基于遥感的干旱区典型绿洲LUCC研究

以干旱区典型的条带状且末绿洲为例,采用1973年MSS、1991年TM、2001年和2008年ETM+遥感影像为数据源,结合野外考察数据,选择适宜的分类指标体系,对遥感图像进行了监督分类,并获得了研究区土地利用/覆盖转移矩阵。 研究结果表明:近35 a 来耕地面积一直呈现出增加的趋势,增加了105.32 km²,耕地面积的增加量主要是由草地和林地的转化而来,是增加最快的土地利用类型;林地和草地面积一直呈逐渐减少的趋势,其中减少最多的土地类型是林地,减少了69.459 km²,林地面积的减少是由于林地转移草地、水体和耕地的比例超过草地转移林地的比例所致;草地面积减少了63.093 km²,主要是由一部分草地转移耕地、未利用地而引起;水域面积总体上有增加趋势,增加了22.073 km²,主要由草地和未利用地转移水体而引起;未利用地变化幅度不大,有缓慢增加的趋势,增加5.093 km²。     

京津风沙源治理工程区LUCC及土壤风蚀强度动态遥感监测研究

以遥感手段监测京津风沙源治理工程区土地利用/覆盖变化及土壤风蚀强度,分析了工程区LUCC及土壤风蚀时空格局特征及关系。结果表明:工程实施前后,LUCC及土壤风蚀强度差异明显。近30a,LUCC过程主要表现了由耕地开垦向生态退耕还林、草转变,伴随生态恢复和沙化有效抑制态势;耕地总体表现出先增加后减少态势,耕地面积1990～2000年增加面积是2000～2015年减少面积的1.9倍;林地总体呈增加态势;2000～2015年耕地转化为林地和草地面积分别为446.1km2和1 129.3km2,西部最为明显;建设用地面积扩张明显;未利用地呈减少趋势,转换类型以沙地向草地转化为主,面积为1 493.1km2。京津风沙源治理工程区土壤风蚀侵蚀模数整体呈下降趋势,生态工程实施后改善趋势明显(P0.01);总体上,东部、南部地区以高覆盖、中覆盖草地类型为主的地区土壤风蚀量小;浑善达克沙地治理区土壤风蚀量较大,但总体呈减少趋势。不同土地利用/覆盖类型对土壤风蚀强度影响较大,土壤风蚀模数依次为沙地低覆盖度草地中覆盖度草地旱地灌木林水田高覆盖度草地其他林地疏林地有林地;低覆盖度向高覆盖度草地类型转化有效抑制土壤风蚀量(减少66.12%),植被覆盖度的增加有效降低土壤风蚀模数;沙地周边区域,高/中覆盖度向低覆盖度草地类型转换过程中,土壤风蚀量呈增加(58.26%)态势,草地转化为沙地、旱地土壤风蚀量增加。     

基于遥感的海南本岛植被覆盖度时空变化及其地形效应研究北大核心CSCD

植被覆盖在维持生态系统结构稳定和防治水土流失等方面发挥着重要的作用,海南自1988年建省以来迅速发展,导致海南岛植被覆盖也产生了巨大的变化.为揭示海南本岛地形因子对植被覆盖度的影响以及为海南本岛进一步制定合理的生态环保策略提供依据,基于1988、1998、2008、2017和2020年Landsat-TM/OLI多光谱影像,以海南本岛为研究区域,采用归一化植被指数和像元二分模型进行植被覆盖度提取,通过线性趋势分析海南本岛近30a植被覆盖变化特征.并结合30 m_DEM获取的海、坡度和坡向数据,来进一步探讨海南本岛植被覆盖度在不同地形因子条件下的空间分布特征.结果表明:①1988～2020年海南岛平均植被覆盖度介于0.58～0.88之间,整体呈先下降后上升趋势;②海南岛高植被覆盖主要分布于海南岛中部、西南部和东南部地区,低植被覆盖主要出现在居住区、沿海地区等人为干扰因素较高的地区;③海南岛各等级植被覆盖均随海拔的增加而不断降低,在海拔小于100 m的区域分布面积最大;坡度为0～5°时植被覆盖面积达到最大值,随着坡度的增加,植被覆盖面积呈减少趋势;各等级植被覆盖在阴坡和阳坡的分布面积变化差异不大,主要以高植被覆盖类型为主.     

张掖市土地利用/覆盖变化模拟

土地利用/覆盖变化是全球变化的主要原因,也是与可持续发展密切相关的课题。土地利用/覆盖变化模拟是预测未来土地利用/覆盖变化的重要方法。将国际上先进的CLUE-S模型应用到位于黑河中上游的张掖市,模拟该地区的土地利用/覆盖变化。模拟时段为2001～2020年。模型中将土地利用类型分为:①耕地;②林地;③草地;④水域;⑤城镇用地;⑥未利用地。用回归分析的方法,选择了对该地区土地利用/覆盖变化有重要贡献的7种驱动因子,分别为:与城市的距离、与河流的距离、与道路的距离、人口密度、海拔、坡度、坡向。模拟结果显示:到2020年,林地、草地、水域和城镇用地面积增加,耕地,未利用地面减少。     

塔里木河下游输水区景观与植被变化分析

对塔里木河下游输水区植被分布主要区域2000、2002年ETM、2004、2006年ASTER影像景观特征值、景观格局分析,结果表明:2000年输水后,研究区(193726hm2)天然植被面积迅速扩大并呈连片趋势,沙地斑块数量增加但面积减少、聚集度明显减小;除了沙地外其他各地类斑块密度、数量减少,平均斑块面积扩大,各景观类型呈聚集趋势,景观分布趋于连片.转移矩阵计算表明,2000～2006年输水区4275hm2疏林地转化为有林地;4573hm2中、低覆盖度灌草地转化为高覆盖度灌草地;18729hm2低覆盖度灌草地转化为中覆盖度灌草地;2230hm2沙地转化为灌草地,输水后研究区植被面积增加了7345hm2.生态输水有效地遏制了沙漠化扩展.     

内蒙古浑善达克沙地南部草地盖度探测及其变化分析

陆地生态系统植被覆盖程度是评价区域生态环境变化的重要因子。以内蒙古浑善达克沙地南部(锡林郭勒盟正蓝旗北部地区)为研究区,应用中国环境与灾害监测预报小卫星数据HJ-1A CCD及美国陆地卫星数据Landsat TM,分别基于像元二分模型和三波段梯度差模型、使用NDVI和RDVI等参数,对研究区草地植被覆盖度进行了探测,并对比了不同模型方法和参数所得研究区草地植被盖度成果的分类精度。研究结果表明,基于像元二分模型和RDVI参数探测植被盖度的方法表现最好;以此为基础,进一步分析了研究区2000~2009年区域植被覆盖度动态变化,发现本地区在2000年之后草地覆盖改善区面积超过草地盖度下降区面积,浑善达克沙地南缘植被恢复状况总体较好。     

基于RS与GIS的典型地区土地利用/覆盖变化研究——以三江源生态环境重点保护区玛多县为例

典型地区和脆弱区的土地利用/覆盖变化是区域性研究的重要内容。三江源地区是国家级自然保护区,生态系统异常敏感和脆弱。以典型地区玛多县为案例,基于RS和GIS技术,系统研究了该地区土地利用/覆盖变化及其对景观格局的影响,探讨了生态环境演化过程,可为更广泛的区域性综合提供基础。研究发现:①10 a间,该地区湿地、水体和天然草地明显减少,湿地减少比例达到36.63%,大于6 hm²的湖泊减少近半数;沙地,裸地和盐碱地等明显增加,草地退化、沙漠化严重;②天然草地、裸地、沙地、水体、湿地和盐碱地之间的类型转化较为明显,且与水资源又有密切的关系。③多样性、均匀性指数和景观异质程度提高,土地趋于多样化和均匀化;裸地、沙地优势度增加,湿地、水体和天然草地优势度减少;整体破碎化程度呈缓慢减少趋势,而湿地、沙地破碎度增加。④综合土地利用动态度为0.98,天然草地、裸地、湿地、沙地动态面积变化较大。⑤研究区的土地利用/覆盖变化将深刻影响该地区的生态过程,同时还将影响三江源地区的水源涵养和供给。     

石家庄1995～2015年植被覆盖变化监测及预测

为揭示石家庄1995~2015年植被覆盖变化状况,掌握植被覆盖的变化趋势,该文基于1995、2001、2007、2009、2012和2015年Landsat TM/OLI遥感影像数据,通过像元二分模型求得石家庄6个时期的植被覆盖度,借助变异系数模型和Slope模型分析该地区20年内植被覆盖的空间变化特点和变化趋势,最后利用元胞自动机-马尔可夫模型对石家庄2018年各级植被覆盖状况进行预测。结果表明:从1995到2015年,石家庄植被覆盖度均值增加了3.71%;全市平均变异系数为0.211,人为因素是植被覆盖波动变化的主要因素;植被覆盖变化趋势呈基本不变和三类变好区域共占全市面积的82.22%,三类变差区域多分布在城市建设和经济发展的活跃地区;到2018年,石家庄高植被覆盖和中高植被覆盖面积都有下降,中植被覆盖和低植被覆盖面积有所提高,极低植被覆盖面积基本不变。     

辽宁抚顺近10年来市域热场与植被变化分析

利用1999年和2010年的TM卫星遥感影像,定量反演了抚顺市域的热场和植被指数,并对其变化进行了分析。结果表明,11 a全市的平均热场温度升高了1.53 ℃,城市热岛主要集中在抚顺市的城市建成区以及苏子河河谷和黑大线沿线地带,但强热岛和极强热岛的空间分布范围2010年较1999年压缩幅度空前。从植被盖度总体情况来看,高覆盖度植被覆盖面积均在60%以上,而全市低覆盖度等级以下的植被面积比例很小,其面积比例都在1.5％以下。从植被盖度的变化看,高覆盖度和较高覆盖度的植被面积比例分别下降了3.22％和2.31％;而中覆盖度的植被面积比例增加了4.94％,其变化最大的区域在抚顺市区,该区域变化的比率是全市变化的3~5倍。从热场与植被的变化原因来看,首先是受植物生长季节气候的暖干化变化趋势的影响,其次还与土地利用类型中耕地和草地的减少以及建设用地的快速增加有关,此外,抚顺市生态建设工作对其也有一定程度的影响。     

2001年～2010年重庆地区植被NPP时空变化特征及其与气候因子的关系

以2001年～2010年MOD17A3的年均NPP数据为基础,利用GIS技术定量分析了重庆地区植被NPP的时空变化特征及与气候因子的相关性,结果表明:2001年～2010年重庆地区植被NPP整体呈微弱上升趋势,植被覆盖略有增加,且总体分布呈现从南到北递减的趋势;重庆地区植被NPP增加幅度由南到北递减且整体变化幅度较小,仅部分区县变化幅度较大.不同的植被类型的NPP存在差异,其NPP大小顺序为:常绿阔叶林＞草地＞农田植被＞混生林＞常绿针叶林＞落叶阔叶林＞落叶针叶林＞灌丛.就气候因子与植被NPP的相关性而言,NPP与气温的相关性不明显,NPP与降水的相关显著性存在空间差异.     

近10a新疆地区植被动态与R/S分析

利用SPOT VGT传感器的NDVI时序数据,采用时间序列谐波分析算法(HANTS)对NDVI数据进行去云预处理,基于趋势分析、Hurst指数分析等方法,研究了1999~2008年新疆植被覆盖的时空变化,分析了Hurst指数的空间分布规律及其在不同土地覆盖类型下的差异。结果表明：近10 a来,新疆植被总体呈现不显著的增加趋势且具有明显的空间差异性。R/S分析表明,新疆大部分地区植被变化将保持现在的趋势,局部地区具有反持续性。各土地覆盖类型Hurst指数均在0.63以上,沙漠、戈壁、裸地的Hurst指数明显高于其它土地覆盖类型,受人类活动影响较大的土地覆盖类型其Hurst指数较低,可持续性低于自然或半自然状态下的植被覆盖类型。     

Short‐term response of arctic vegetation NDVI to temperature anomalies

The effects of climate change on northern vegetation productivity need to be fully understood in order to reduce uncertainties in predicting vegetation distributions under different climate warming scenarios. Knowledge of the relationship between northern climate and vegetation productivity will also help provide a better understanding of changes in vegetation distributions as an indicator of climate change and variability. Vegetation productivity and biomass have been monitored using long‐term satellite earth observations, mostly using the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), as a cumulative indicator of all effects resulting from processes related to climate change, including changes in temperature, precipitation, and disturbance. In this paper, the investigation is focused on the short‐term effect of temperature anomalies on arctic and tree‐line transition vegetation productivity in both dry and humid regions of Canada. The analysis shows that several land‐cover types composed mainly of trees and shrubs exhibit a significant increase in NDVI with higher‐than‐normal temperatures in the preceding 10–40‐day period, while land‐cover types consisting of lichen and moss growing on mostly barren surfaces show a significant NDVI decrease with increased temperature. These trends are consistent with results reported in plot‐warming experiments in the north, which have shown that certain vegetation communities increase, while others decrease in cover fraction and biomass in response to warming. When land cover is grouped into increasing and decreasing NDVI with temperature and stratified by dry and humid regions of Canada, much of the dry region of northern Canada does not exhibit significant NDVI response to preceding temperature anomalies. It is expected that in the absence of disturbance or other limiting factors, an increased frequency of elevated temperature anomalies may eventually contribute to changes in vegetation biomass. A map of land‐cover types that have the potential to increase in biomass with climate warming and those that are vulnerable to decline is presented.     

基于NDVI序列影像的植被覆盖变化研究

归一化植被指数NDVI是地表植被覆盖特征的重要指标之一。以新疆石河子地区2003~2006年MODIS遥感数据反演的NDVI时间序列影像为例,分析研究了植被长势的年内和年际变化,将植被长势的年内变化和年际变化分为比前一年(月)好、比前一年(月)稍好、与前一年(月)持平、比前一年(月)稍差和比前一年(月)差5个等级,得到年内和年际间植被长势的动态分布图,从植被长势分布图中NDVI的变化可以看出年际和年内植被长势的变化。并应用变化矢量分析法对2003~2006年石河子地区NDVI的变化强度进行了分析,获得了植被覆盖变化强度分布情况,研究结果表明4 a内石河子地区植被覆盖未发生大的变化,植被系统基本稳定。     

North American vegetation dynamics observed with multi-resolution satellite data

We investigated normalized difference vegetation index data from the NOAA series of Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometers and found regions in North America that experienced marked increases in annual photosynthetic capacity at various times from 1982 to 2005. Inspection of these anomalous areas with multi-resolution data from Landsat, Ikonos, aerial photography, and ancillary data revealed a range of causes for the NDVI increases: climatic influences; severe drought and subsequent recovery; irrigated agriculture expansion; insect outbreaks followed by logging and subsequent regeneration; and forest fires with subsequent regeneration. Vegetation in areas in the high Northern Latitudes appear to be solely impacted by climatic influences. In other areas examined, the impact of anthropogenic effects is more direct. The pattern of NDVI anomalies over longer time periods appear to be driven by long-term climate change but most appear to be associated with climate variability on decadal and shorter time scales along with direct anthropogenic land cover conversions. The local variability of drivers of change demonstrates the difficulty in interpreting changes in NDVI and indicates the complex nature of changes in the carbon cycle within North America. Coarse scale analysis of changes could well fail to identify the important local scale drivers controlling the carbon cycle and to identify the relative roles of disturbance and climate change. Our results document regional land cover land use change and climatic influences that have altered continental scale vegetation dynamics in North America.     

基于MODIS温度和植被指数产品的山东省土地覆盖变化研究

地表温度(LST)与归一化植被指数(NDVI)构成的NDVI-Ts特征空间具有丰富的地学和生态学内涵。MODIS数据因其优越的时间分辨率、波谱分辨率,已被广泛地运用于各个领域。在本研究中,运用遥感技术和GIS技术相结合的手段,利用NASA提供的MODIS温度产品和NDVI产品,以山东省土地利用图、山东省TM遥感影像图和基于3S技术的山东省森林资源调查项目的外业调查数据为参考和评价标准,以NDVI-Ts时间序列为指标,在进行土地覆盖分类的基础上,分析比较了山东省土地覆盖从2000年到2006年的变化情况。研究结果表明,利用MODIS产品将NDVI-Ts时间序列作为分类特征,在较大尺度范围的土地覆盖分类中具有较高的分类精度,有利于对土地覆盖变化进行动态监测。     

Persistent changes in NDVI between 1982 and 2003 over India using AVHRR GIMMS (Global Inventory Modeling and Mapping Studies) data

The preliminary results of Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) change studies over India using data from Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer Global Inventory Modeling and Mapping Studies (AVHRR GIMMS) between 1982 and 2003 are presented. The three methodologies of univariate differencing, temporal profiling and anomaly analysis were undertaken. Univariate differencing was used to determine overall NDVI change between 1982 and 2003. A persistence filter was used to filter out ephemeral changes. The temporal profile analyses were carried out over different meteorological subdivisions to compare changes in NDVI with rainfall patterns. In the anomaly analysis, the areas of change were analysed over different land cover categories derived from IRS‐WiFS data. The preliminary results indicate that positive trends in vegetation change occurred over most parts of the country and these changes appear not to be highly correlated with rainfall data, indicating that land cover transformations may be the major driving force behind the changes. The land cover classifications experiencing the greatest increasing NDVI were tropical thorn forests and intensive agriculture and the land cover experiencing very slow growth included current jhum, tropical moist deciduous and temperate evergreen forest. Five‐year moving averages indicate a general increase in NDVI from 1986 to 1998 and then declining thereafter. This is a concern in most of the meteorological subdivisions.     

Application of high-resolution thermal infrared remote sensing and GIS to assess the urban heat island effect

Day and night airborne thermal infrared image data at 5 m spatial resolution acquired with the 15-channel (0.45mum-12.2mum) Advanced Thermal and Land Applications Sensor (ATLAS) over Alabama, Huntsville on 7 September, 1994 were used to study changes in the thermal signatures of urban land cover types between day and night. Thermal channel number 13 (9.60 mum-10.2mum) data with the best noise-equivalent temperature change (NEDeltaT) of 0.25 C after atmospheric corrections and temperature calibration were selected for use in this analysis. This research also examined the relation between land cover irradiance and vegetation amount, using the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), obtained by ratioing the difference and the sum of the red (channel number 3: 0.60-0.63mum) and reflected infrared (channel number 6: 0.76-0.90mum) ATLAS data. Based on the mean radiance values, standard deviations, and NDVI extracted from 351 pairs of polygons of day and night channel number 13 images for the city of Huntsville, a spatial model of warming and cooling characteristics of commercial, residential, agricultural, vegetation, and water features was developed using a GIS approach. There is a strong negative correlation between NDVI and irradiance of residential, agricultural, and vacant/transitional land cover types, indicating that the irradiance of a land cover type is greatly influenced by the amount of vegetation present. The predominance of forests, agricultural, and residential uses associated with varying degrees of tree cover showed great contrasts with commercial and services land cover types in the centre of the city, and favours the development of urban heat islands. The high-resolution thermal infrared images match the complexity of the urban environment, and are capable of characterizing accurately the urban land cover types for the spatial modeling of the urban heat island effect using a GIS approach.     

近20多年来赣州地区稀土矿区遥感动态监测

稀土资源是现代科技所需的重要资源,由于其有很高的经济价值,稀土资源的开采活动越来越频繁,过度开采现象严重,对稀土矿区的实时监控成为保护环境资源的重要环节。遥感技术在监测土地利用变化方面已经有了完善的技术方法。相较于普遍使用的Landsat-TM/ETM+数据,我国研发的HJ卫星(中国环境与灾害监测预报小卫星)数据具有更短的重访周期,能够对稀土矿的开采进行更加有效的检测。通过结合Landsat-TM/ETM+与HJ-1/CCD数据,根据矿区植被覆盖度的变化及时监测稀土矿区活动情况,对江西定南地区20a来稀土矿区开采变化情况进行监测,并提出保护建议,为实现矿产资源的可持续发展提供理论依据。     

NDVI time series for monitoring RUSLE cover management factor in a tropical watershed

Land cover, an important factor for monitoring changes in land use and erosion risk, has been widely monitored and evaluated by vegetation indices. However, a study that associates normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) time series to climate parameters to determine soil cover has yet to be conducted in the Atlantic Rainforest of Brazil, where anthropogenic activities have been carried out for centuries. The objective of this paper is to evaluate soil cover in a Brazilian Atlantic rainforest watershed using NDVI time series from Thematic Mapper (TM) Landsat 5 imagery from 1986 to 2009, and to introduce a new method for calculating the cover management factor (C-factor) of the Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE) model. Twenty-two TM Landsat 5 images were corrected for atmospheric effects using the 6S model, georeferenced using control points collected in the field and imported to a GIS database. Contour lines and elevation points were extracted from a 1:50,000-scale topographic map and used to construct a digital elevation model that defined watershed boundaries. NDVI and RUSLE C-factor values derived from this model were calculated within watershed limits with 1 km buffers. Rainfall data from a local weather station were used to verify NDVI and C-factor patterns in response to seasonal rainfall variations. Our proposed method produced realistic values for RUSLE C-factor using rescaled NDVIs, which highly correlated with other methods, and were applicable to tropical areas exhibiting high rainfall intensity. C-factor values were used to classify soil cover into different classes, which varied throughout the time-series period, and indicated that values attributed to each land cover cannot be fixed. Depending on seasonal rainfall distribution, low precipitation rates in the rainy season significantly affect the C-factor in the following year. In conclusion, NDVI time series obtained from satellite images, such as from Landsat 5, are useful for estimating the cover management factor and monitoring watershed erosion. These estimates may replace table values developed for specific land covers, thereby avoiding the cumbersome field measurements of these factors. The method proposed is recommended for estimating the RUSLE C-factor in tropical areas with high rainfall intensity.     

Differences in Landsat-based trend analyses in drylands due to the choice of vegetation estimate

Drylands cover about 41% of the globe's surface and provide important ecosystem services, but land use and climate change exert considerable pressure on these ecosystems. Both of these drivers frequently result in gradual vegetation change and landscape-scale trend analysis based on yearly vegetation estimates can capture such changes. Such trend analyses based on high-resolution time series of satellite imagery have so far not widely been used and existing studies in drylands relied on different vegetation measures. Spectral mixture analysis (SMA) has been chosen due to its superiority to simpler vegetation estimates in quantifying vegetation cover in single-date studies, however SMA can be challenging to implement for large areas. Here, we quantify the trade-off involved when using simple vegetation estimates instead of SMA fractions for subsequent trend analyses. We calculated NDVI, SAVI and Tasseled Cap Greenness, as well as SMA green vegetation fractions for a time series of Landsat images from 1984-2005 for a study region in Crete. Linear trend analysis showed that trend coefficients and the spatial patterns of trends were similar across all vegetation estimates and the entire study region, especially for areas where vegetation changed gradually. On average, trends based on simple measures differed less than 5% from SMA-based trends with decreasing similarity in trend results from Tasseled Cap Greenness to SAVI and NDVI. Vegetation estimates differed markedly in their response to disturbance events such as fires. Trend analyses based on qualitative measures can easily be applied across very large areas and using multi-sensor time series based on high-resolution data. While the subtle differences between vegetation estimates may still be important for some applications, the robustness of trend analyses regarding the choice of vegetation estimate bears considerable promise to reconstruct fine-scale vegetation dynamics and land use histories and to assess climate change impacts on the world's drylands.