Estimation of future outflows and infrastructure needed to recycle personal computer systems in California

The objectives of the present study are to estimate future quantities of electronic waste (e-waste) for which appropriate infrastructure needs to be established, and to the estimate the total cost for e-waste recycling in California. Estimation of the future amounts of e-waste as a function of time is critical to effective e-waste management. To generate estimates, we use a time-series materials flow analysis model (MFAM). The model estimates future e-waste quantities by modeling the stages of production, usage, and disposal. We consider four scenarios for the estimation of future e-waste generation in order to consider the effects of exportation outside the State of California and of user preferences to store or to recycle the e-waste. These efforts were further investigated through the use of sensitivity analysis. The results of the present research indicate that the outflow (recycling) amount of central processing units (CPUs) will increase and will reach approximately 8.5 million units per year in 2013, but the outflow (recycling) of cathode ray tube (CRT) monitors will decrease from 2004 in California because of the replacement of CRT monitors by liquid crystal display (LCD) monitors. In 2013, the cost for CPU recycling will be 1.7 times higher than that in 2005. But for CRT monitors, the cost for recycling in 2013 will be negligible. After the State of California enacted the ban on landfill disposal of e-waste, recycling became the most common end-of-life (EOL) option in California. Also, after 2005, the State of California will need more than 60 average-capacity materials recovery facilities (MRFs), to recycle the number of personal computer systems generated, which represents an investment in capital of over 16 million dollars.     

A bill of materials-based approach for end-of-life decision making in design for the environment

Re-use, recycling or remanufacturing of products and components are good alternatives for reducing the environmental problems resulting from the huge amounts of waste currently arriving at landfills. A new approach is proposed in this paper for enhancing these alternatives from the earliest stages of product design. Given the product structure (obtained from its bill of materials (BOM)) and the joining and geometrical relationships among the components (obtained from the three-dimensional, computer-aided design representation), a model is proposed that will determine the EOL (EOL) strategy, i.e. the depth of disassembly inside the structure and the final end (re-use, recycle, remanufacture or disposal) for each disassembled part leading to the highest profit. A scatter search (SS) metaheuristic is used to determine the disassembly cost at each level of the BOM. The model presents a number of major improvements with respect to previous research. It addresses the problems of simultaneously determining both the best EOL strategy and the disassembly sequence, as well as allowing removal of components not only over the two or three Cartesian axes and affording the possibility of modifying the encountered strategy in a further step so as to fulfil other business criteria (such as disassembly time, resources availability or maximum waste generation rate).     

面向订单设计型企业的制造执行系统的研究

制造执行系统是面向车间的管理信息系统,它填补了上层计划管理系统和底层的工业控制之间的信息"鸿沟".在面向订单设计型企业中实施制造执行系统,可以加强企业迅速响应客户需求的能力.分析了面向订单设计型企业的特点,在此基础上归纳了面向订单设计型企业对制造执行系统的要求.提出了一种适合面向订单设计型企业的制造执行系统功能模型.利用UML技术,抽象出制造过程的基本类,为以面向过程的思想开发制造执行系统提供参考.     

快速重组制造系统的构建原理及其应用

快速重组制造系统是一种适应21世纪全球化市场竞争的新型制造系统。提出了基于组态式柔性制造单元组成的陈列式布局的快速重组制造系统的创新结构体系,建立了以生产效益为该系统方案设计和运行决策目标的随机模型,应用排队网络模型和静态马尔科夫工件运送方式得出系统重组时缓冲区容量的优化配置和最优工件运送策略的算法,研制了作为构建快速重组制造系统核心的新颖的组态式柔性制造单元的原型,并给出生产工程中应用所创建的阵列式可重组制造系统的成功案例。     

A sustainable product design model

There are major challenges for the designer to now include Sustainable Development aspects into his/her design; particularly related to the social and wider economic impacts. The designer must, more than ever before, take into consideration the views and concerns of all the ‘interested parties’ – stakeholders. There are many topics – issues and concerns to consider and often they can be conflicting. The need is to examine the Sustainable Development risks and benefits associated with any particular design so improvements can be made. Both a ‘concept’ model and a Bournemouth University practical model are described which allows this risk/benefit assessment to be made in a structured manner on a wide range of topics. The assessment can examine the product, the company manufacturing the product and the manufacturing site. The major social, economic and environmental risks and benefits is tabulated or presented graphically for ease of evaluation in order to modify the design and so improve the Sustainable Development aspects.     

A framework for identifying differences and similarities in the managerial competencies associated with different modes of product life extension

It has been noted in the past that economically sound, environmentally preferable life extension modes such as remanufacturing and recycling have special characteristics that complicate the management of their production, logistics and associated operations. This paper considers these complicating characteristics from the perspective of the nine different modes of product life extension. In doing so, a framework and guide is provided to what issues, resource requirements and management capabilities are required for specific life extension modes. This framework provides guidance to practitioners and academics on commonalities between different product life extension modes, thereby assisting practitioners in leveraging current internal skills and capabilities and researchers in determining the generalizability of research.     

A strategic framework for the design and implementation of remanufacturing operations in reverse logistics

Reverse logistics (RL) is a systematic process that manages the flow of products/parts from the point of consumption back to the point of manufacturing for possible recycling, remanufacturing, or disposal. Although the concept of RL is well-known in logistics and supply chain management, the available holistic literature and theory of RL are scarce. This paper surveys current RL literature and identifies the present state of theory in RL by formulating the propositions for strategic factors. The approach used is grounded theory development. The strategic factors are in turn delineated and evaluated in terms of specific sub-factors associated with each factor by the use of interview protocol and within the context of an in-depth analysis of two companies in different industries that are engaged in remanufacturing/recycling operations within RL systems. The analysis of these case studies, using the grounded theory approach, resulted in insights regarding their RL practices. Based on these insights and strategic factors and sub-factors, a framework for effective design and implementation of remanufacturing/recycling operations in RL is provided. This framework allows for the determination of the viability of returned products/parts in the RL system. The findings outline how our RL theory is enhanced and how our understanding of RL practices with respect to remanufacturing/recycling operations is improved. In conclusion, managerial implications and future research directions are presented.     

基于动态联盟的双单元制造模式研究

通过对敏捷制造以及动态联盟生产模式特点的分析,提出了一种基于动态联盟的双单元制造模式,详细讨论了此生产模式的具体组织结构特点,运行方式以及提出的理论与现实依据等问题,最后,对有关问题进行了总结。     

A PSO-based optimum consumer incentive policy for WEEE incorporating reliability of components

The world is going digital, human infatuation with gadgets is increasing and a very short product lifecycle of these products has resulted in a horrendous threat to the environment. Waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE) reverse logistic management has been a key area for researchers to innovate and produce insights that could sustain businesses without compromising the environment. In this paper, we aim to understand the consumer return behaviour of end of life goods at different incentive levels and make an attempt to incorporate the latest research practices. A novel attempt is made in this paper, where we have for the first time applied product and component reliability in determining the incentives given to the consumer so that the efforts of WEEE recycling and disposal could be conducted in an economically sustainable manner to promote ecological sustainability, thereby envisaging upon the fact that there is a hidden synergy between the trade and environment, and only innovative managerial approaches that are thoroughly pragmatic, could exploit them. The optimisation model has been solved using particle swarm optimisation (PSO) and the insights produce highlight upon the feasibility of such a model.     

先进制造技术的实施与企业文化的关系研究

在论述先进制造技术和企业文化概念的基础上,讨论了实施先进制造技术的优点,研究了企业文化和实施先进制造技术的相互关系,并提出实施先进制造技术过程中建设与之相适应的企业文化的建议.     

工业工程在中国制造业发展中的地位和作用

通过对工业工程定义的解释,比较了二业工程与工商管理的区别和联系,归纳了工业工程的特征,指出了中国工业工程的发展方向。     

先进制造模式在我国应用的实证研究

本文就先进制造模式在中国珠江三角洲、长江三角洲、环渤海和关中地区的应用状况进行了实地调研。在63家企业访谈和问卷调查的基础上,对制造战略(精益制造、智能制造、灵捷制造和分散网络化制造)与企业市场环境、竞争战略间协同关系进行重点调研,凸现了精益制造一平稳需求／动态稳定需求一成本领先战略间的显著性协同关系。调查和分析了制造战略使能技术的应用情况,ISO9000、TQM和CAD是应用最广的使能技术。在调查中发现,发展企业核心能力是企业间合作的首要动力,而合作形式主要是企业间的购买关系。合作伙伴选择的首要准则是成本,这与Dickson(1966)和Weber(1991)的研究结果不同,说明了企业竞争尺度的变化。     

Applications of non-destructive testing techniques for post-process control of additively manufactured parts

This paper presents an overview on the principle of operation for post-process inspection non-destructive testing (NDT) techniques. The techniques include visual inspection, liquid penetrant testing, magnetic particle testing, eddy current testing, ultrasonic testing, and radiography. The applications of these NDT techniques in additive manufacturing (AM) and their suitability for defects detection of additively manufactured parts are reviewed. The sensitivity, and the advantages and disadvantages of each technique are evaluated. The types of defect, and the detectability of these defects by NDT techniques are assessed. The applicability of each NDT technique for different categories of AM process is discussed. The categories of AM are, namely, material extrusion, powder bed fusion, vat photopolymerisation, material jetting, binder jetting, sheet lamination, and directed energy deposition.