行人头部碰撞碳纤维夹芯复合材料引擎盖的有限元分析

利用ABAQUS的Explicit模块建立了行人头部碰撞碳纤维夹芯复合材料的有限元模型,并使用DIAdem工程分析软件计算了头部损伤指标HIC值。通过钢球碰撞试验验证了模型的有效性,分析了碳纤维复合材料层数,硬质泡沫厚度,蒙皮的铺层方式对HIC值和最大侵入量的影响。结果表明,加入硬质泡沫可以大量减少碳纤维复材使用量,并且不会增加HIC值和最大侵入量;硬质泡沫厚度不宜太大也不宜太小,有最优值;各向同性明显的铺层方式有利于减小HIC值。     

冲击方向对层合板低速冲击响应的模拟研究

利用有限元软件ABAQUS/Explicit,采用双线性本构法则和B–K断裂能准则,建立并验证了复合材料层合板的落锤式低速冲击损伤模型。在该验证模型的基础上,将冲头分别以30o,45o,60o和90o的冲击角度,以3.0 J和5.0 J的初始冲击能量对层合板进行冲击模拟试验。结果表明,冲头的冲击方向对层合板的冲击响应有着较大的影响,当冲击角度为45o时,冲击方向对层合板的能量耗散影响最大,当冲击角度为90o时,冲击方向对层合板能量耗散影响最小。     

复合材料层合板低速冲击后的力学性能试验研究

对特定铺层的5224/CF3052平纹织物复合材料层合板进行了低速冲击和冲击后拉伸、压缩及弯曲试验。探讨了层合板在冲击试验过程中的损伤过程、特征和机理;分析了凹坑深度对层合板冲击后拉伸、压缩和弯曲强度的影响规律。结果表明:冲击后拉伸、压缩及弯曲强度降幅分别为60.9%、50.4%及28.4%,冲击后拉伸强度降幅最大,应引起注意。与冲击后压缩试验结果类似,凹坑深度与冲击后拉伸、弯曲剩余强度关系曲线存在拐点现象。     

VARTM工艺铺层取向对复合材料力学性能的影响

采用真空辅助树脂传递模塑(VARTM)工艺制作了玻璃纤维增强不饱和聚酯复合材料层合板,对其进行了拉伸、弯曲、冲击性能测试,并对铺层取向与玻璃纤维复合材料层合板力学性能的影响关系进行了实验研究。实验结果表明,0°取向玻纤增强复合材料在单一方向上的力学性能最佳,±θ取向比θ取向玻纤增强复合材料有更好的力学性能;θ单向铺层复合材料在外载荷作用下发生破坏,其断口破坏的角度与铺层角度一致,而在±θ多向铺层复合材料的断口形貌更复杂。通过合理的铺层设计可获得满足工程需要的复合材料制品。     

玻璃纤维/环氧层合板低冲击能量与凹坑深度量化研究

使用试件为单向层合板和多向层合板两种类型的玻璃纤维增强环氧树脂基复合材料层合板,采用自由落体式冲击试验机进行低能量冲击,以及超景深显微镜对损伤形貌进行特征描述。引入低能量冲击关系因子K,建立冲击能量与损伤凹坑深度量化关系,该量化关系可使冲击能量与损伤形貌特征相对应。所建立的凹坑深度与冲击能量的关系,既可以根据测量冲击凹坑深度反推出冲击时的能量值,也可以根据冲击能量预判结构的损伤情况。     

复合材料层合板损伤容限敏感性参数研究

本文针对碳纤维增强复合材料层合板冲击下的损伤容限参数敏感性进行分析.对复合材料层合板损伤容限的影响参数、纤维角度、铺层顺序、层合板厚度、冲击速度和冲击角度等进行冲击损伤仿真,采用蔡-吴强度准则评价层合板冲击的剩余强度,并对各参数影响的敏感性排序,确定纤维角度和铺层顺序为复合材料层合板冲击下损伤容限的敏感参数.     

冲头形状对层合板低能量冲击损伤尺寸及剩余压缩强度的影响

为探索冲头形状对层合板低能量冲击损伤尺寸及剩余压缩强度的影响,采用不同形状的冲头对T700/DS1202层合板进行了低能量冲击试验,测量损伤尺寸及其冲击后的剩余压缩强度。结果表明:随着冲击能量等级的增加,锥形冲头造成的损伤更易向深度方向发展,当损伤深度≥0.315 mm时,层合板背部出现裂纹,造成层合板剩余压缩强度退化到90%以下;同时,冲头形状会影响冲击能量门槛值,锥形冲头与圆形冲头的冲击能量门槛值分别为5 J·mm-1、6.67 J·mm-1。     

基于蚁群算法的复合材料层合板的铺层顺序优化

本文将蚁群算法引入到复合材料层合板铺层顺序的优化设计中,对给定各角度铺层数的层合板进行优化设计。本文采用遗传算法(GA)中的整数编码方法,将层合板的铺层顺序优化问题转化为求解旅行商问题(TSP),接着为满足工程实际的需要,对基本蚁群算法作了适当修改,以提高优化效率及性能。算例结果表明,对于确定层合板最佳铺层顺序的这种离散变量优化问题,蚁群算法是一种行之有效的方法,且编程简单、可移植性好,对工程结构优化设计有一定的参考价值。     

正交层合板压缩条件下平均层间剪应力计算

根据正交层合板在压缩载荷作用下的泊松效应和变形协调原理,分析了平均层间剪应力的产生机制,并建立了平均层间剪应力的解析模型。算例分析表明纵横铺层比k=1时,层间剪应力最大,k值大于3时可有效降低层间剪应力;层间剪应力与平均压应力和受压截面宽厚比成正比关系,需要根据实际情况选取合适的k值和厚宽比以有效降低平均层间剪应力。     

含孔复合材料层合板的结构参数对其屈曲性能的影响

利用ABAQUS软件,建立了含孔复合材料层合板的有限元模型,在层合板四边简支,承受轴向压力载荷作用下,分析讨论了孔径/板宽比、铺层比例、铺层角度、材料性能等结构参数对层合板的线性屈曲的影响。结果表明,孔径/板宽比d/w越大,屈曲载荷越小,当d/w≤0.1时,可认为是小孔洞情况,可近似按无限大层合板处理;90°铺层(与载荷受力方向一致)比例越大,或0°铺层(与载荷受力方向垂直)比例越小,屈曲载荷越大,增加±45°铺层比例,有利于降低层合板各向异性程度;对于斜交对称铺层的层合板,铺层角度对其屈曲载荷影响很大,最大值与最小值相差13.05N;材料主方向结构性能参数差别较大时,屈曲载荷也相差较大,材料的结构性能参数对屈曲承载力具有明显的影响。     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates Attract Stink Bugs and Tachinid Parasitoids

Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Pentatomidae), called the brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), is a newly invasive species in the eastern USA that is rapidly spreading from the original point of establishment in Allentown, PA. In its native range, the BMSB is reportedly attracted to methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate, the male-produced pheromone of another pentatomid common in eastern Asia, Plautia stali Scott. In North America, Thyanta spp. are the only pentatomids known to produce methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate [the (E,Z,Z)-isomer] as part of their pheromones. Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates were field-tested in Maryland to monitor the spread of the BMSB and to explore the possibility that Thyanta spp. are an alternate host for parasitic tachinid flies that use stink bug pheromones as host-finding kairomones. Here we report the first captures of adult and nymph BMSBs in traps baited with methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate in central Maryland and present data verifying that the tachinid, Euclytia flava (Townsend), exploits methyl (E,Z,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate as a kairomone. We also report the unexpected finding that various isomers of methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate attract Acrosternum hilare (Say), although this bug apparently does not produce methyl decatrienoates. Other stink bugs and tachinids native to North America were also attracted to methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates. These data indicate there are Heteroptera in North America in addition to Thyanta spp. that probably use methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates as pheromones. The evidence that some pentatomids exploit the pheromones of other true bugs as kairomones to find food or to congregate as a passive defense against tachinid parasitism is discussed.     

2007～2008年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2007年7月～2008年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2007～2008年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况.按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯·硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和聚酯树脂、环氧树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍.     

2005～2006年国外塑料工业进展

收集了2005年7月～2006年6月国外塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2005—2006年国外塑料工业的发展情况。提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂生产量以及各国塑料制品的进出口情况。作为对比,介绍了中国塑料的生产情况。按通用热塑性树脂（聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂）、工程塑料（聚酰胺、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚）、通用热固性树脂（酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和树脂、环氧树脂）、特种工程塑料（聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮）的品种顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的扩展作了详细的介绍。