedback within architects' offices is examined as a fundamental ingredient of sustainability. Three case study buildings are examined using a feedback exercise encompassing the whole building process from early key design decisions to occupation. Results show that sometimes design decisions are taken for aesthetic reasons without certainty on their environmental impact. Improvements are possible especially in energy consumption, glare, the usability of controls, the communication of strategies and comfort conditions. The architects report the feedback lessons relevant for their work. A systematic approach to project feedback is proposed with emphasis in feeding forward to new projects and recording decision-making. To close the information loop, briefs need explicitly to mention performance targets for energy use, management expectations, control requirements and to promote feedback itself.     

Architects need environmental feedback

The role of environmental feedback within architects' offices is examined as a fundamental ingredient of sustainability. Three case study buildings are examined using a feedback exercise encompassing the whole building process from early key design decisions to occupation. Results show that sometimes design decisions are taken for aesthetic reasons without certainty on their environmental impact. Improvements are possible especially in energy consumption, glare, the usability of controls, the communication of strategies and comfort conditions. The architects report the feedback lessons relevant for their work. A systematic approach to project feedback is proposed with emphasis in feeding forward to new projects and recording decision-making. To close the information loop, briefs need explicitly to mention performance targets for energy use, management expectations, control requirements and to promote feedback itself.     

Delivering energy efficient buildings: a design procedure to demonstrate environmental and economic benefits

One of the most significant environmental impacts of buildings occurs through the consumption of energy during their operational lives. It is a well-known fact that buildings in the UK are only a fraction as efficient as current approaches and available technologies permit. The effective management of the design process is pivotal in the delivery of buildings with improved energy efficiency but, despite this, the monitoring of energy performance is not currently a typical part of the construction design process. This paper describes the development of a design management procedure in which energy performance is monitored from the earliest phases of building inception. The decision support tool gives guidance to design teams at a stage in the design process where there is currently a lack of information on project-specific energy performance issues, and their environmental and economic implications. Life cycle cost performance is captured through elemental life cycle costing, in which the implementation of systems to improve efficiency are considered as a function of additional and avoided life cycle costs. This procedure has been developed through public-sector private finance initiative (PFI) projects, which allow a longer-term view of both capital and operating costs, since the contractors are an integral part of the long-term management consortium. The much greater level of opportunity presented in these contracts and the potential to influence the wider marketplace could offer a breakthrough for the wider acceptance of environmentally sensitive building design.     

高层公共建筑给水排水工程节能途径探讨

建筑节能是我国经济发展中的重要国策。建筑给水排水的节能就是在建筑物的设计、建造和使用过程中执行建筑节能标准,采用节能型的给水排水工艺、设备、材料,提高系统效率和性能,加强建筑物用能系统的运行管理,利用可再生能源,在保证建筑物给水排水功能的前提下,减少系统的能耗。     

1970年以后欧美建筑再利用的学术发展概览

本文介绍了西方关于建筑再利用的理论研究和教学概况，以期为国内更好地理解建筑再利用问题以及将来 开展相关研究、教学和项目实践提供些许参考。本文第一部分介绍了建筑再利用的理论研究，从建筑学领域和遗 产保护领域这两个方面分开阐述，建筑学领域关于建筑再利用的理论研究主要分为类型学、技术派、建筑策略和 室内设计等方向，遗产保护领域关于建筑再利用的专门讨论是近几年才开始的，主要包括适应性再利用、可持续 再利用和共同演变式再利用等方向。第二部分介绍了建筑再利用的教学情况，首先以米兰理工大学为例介绍了建 筑学科下关于建筑再利用的专业课程教学，接着以美国罗德岛设计学院和比利时哈瑟尔特大学等高校为代表介绍 了关于建筑适应性再利用的专业硕士培训项目，最后介绍了欧盟关于现代主义建筑再利用以及其他高校关于建筑 再利用的硕士培训项目。     

Capital project planning for a circular economy

Achieving true sustainability in the conceptualization of new building projects requires radical change compared to traditional green-field projects; circular building principles in a circular economy must become a fundamental part of the process. These principles include product recovery management, life cycle assessment (LCA), design for disassembly sequence planning, adaptability, deconstruction, closed materials loops and dematerialization. These principles recognize the importance of the End-of-Life stage in existing buildings, including adaptive reuse as an attractive alternative in a circular economy. However, the early phases of capital project delivery lack well-developed methods to: (1) decide amongst green-field construction versus adaptive reuse, (2) pre-project planning for closed-loop cycle construction and (3) plan for the optimization of the benefits of adaptive reuse. In this article, we argue that the early capital projects delivery phases for a circular economy should have distinct stages, decision gates and more appropriate planning methods, such as selective disassembly, LCA monetization protocols and optimization methods. An investigation of related studies underpins the capital project planning framework proposed and the research that must still be accomplished to enable a more circular economy in the capital projects sector.     

Adaptive reuse of traditional Chinese shophouses in government-led urban renewal projects in Hong Kong

Conservationists and government authorities acknowledge that adaptive reuse of historic buildings contributes to urban sustainability. Traditional Chinese shophouses are a major historic building typology found in the old districts of Asian cities. In Hong Kong, the few remaining shophouses are generally deteriorating and are increasingly under threat of demolition for urban renewal. However, adaptive reuse of these buildings has created many social concerns. In light of these concerns, evaluating adaptive reuse potential needs to incorporate a much broader sustainability framework than simply physical building conditions. This study examines the extent to which obsolescence, heritage value and redevelopment pressures have affected the adaptive reuse of shophouse intervention in government-led urban renewal projects. Interestingly, the results based on adaptive reuse potential find no consistent relationships among the adaptive reuse actions of eight cases in urban renewal districts of Hong Kong. Instead, the question of revitalizing shophouses is determined by whether they are within an urban renewal redevelopment plan. This study further explores the broader urban sustainability framework reflected in eight case studies of shophouse revitalization in three renewal districts. It includes a qualitative synthesis of the social, environmental, economic, and political considerations contributing to the adaptive reuse of shophouses in urban renewal.     

Managing architectural design – a recent survey

The complexity of building projects and the increasing sophistication of professionals involved in construction are creating new challenges to building design management. For example the clients are not only interested in value for money in relation to the project cost but in cost in use through time of their buildings. Clients must show profits in competitive markets and architects have to understand the commercial aspects of buildings as well as the more central design parameters. Coping with these challenges requires a full understanding of the wide variety of contractual relationships between all of the parties involved in building; it requires a good understanding of advanced management techniques as well us the latest advancements in technology. This paper studies the architectural design process in the UK, to discover how it is managed and the levels of performance which are currently achieved in practice.     

贵州省某办公建筑用电能耗监测分析

在国家机关办公建筑和大型公共建筑能耗监测平台的基础上,运用智能建筑能耗监测技术,实现实时动态监测建筑用能及用能设备的运行情况;掌握建筑物各类设备能耗的基本数据,详细了解建筑物的每一项数据,在平台上将采集的数据数字化及信息化,通过对数据的对比分析,发现造成建筑物能源浪费的行为及漏洞,针对能耗较大的用能项目进行重点监测,为能耗分项计量、定额管理提供科学依据,分析和总结建筑能耗的规律,找出建筑高耗能所在,提出详细可行的节能改造方案。     

Strategic assessment of building adaptive reuse opportunities in Hong Kong

There is an increasing complexity and interplay between all the issues associated with property portfolio decisions. This paper explores the relationships between financial, environmental and social parameters associated with building adaptive reuse. An adaptive reuse potential (ARP) model is developed and discussed in the context of its application to the Hong Kong market. The model can assist in the transformation of the traditional decision-making processes of property stakeholders towards more sustainable practices, strategies and outcomes, by providing a means by which the industry can identify and rank existing buildings that have high potential for adaptive reuse. This in turn enhances Hong Kong's ability for sustainable, responsive energy and natural resource management by allowing issues regarding excessive and inappropriate resource use to be identified and assessed, and enabling appropriate management strategies to be implemented. The ARP model proposed in this paper provides, illustrated by a real case study, an important step in making better use of the facilities we already have and the residual life embedded in them.     

Enhancing the sustainability and energy conservation in heritage buildings: The case of Nottingham Playhouse

Today, there is a growing interest in developing energy efficient buildings since it is estimated that buildings account for about 40% of the total primary energy consumption in the world. In relation to existing buildings, energy efficiency retrofits have become an important opportunity to upgrade the energy performance of commercial, public and residential buildings that may reduce the energy consumption, demand and cost. In this paper we cover the energy efficiency deep retrofit process that has been carried out for Nottingham Playhouse theatre building for the aim of enhancing its environmental performance and analysing the energy efficiency gained after implementing certain proposed modifications. It is a nationally protected historic building, listed as Grade II1 on The National Heritage List for England (NHLE). The building has had insulation enhancement, doors modifications, solar energy installations, energy-saving lights, in addition to improved heating and air conditioning system. The paper presents a novel methodology; and its results indicate significant improvements in the building's energy performance which is demonstrated using infrared thermographic images and data logger sensors where significant energy savings to the building's thermal performance are obtained. The energy saving measures have been completed while maintaining the heritage building's general appearance and architectural features, which have received a Commendation Certificate from The Nottingham Civic Society for this achievement.     

Measured energy savings from residential retrofits: Updated results from the BECA-B project

This study summarizes measured data on energy savings from conservation retrofits in existing residential buildings. We have compiled building performance data on approximately 115 retrofit projects (almost twice the size of the initial study) that we put into four general categories: utility-sponsored conservation programs, low-income weatherization programs, research studies, and multifamily buildings. The sample size for each project varies widely, ranging from individual buildings to 33 000 homes. Retrofits to the building shell, principally insulation of exterior surfaces, window treatments, and infiltration-reduction measures, are the most popular, although data on various heating system retrofits are now available. The average retrofit investment per unit in multifamily buildings is approximately $695, far lower than the average of $1350 spent in single-family residences. The median annual space heat savings in the four categories range from 15 to 38 GJ. Savings achieved are typically 20%–30% of pre-retrofit space heating energy use although large variations are observed both in energy savings and in costs per unit of energy saved. Even given the wide range in savings, most retrofit projects are cost-effective. Approximately 75%–80% of the retrofit projects have costs of conserved energy below their respective space heating fuel or electricity prices.