超重力下合成Al2O3/YSZ复合陶瓷的组织与性能

通过在铝热剂中引入ZrO2(4Y)粉末,进行超重力下燃烧合成,制备出Al2O3/YSZ系列成分自生复合陶瓷板材,并对陶瓷结构转变与力学性能进行了研究.共晶成分自生复合陶瓷基体主要是以亚微米ZrO2纤维镶嵌于Al2O3上的共晶团构成,亚共晶成分自生复合陶瓷因发生离异共晶生长,其基体为ZrO2相分布于其边界上的Al2O3晶构成,过共晶成分自生复合陶瓷基体则为ZrO2正方相细小球晶构成.共晶成分的自生复合陶瓷因共晶团基体上高残余压应力与小尺寸共晶团边界,其硬度达至最高值16.7 GPa;而过共晶成分的自生复合陶瓷因ZrO2正方相球晶相变增韧及相变诱发微裂纹增韧,其断裂韧度达至最大值14.6 MPa·m(1)/(2).     

超重力下燃烧合成Al_2O_3/ZrO_2(4Y)成分、结构与性能

通过在铝热剂中引入ZrO2(4Y)粉末,以超重力下燃烧合成技术,制备出不同成分与结构的Al2O3/ZrO2(4Y)大体积新型复合陶瓷板材,并研究了复合陶瓷成分、显微结构与力学性能之间的关系。XRD、SEM与EDS表明,Al2O3/33ZrO2(4Y)是以取向各异且纳微米t-ZrO2纤维呈三角对称镶嵌其上的棒状共晶团为基,且周围分布着t-ZrO2微米球晶;同时,Al2O3/40ZrO2(4Y)则以t-ZrO2微米球晶为基,周围分布着不规则形状的α-Al2O3晶及少量的共晶团组织。相比于国外定向凝固Al2O3/ZrO2(Y2O3),试验Al2O3/33ZrO2(4Y)强硬性的提高可归因于材料的高致密性、小尺寸缺陷及残余压应力增韧、相变增韧机制所导致的高断裂韧度;同时,Al2O3/40ZrO2(4Y)虽在硬度上有所下降,但在弯曲强度与断裂韧度却分别提高了19.0%与311.1%,故材料的强化可认为是因t-ZrO2微米球晶基体所具有的小尺寸缺陷及相变增韧与微裂纹增韧机制所诱发的高断裂韧度所致。     

超重力下燃烧合成Al2O3／ZrO2的成分、结构与性能

通过在铝热剂中引入ZrO2(4Y)粉末,在超重力下燃烧合成制备出不同成分与结构的Al2O3/ZrO2(4Y)大体积复合陶瓷板材,并研究了复合陶瓷成分、显微结构与力学性能之间的关系.XRD、SEM与EDS分析表明,Al2O3/33ZrO2(4Y)是以取向各异且纳微米t-ZrO2纤维呈三角对称镶嵌其上的棒状共晶团为基,其周围分布着t-ZrO2微米球晶;同时,Al2O3/40ZrO2(4Y)则以t-ZrO2微米球晶为基,周围分布着不规则形状的αAl2O3晶及少量的共晶团组织.与国外定向凝固Al2O3/ZrO2(Y2O3),Al2O3/33ZrO2(4Y)复合陶瓷比较强硬性的提高可归因于材料的高致密性、小尺寸缺陷及残余压应力增韧、相变增韧机制所导致的高断裂韧度;同时,Al2O3/40ZrO2(4Y)虽在硬度上有所下降,但弯曲强度与断裂韧度却比国外同类材料分别提高了19.0%与311.1%,故材料的强化可认为是因t-ZrO2微米球晶基体所具有的小尺寸缺陷及相变增韧与微裂纹增韧机制所诱发的高断裂韧度所致.     

大尺寸Al2O3/ZrO2(4Y)共晶复合陶瓷板制备与结构转化

通过在燃烧合成过程中引入超重力,可以制备出大尺寸、低缺陷的Al2O3/ZrO2(4Y)共晶复合陶瓷板.XRD表明,超重力并不改变陶瓷的物相组成,其基体均由α-Al2O3、t-ZrO2与m-ZrO2组成;SEM分析显示,随着超重力的增大,镶嵌有t-ZrO2纤维的共晶团发生胞状组织向棒状组织的转化,且共晶团体积分数与长径比逐渐增大;力学性能测试表明,复合陶瓷相对密度、硬度与断裂韧度随超重力增大而增大,至225g(重力加速度)时均达到最高值,分别为97.8%、18.7 Gpa与15.6 Mpa·m1/2;并且,陶瓷的高断裂韧度是因棒状共晶团的裂纹偏转与桥接增韧及处于共晶团边界上的t-ZrO2微米球晶的相变增韧与微裂纹增韧机制所致.     

超重力对燃烧合成Al2O3/ZrO2自生复合陶瓷的影响

通过向铝热剂中引入ZrO2（4Y）粉末，在超重力下以燃烧合成方式，制备出Al2O3／ZrO2（4Y）自生复合陶瓷。XRD分析与SEM图像显示，陶瓷基体由亚微米t-ZrO2纤维成排镶嵌其上、取向各异的棒状共晶团及Al2O3块晶与ZrO2颗粒分布其上的细小共晶团边界构成。相比于重力下制备的同成分复合陶瓷，因超重力促进燃烧过程、提高燃烧速率并加快液相传质速率，可显著促进液态金属／陶瓷液相／气相三者分离，并使陶瓷熔体成分更趋均匀化，故材料致密度得以大幅提高，相对密度达98．3％。陶瓷基体微观组织更为纯净、细小、均匀，Al2O3／ZrO2（4Y）共晶团体积分数高达96．8％，与重力下燃烧合成的同成分复合陶瓷比较，力学性能得以显著提升，维氏硬度、断裂韧度及弯曲强度分别提高了37．2％、56．4％与69．1％。     

超重力对燃烧合成Al_2O_3/ZrO_2(4Y)的影响

基于超重力下燃烧合成Al_2O_3/ZrO_2(4Y),通过调整超重力大小,研究超重力对复合陶瓷凝固组织与性能的影响.结果表明:随着超重力增加,陶瓷共晶团从胞状结构转化为棒状结构,且棒状共晶团得以细化,其体积分数与长径比增加.性能显示:随着超重力增加,陶瓷相对密度显著提高,陶瓷硬度与弯曲强度因棒状共晶团细化、内部缺陷尺寸减小而得以增大,同时因棒状共晶团细化及分布于共晶团边界上ZrO_2四方相细化、球化,陶瓷断裂韧性也随之升高.     

Al2O3/ZrO2快速凝固复合陶瓷显微结构与力学行为

通过在铝热剂中引入适量的ZrO2粉末,基于铝热氧化-还原反应、重力下陶瓷/金属液相分离,以大过冷条件下熔体共晶生长方式,制备出以ZrO2正方相纳微米纤维镶嵌于其上且长径比为8.0～12.0的蓝宝石棒晶及少量α- Al2O3片晶为基体的Al2O3/ZrO2自生复合陶瓷.通过材料力学性能测试与裂纹扩展路径观察,研究复合陶瓷显微结构与其力学行为之间的关系.结果表明,复合陶瓷的弯曲强度与断裂韧度分别达到1 256 MPa与13.2 MPa·m1/2;分布于蓝宝石棒晶上大量的面间距为纳微米尺度的Al2O3/ZrO2两相低能界面及残余压应力,使蓝宝石棒晶与陶瓷基体得以强化,迫使裂纹沿蓝宝石棒晶边界偏转;同时,因处于裂纹尖端尾部的蓝宝石棒晶桥接与拔出、α- Al2O3片晶桥接与摩擦互锁等效应,又使裂纹扩展呈现出强烈的稳定化倾向.     

ZrO_2对超重力下燃烧合成Al_2O_3/ZrO_2(4Y)的影响

基于超重力下燃烧合成Al_2O_3/ZrO_2(4Y),通过改变ZrO_2(4Y)含量,研究材料成分、结构与性能之间的关系.结果表明:当ZrO_2(4Y)体积分数低于37%,复合陶瓷是以ZrO_2四方相纳微米纤维镶嵌其上且取向各异的棒状共晶团为基体;当ZrO_2(4Y)体积分数高于40%,则获得ZrO_2四方相微米类球晶为基的复合陶瓷.力学性能显示,Al_2O_3/33%ZrO_2(4Y)以低的凝固温度,达到了最高的相对密度与硬度值,且也因低的缺陷尺寸及裂纹偏转与桥接增韧所带来的高断裂韧性,具有最高的弯曲强度值.     

Al2O3／ZrO2（3Y）快速凝固共晶复合陶瓷显微结构、裂纹桥接与增韧

通过在铝热剂中添加适量的ZrO2（3Y）粉末，借助燃烧合成及远离平衡态下的快速凝固方式，制备出Al2O3／ZrO2（3Y）共晶复合陶瓷。XRD，SEM与EPMA分析得出，陶瓷基体是由t-ZrO2纳微米纤维镶嵌于其上、长径比为10．0～14．0且呈随机生长的氧化铝棒晶及少量的α-Al2O3片晶构成。结合裂纹扩展路径与棒晶内部结构，可认为因共晶凝固所形成的、存在于蓝宝石棒晶上的高密度异相界面及因共晶两相热膨胀失配所诱发的高残余压应力，蓝宝石棒晶得以强化，因而陶瓷的主要增韧机制来自因蓝宝石棒晶裂纹桥接所产生的内部弹性应变能释放及因高能、大角度晶界解离所诱发的能量消耗，并伴随着因片晶摩擦互锁效应所造成的能量耗散过程。     

Al2O3/ZrO2(3Y)快速凝固共晶复合陶瓷显微结构、裂纹桥接与增韧

通过在铝热剂中添加适量的ZrO2(3Y)粉末,借助燃烧合成及远离平衡态下的快速凝固方式,制备出Al2O3/ZrO2(3Y)共晶复合陶瓷.XRD,SEM与EPMA分析得出,陶瓷基体是由t-ZrO2纳微米纤维镶嵌于其上、长径比为10.0～14.0且呈随机生长的氧化铝棒晶及少量的α-Al2O3片晶构成.结合裂纹扩展路径与棒晶内部结构,可认为因共晶凝固所形成的、存在于蓝宝石棒晶上的高密度异相界面及因共晶两相热膨胀失配所诱发的高残余压应力,蓝宝石棒晶得以强化,因而陶瓷的主要增韧机制来自因蓝宝石棒晶裂纹桥接所产生的内部弹性应变能释放及因高能、大角度晶界解离所诱发的能量消耗,并伴随着因片晶摩擦互锁效应所造成的能量耗散过程.     

Fe-15Ce合金在H2-CO2、H2-H2S及H2-H2S-CO2气氛下的腐蚀

研究了600℃时Fe-15Ce合金在H2-CO2、H2-H2S及H2-H2S-CO2 3种气氛中的腐蚀行为，Fe-15Ce合金腐蚀后发生了Ce的内氧化或形成了复杂的腐蚀产物膜，而未出现Ce的选择性氧化或硫化，这主要是合金中存在着两相及Ce在Fe中极低的溶解度的结果。Fe-15Ce合金在本实验条件下的氧化-硫化腐蚀速度低于相同温度、压力下的纯硫化。     

用氢-氧取代氧-乙炔作焊接切割的必要性及可行性

阐述了用氢代乙炔的必要性．通过时HGQU2000／315火焰电孤焊割机的考察和试用证实了用氢代乙炔的可行性，比较了两种气体的性质并提出了使用特性差异和注意事项．提出了进一步探索的问题。     

Thermodynamics and phase diagrams in the binary systems Na2O-SiO2, Na2O-GeO2, Na2O-B2O3, Li2O-B2O3, CaO-B2O3, SrO-B2O3, and BaO-B2O3

We applied our model to the enthalpy of mixing data of the binary systems Na₂O-SiO₂, Na₂O-GeO₂, Na₂O-B₂O₃, Li₂O-B₂O₃, CaO-B₂O₃, SrO-B₂O₃, and BaO-B₂O₃. The most stable composition in the liquid, that is where the enthalpy of mixing is most negative, is with a metal-oxygen ratio of 4 to 3, for monovalent metals (Na and Li) and 3 to 4 for divalent metals (Ba and Ca) in liquid silicates or borates. The same applies to the CaO-SiO₂, CaO-Al₂O₃, PbO-B₂O₃, PbO-SiO₂, ZnO-B₂O₃, and ZnO-SiO₂ systems. The oxygen to metal ratio, its constant value in various types of systems, reflects and describes the structure of the liquid. Using the analyzed enthalpies of mixing data and the available phase diagrams, we calculated the enthalpies of formation of the various binary compounds. The results are in excellent agreement with data in the literature that were obtained from direct solid-solid calorimetry.     

IrO2-MnO2中间层Ti/RuO2-TiO2-SnO2电极制备及性能

通过热分解法制备了含IrO2-MnO2中间层Ti/RuO2-TiO2-SnO2电极,采用SEM、EDX、XRD、CV等检测方法对中间层进行表征,同时采用强化加速寿命试验对电极电化学稳定性进行表征。结果表明:450℃时前躯体完全氧化并形成固溶体,制备的中间层晶粒细小,表面结构致密,电化学孔隙率小。添加中间层使Ti/RuO2-TiO2-SnO2电极强化寿命由未加中间层的7.5h提高到995.8h,远高于国家标准20h。     

ACTIVITY OF La_2O_3 IN LIQUID La_2O_3-CaF_2 AND La_2O_3-CaF_2-CaO-SiO_2 SLAGS

用石墨为还原剂,将渣中La_2O_3还原入液态Sn,以测定1500℃下La_2O_3-CaF_2和La_2O_3-CaF_2-CaO-SiO_2渣中La_2O_3的活度.对La_2O_3-CaF_2系,并用Gibbs-Duhem积分法求得CaF_2的活度. 根据液态渣的离子结构模型,对上述二渣系中La_2O_3的活度数据进行了简单的讨论.     

Mechanoluminescence in BaSi2O2N2:Eu

Mechanoluminescence (ML), a general term for the phenomenon in which light emission occurs during any mechanical action on a solid, can be divided roughly into two classes: destructive ML and non-destructive ML. For practical use in high-end applications (e.g. pressure sensors), materials with non-destructive ML properties are preferred. This paper reports on the strong non-destructive ML in BaSi₂O₂N₂:Eu. When irradiated in advance with ultraviolet or blue light, this phosphor shows intense blue-green light emission upon mechanical stimulation such as friction or pressure. The ML has an emission band peaking at 498 nm, which is ～4 nm red-shifted compared to the steady-state photoluminescence. The origin of the ML is discussed and related to the persistent luminescence of BaSi₂O₂N₂:Eu. The same traps are responsible for both phenomena. Based on the occurrence of ML in this phosphor, we were able to show that the predominant crystallographic structure of BaSi₂O₂N₂:Eu belongs to space group Cmc2₁.     

氢分子在贮氢材料Li2MgN2H2表面的吸附与解离

采用第一性原理计算方法研究了Li-Mg-N-H体系贮氢材料的放氢产物Li2MgN2H2的吸氢反应过程中的过渡态、表面电子态密度和表面能。结果表明:氢分子在Li2MgN2H2低指数表面中最低能量(100)表面的Mg-Mg-Li穴位吸附位置能够形成最稳定的吸附结构并发生解离,氢分子吸附能为-0.1898eV,解离能约为0.84eV(81kJ/mol),表明该反应所需的反应活化能仍较高,吸氢反应速度缓慢。     

Thermodynamic evaluation of phase equilibria in the CaCl2-MgCl2-CaF2-MgF2 system

The phase diagram of the CaCl₂-CaF₂-MgCl₂-MgF₂ reciprocal ternary system was calculated thermodynamically from available data on the common-ion binary subsystems and from available data on the CaCl₂-MgF₂ join. This join is very nearly quasibinary and divides the system into two quasiternary systems: the CaCl₂-MgF₂-CaF₂ system with a ternary eutectic calculated at 724 +-5 °C and the CaC₂-MgF₂-MgCl₂ system with a ternary eutectic calculated at 561 +-5 °C.     

High temperature corrosion of Fe-Cr-Mn-alloys in H2-H2S and H2-H2O-H2S gas mixtures

The sulfidation of Fe-20% Cr-30% Mn, Fe-25%Cr-20%Mn and Fe-25% Cr was studied at 700°C in H₂-H₂S and the oxidation and sulfidation in H₂-H₂O-H₂S after preoxidation in H₂-H₂O. The sulfidation rate is strongly increased for the Mn-containing alloys, layers of (Mn,Cr)S and (Mn,Fe)Cr₂S₄ are formed. Also the oxidation rate is enhanced compared to Fe-25% Cr by formation of MnCr₂O₄ instead of Cr₂O₃. The sulfidation after preoxidation leads to internal and external sulfidation of the Mn-containing alloys. With increasing oxygen pressure p(O₂) = 10^?26…10^?22 atm. of the H₂-H₂O-H₂S mixtures the sulfidation is suppressed, for the higher oxygen pressure 10^?23 and 10^?22 atm. fast oxidation prevails under formation of MnCr₂O₄. Manganese cannot increase the sulfidation resistance of alloys, in spite of the stability and low degree of disorder of its sulfide, since the mixed sulfide (Mn,Cr)S is formed which has a high degree of disorder, high diffusivities and high growth rate according to the doping effect of trivalent Cr³⁺.     

The Quasi-Ternary System Cu2Se-Ga2Se3-GeSe2

The quasi-ternary system Cu₂Se-Ga₂Se₃-GeSe₂ was investigated using the methods of differential thermal and x-ray analysis. An isothermal section at 770 K and a liquidus surface projection of the phase diagram were constructed. The existence of the quaternary phase CuGaGeSe₄, the boundaries of solid solutions ranges of the system compounds were established.