Phase transformation behaviours of Ti-Ni-Cu shape memory alloy powders fabricated by mechanical alloying

In our research, Ti-Ni and Ti-Ni-Cu alloy powders were fabricated by mechanical alloying, and then phase transformation behaviours were investigated by means of X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive X-ray analysis and transmission electron microscopy. The size of the Ti-Ni-Cu alloy powders decreased as Cu-content increased. The powders of as-milled Ti-Ni and Ti-Ni-Cu alloys with Cucontents less than 5at.% were amorphous, whereas those of as-milled Ti-Ni-Cu alloys with Cu-content more than 10at.% were crystalline. These characteristics indicate that Cu addition tends to suppress amorphization of Ti-Ni based alloy powders. The monoclinic B19’ martensite is formed in the Ti-Ni-Cu alloy powders with Cu-content less than 10 at.%, whereas the orthorhombic B19 martensite is formed in the Yi-Ni-Cu alloy powders Cu-content more than 10 at.%. The Fe contamination is reduced by decreasing rotation speed from 350 rpm to 250 rpm.     

Ti-Ni-Cu形状记忆合金的温度记忆效应

采用差示扫描量热仪研究了Ti50Ni35Cu15以及Ti50Ni45Cu5(摩尔分数,%)形状记忆合金的温度记忆效应.结果表明:温度记忆效应仅在Ti-Ni-Cu合金的逆转变加热过程出现,在单斜结构马氏体与母相逆相变(B19'→B2)及正交结构马氏体与母相逆相变(B19→B2)过程中均能发生温度记忆效应;在随后的完全循环过程中,温度记忆记忆效应不再出现,DSC相变曲线又"恢复"到其原始形态;而在马氏体相变冷却过程中未发现温度记忆效应.分析表明,不完全相变过程中的弹性能再分布是可能的温度记忆效应机制.     

Microstructures and transformation behavior of Ti-Ni-Cu shape memory alloy powders fabricated by ball milling method

Ti-Ni and Ti-Ni-Cu alloy powders have been fabricated by ball milling after which their microstructures and transformation behaviors were investigated by means of scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, energy dispersive X-ray analysis, transmission electron microscopy and differential scanning calorimetry. The powders of as-milled Ti-Ni-Cu alloys whose Cu-content is less than 5 at.% were mixtures of crystal and amorphous, whereas those alloy powders whose Cu-content is more than 10 at.% were crystalline. The B19’ martensite is formed in the Ti-Ni-Cu alloy powders whose Cu-content is less than 10 at.%, whereas the B19 and B19’ martensites coexist in those whose Cu-content is more than 10 at.%. The martensitic transformation range became wider with increasing rotating speed, and so endothermic and exothermic peaks obtained from differential scanning calorimetry were indiscernible.     

T6态AlMgCu铝合金激冷甩带的反常析出行为(英文)

利用高分辨透射电镜和硬度测试表征时效态AlMgCu铝合金激冷甩带的析出相组成。铸态合金甩带的冷却速率通过经验公式计算为1.60×105 K/s。T6态热处理是试样经固溶处理后再进行200°C保温16 h的时效处理。结果表明,T6态AlMgCu铝合金激冷甩带含有Al2CuMg相和反常非晶SiO2两种析出相。Al2CuMg析出相的晶体结构和成分配比与文献[Wang et al.(2007;2005)]结果一致。综合实验结果分析表明,反常非晶SiO2相的析出可能与激冷甩带具有高的冷却速率有关,它的析出对其硬度的影响不大。     

热处理对Ti-Ni合金显微组织和力学性能的影响

研究了冷加工变形量为48%的Ti-Ni合金经中温退火(350～600 ℃)处理后退火温度对合金显微组织及室温力学性能的影响.结果表明,变形后获得部分非晶的纳米组织,400 ℃退火后合金发生再结晶;500 ℃退火后完成再结晶,晶粒开始长大;600 ℃退火后合金组织完全粗化,室温下为粗大的自协调马氏体.退火温度升高,合金的抗拉强度大大下降,当退火温度高于500 ℃时,伸长率大大增加,伸长率大于50%.室温下合金拉伸变形时应力诱发马氏体相变的临界应力值σs受退火温度和相变温度的制约.     

Martensitic transformation of Ti50Ni30Cu20 alloy prepared by powder metallurgy

Phase transformation behavior of Ti50Ni30Cu20 shape memory alloys prepared by powder metallurgy is analyzed with respect to the duration of mechanical alloying. The processed blends were studied by differential scanning calorimetry and room temperature X-ray diffraction. The martensitic transformations evidenced by thermal scans are discussed in correlation with the relative phase content obtained from the refinement of the X-ray diffraction patterns.     

时效对TiNiCr形状记忆合金马氏体相变与超弹性的影响(英文)

通过X射线衍射分析(XRD)、透射电子显微观察(TEM)、差式扫描量热分析(DSC)与拉伸实验研究时效处理对Ti48.4Ni51.1Cr0.5合金显微组织、马氏体相变与超弹性的影响规律与机制。经400°C时效处理30 min后,合金中形成Ti3Ni4析出相。当时效温度介于400°C和500°C之间时,合金表现出两步马氏体相变。经时效处理的Ti48.4Ni51.1Cr0.5合金在室温下表现出优异的超弹性。随时效温度自300°C升高到450°C,超弹性恢复率增加。继续升高时效温度,恢复率下降。超弹性应力滞后表现出相反的变化趋势。通过分析Ti3Ni4析出相随时效处理的演化规律解释了时效处理与马氏体相变和超弹性之间的关系。     

烧结温度对快速凝固TiAl合金组织及力学性能的影响(英文)

将快速凝固Ti-46Al-2Cr-4Nb-0.3Y(摩尔分数,%)合金薄带破碎成粉末,然后通过等离子烧结(SPS)制备成块体。研究烧结温度对烧结块体的组织和力学性能的影响。在1200℃烧结时得到完全致密的块体。进一步升高烧结温度对合金密度的影响不大,但是对烧结块体的显微组织及相结构有显著影响。烧结块体主要由γ和α2相组成,随着烧结温度的升高,α2相的体积分数降低,块体合金由近γ组织演变为近层片组织,且组织逐渐粗化,但是长大不明显。1260℃烧结得到的块体组织细小、均匀,没有明显微偏析,具有良好的综合力学性能,室温压缩断裂强度和压缩率分别为2984MPa和41.5%,高温(800℃)拉伸断裂强度和伸长率分别为527.5MPa和5.9%。     

NiAlMnFe高温形状记忆合金的马氏体相变行为

用示差扫描量热仪、X射线衍射仪、扫描电镜及能谱仪、光学显微镜和显微硬度计等研究了固溶、时效工艺及热循环对Ni60Al19Mn16Fe5高温形状记忆合金马氏体(M)相变行为的影响。固溶淬火态以及固溶淬火加时效态Ni60Al19Mn16Fe5合金冷却、加热时发生可逆热弹性M相变。M相变温度、热滞和相变热随固溶温度的升高而增加，时效对M相变行为亦有较大影响，1100℃固溶处理和400℃时效处理后该合金具有良好的M相变行为。热循环几乎不影响正M相变，但第1次热循环时，M显示稳定性效应，使逆M相变推迟。第1次热循环后，逆M相变不再受热循环影响。该合金的固溶淬火组织为β(M) γ，其中γ相约占20％，M的硬度高于γ相。     

Superelastic properties of nanocrystalline NiTi shape memory alloy produced by thermomechanical processing

Effects of thermomechanical treatment of cold rolling followed by annealing on microstructure and superelastic behavior of the Ni₅₀Ti₅₀ shape memory alloy were studied. Several specimens were produced by copper boat vacuum induction melting. The homogenized specimens were hot rolled and annealed at 900 °C. Thereafter, annealed specimens were subjected to cold rolling with different thickness reductions up to 70%. Transmission electron microscopy revealed that the severe cold rolling led to the formation of a mixed microstructure consisting of nanocrystalline and amorphous phases in Ni₅₀Ti₅₀ alloy. After annealing at 400 °C for 1 h, the amorphous phase formed in the cold-rolled specimens was crystallized and a nanocrystalline structure formed. Results showed that with increasing thickness reduction during cold rolling, the recoverable strain of Ni₅₀Ti₅₀ alloy was increased during superelastic experiments such that the 70% cold rolled–annealed specimen exhibited about 12% of recoverable strain. Moreover, with increasing thickness reduction, the critical stress for stress-induced martensitic transformation was increased. It is noteworthy that in the 70% cold rolled–annealed specimen, the damping capacity was measured to be 28 J/cm³ that is significantly higher than that of commercial NiTi alloys.     

Martensitic transformation and magnetic properties of Ti-doped NiCoMnSn shape memory alloy

Martensitic transformation, microstructure, and magnetic properties of Ti-doped Ni43-xTixCo7Mn43Sn7（at%）（x = 0, 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, and 4.0） shape memory alloys were investigated. The results show that transformation temperatures of Ni43Co7Mn43Sn7 can be efficiently adjusted by the substitution of Ti for Ni. For example, the martensitic transformation starting temperature（Ms） is reduced by about 278 K with 4 at% addition of Ti. Room temperature microstructure evolves from single tetragonal martensite for the Ti-free alloy to dual phases（tetragonal martensite ＋ second phase） with 0.5 at%, 1.0 at%, and2.0 at% addition of Ti to dual phases（cubic austenite ＋ second phase） for 4.0 at% Ti-doped alloy. The mechanical properties can be obviously improved by adding an appropriate amount of Ti. A noteworthy point is that magnetic-field-induced reverse transformation is observed in Ni39Ti4Co7Mn43Sn7 alloy.     

快速凝固+热挤压制备Al-10.7Zn-2.4Mg-0.9Cu合金的组织和性能

采用单辊熔体旋转法制备Al-10.7Zn-2.4Mg-0.9Cu合金带材,利用热挤压将带材坯料制成棒材,对其微观组织和力学性能进行研究。结果表明:所制备的带材由过饱和固溶体α(Al)等轴细晶构成,晶粒尺寸为3~5μm;合金经挤压后存在粗大第二相,析出相主要为MgZn2相,挤压态棒材抗拉强度为499.8 MPa,伸长率达到了15.3%,断口呈韧性断裂特征;经T6热处理后,合金中有细小的沉淀相析出,使得室温力学性能得到提高,抗拉强度达到631.9 MPa,伸长率有所降低,断口呈韧脆混合断裂特征。     

Ti（50）Ni（47）Fe3形状记忆合金冷轧变形后的组织与性能

采用拉伸测试、维氏硬度测试、电阻率-温度曲线测试及扫描电镜和透射电镜观察显微组织的方法研究冷轧变形量为25%的Ti50Ni47Fe3合金经450-750°C下1 h退火后的显微组织和性能。结果表明,冷轧变形增强了合金的抗拉强度和屈服强度,冷轧变形后形成的应力场有助于R相变的发生。随着退火温度的升高,合金的抗拉强度和屈服强度下降,伸长率增大;当退火温度高于650°C时,强度和伸长率趋于稳定。电阻-温度曲线表明,在升、降温过程中发生两阶段相变B2-R-B19′。随着退火温度的升高,合金的相变温度降低;当退火温度高于650°C时,相变温度趋于稳定。随着退火温度的升高,合金依次发生回复、再结晶和晶粒长大。     

Comparison of shape memory effect between casting and forged alloys of Fe14Mn6Si9Cr5Ni

The effect of different manufacturing techniques on the shape memory effect (SME) of the Fe14Mn6Si9Cr5Ni alloy has been studied. The SMEs of casting and forged alloys are similar. At ambient temperature, creep and stress-relaxation experiments of the casting alloy show that the casting alloy presents a good creep rupture strength. The manufactured pipe joints of the casting alloys keep jointing under a tensile force of 20 kN and keep sealing under a pressure of 5 MPa. Those excellent mechanical properties satisfy the requirements for pipe jointing in general industrial applications.     

热变形对TiNi形状记忆合金丝材力学性能以及超弹性的影响

通过拉伸测试Ф0．61mmTi-50．8at％Ni合金丝材退火后热拉拔过程中不同直径丝材的力学性能和弹性性能，研究了热变形对TiNi形状记忆合金丝材力学性能及超弹性的影响规律。结果表明，经过650℃退火后Ti-50．8at％Ni合金丝材超弹性较差，而断裂伸长率达50％以上。随着热拉拔变形量增大，超弹性逐渐提高，而塑性迅速降低，当热拉拔总热变形量达50％时，丝材可以获得优良的超弹性能，△σ值（Rell-ReL）为200-250MPa，残余应变小于0．1％。同时伸长率大于10％。     

富钛的TiNi记忆合金薄膜组织结构

探讨了用ＨＣＤ法在玻璃基板上制备的Ｔｉ－４３．２７％Ｎｉ形状记忆合金薄膜和经不同热处理后的组织结构,结果表明,当镀膜的基板温度较高时,所得的薄膜基本晶化,其组织为由马氏体、Ｒ相、母相和Ｔｉ２Ｎｉ析出相等组成的多晶体。经热处理后,母相量增加,马氏体量减少,表明热处理使Ｍｓ点下降,利用这一现象,可扩大记忆合金薄膜的旷工 由曙加热到１１０℃的动态观察中发现,多晶体中的马氏休逐步缩小,消失,转变成母相、Ｒ     

Evolution of microstructure and mechanical properties of A356 aluminium alloy processed by hot spinning process

The evolution of microstructure and mechanical properties of A356 aluminum alloy subjected to hot spinning process has been investigated.The results indicated that the deformation process homogenized microstructure and improved mechanical properties of the A356 aluminum alloy.During the hot spinning process,eutectic Si particles and Fe-rich phases were fragmented,and porosities were eliminated.In addition,recrystallization of Al matrix and precipitation of AlSiTi phases occurred.The mechanical property testing results indicated that there was a significant increase of ductility and a decrease of average microhardness in deformed alloy over die-cast alloy.This is attributed to uniform distribution of finer spherical eutectic Si particles,the elimination of casting defects and to the recrystallized finer grain structure.     

Martensitic and magnetic transformation of Co41Ni32Al24Sb3 and Co41Ni32Al27 alloys

The martensitic transformation and magnetic property of Co41Ni32Al27 and Co41Ni32Al24Sb3 alloys were investigated by optical microscopy（OM）, scanning electric microscopy（SEM）, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy（EDS）, X-ray diffractometry （XRD）, differential scanning calorimeter analysis（DSC） and vibration sample magnetometer（VSM） methods. The results show that martensitic crystal structure of Co41Ni32Al24Sb3 alloy is still Llo type. Both martensitic transformation temperature Tm and Curie point Tc are in linear relation to quenching temperature. Tm increases by 9 K and Tc increases by 7.5 K for every 10 K increasing in quenched temperature. Quenched from same temperature, Tm of Co41Ni32Al24Sb3 alloy is higher than that of Co41Ni32Al27 alloy by 76 K, meanwhile Tc is higher by 18 K. The melting point of Co-Ni-Al alloy is decreased by the Sb addition, eutectic structure appears in Co41Ni32Al24Sb3 alloy annealed at l 573 K, which indicates that the alloy is partially melted, whereas Co41Ni32Al27 alloy can be annealed at 1 623 K without melted. The martensitic transformation temperature range of Co41Ni32Al24Sb3 alloy is 22-29 K, only half that of Co41Ni32Al27 alloy. This is a very important result to benefit the achievement of large magnetic field induced strain on Co-Ni-Al based alloy. The results of Tm and Tc were explained by total average s＋d electron concentration and magnetic valence number Zm respectively.     

固溶处理及时效对镍钛形状记忆合金组织演化及力学性能的影响

将镍钛形状记忆合金Ni50.9Ti49.1（摩尔分数）在1123 K固溶处理2 h,然后分别在573、723和873 K时效2h。采用透射电镜、高分辨率透射电镜、扫描电镜和压缩实验,系统研究固溶处理和时效对镍钛合金组织演化及力学性能的影响。结果表明：固溶处理有助于消除原始镍钛样品中的Ti2Ni相,但不能消除TiC相。固溶处理导致镍钛合金中原子排列的有序畴界。在所有时效镍钛样品中,Ni4Ti3析出相、R相和B2奥氏体相共存于室温下的镍钛基体上,然而在873 K时效的镍钛样品中,可以观察到马氏体孪晶。在573和723 K时效的镍钛样品中,细小密集的Ni4Ti3相均匀分布在镍钛基体上,而且与B2基体保持共格关系。然而,在873 K时效的镍钛样品中, Ni4Ti3相尺寸非常不均匀,和B2基体保持共格、半共格和非共格关系。在723 K时效的条件下,细小均匀的Ni4Ti3相阻碍位错运动,导致最大的位错滑移临界分切应力,因此镍钛样品表现出最高的屈服强度。     

熔体温度对AZ31B镁合金铸态组织及力学性能的影响(英文)

采用自制的电阻炉研究熔体温度对AZ31B镁合金凝固组织与拉伸性能的影响。结果表明:在温度低于850℃水冷时,金属型AZ31B镁合金铸锭等轴枝晶的尺寸随着熔体温度的升高呈直线下降,超过850℃后变化不大。组织中第二相呈现出先细化后粗化的变化规律。AZ31B镁合金试样的抗拉强度、伸长率和屈服强度随着熔体温度的提高而先快速增大后略有减小,熔体温度为850℃时试样的抗拉强度达到260MPa,屈服强度达到75.4MPa,伸长率达到27.57%,比熔体温度为750℃时的分别提高了15%、13%和61%。DSC分析表明,升高熔体温度使凝固开始点温度降低,临界晶核半径减小,从而增加了熔体中的过冷度,提高了熔体中非均匀形核率,是镁合金晶粒细化和拉伸性能提高的主要原因。