Structural performance of the finger-jointed strength of some wood species with different joint configurations

This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of adhesive type, wood species, and finger joint configurations on structural performance of the finger joint. The wood species studied were oriental beech (Fagus orientalis lipsky.), oak (Quercus robur), Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris lipsky.), poplar (Populus tremula lipsk.) and Uludağ fir (Abies bormülleriana Matff.) and adhesives were poly(vinyl acetate) (PVAc), Desmodur-VTKA (D-VTKA). However, there is little information available concerning the bending strength and modulus of elasticity for finger joints in these field. In this study, it was aimed to determine the bending strength and modulus of elasticity for finger joints. For this purpose, samples were tested according to the TS EN 310 standard. It was observed that the highest bending strength and modulus of elasticity were obtained in beech control (solid wood) samples. As for the finger joints, after the control samples, the highest bending strength value (57.4 N/mm²) was obtained from Oriental beech wood samples having a 21 mm finger length and bonded with PVAc adhesive, the highest modulus of elasticity (8885.3 N/mm²) was obtained from beech wood samples having a 21 mm finger length and bonded with PVAc adhesive. As a result of the effects of finger joints on bending strength and modulus elasticity test, if the length of finger joints increases up to 21 mm, the properties of bending strength increase.     

玻璃粉在超高强水泥基材料中的作用机理

采用强度试验、X射线衍射及扫描电镜等方法,研究玻璃粉对超高强水泥基材料强度和微结构的影响,揭示玻璃粉在超高强水泥基材料中的作用机理。研究结果表明:采用玻璃粉可制备抗压强度超过100 MPa的超高强水泥基材料,而且当玻璃粉掺量在20%以内时,试样的抗压强度随着玻璃粉掺量的增加而增大;玻璃粉不仅能填充浆体结构中的孔隙,还能发生火山灰反应,生成C-S-H凝胶,进而改善材料的微结构,提高材料的强度。     

Impacts of impregnation chemicals on combustion properties of the laminated wood materials produced combination of beech and poplar veneers

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of impregnation with boron compounds Borax (B_X), Boric acid (B_A), B_X + B_A, Imersol-Aqua (I_AQUA) and Timbercare-Aqua (T_AQUA) on combustion properties of the laminated wood materials produced combination of Oriental beech and poplar veneers bonded with Desmodur-VTKA (D_V) and Poly(vinyl acetate) (P_VAc) adhesives. The test samples, prepared from beech (Fagus orientalis Lipsky) and poplar (Populus nigra Lipsky) woods, were impregnated boron compounds by vacuum, I_AQUA by dipping and T_AQUA by brushing methods according to ASTM D 1413-76-99 and directions of the manufacturer. The laminated wood materials were prepared in the form of five layers, 4 mm thickness from the impregnated beech and poplar veneers according to TS EN 386. Combustion properties of samples after laminated and impregnated process were determined according to ASTM E 160-50. Considering the interaction of combustion type and impregnation materials, combustion temperature was found the highest in flame source combustion (F_SC) + T_AQUA (528.150 °C) but the lowest in without flame source combustion (WF_SC) + B_A (391.333 °C). Consequently, boron compounds and I_AQUA showed a decreasing impact on combustion properties of the laminated wood materials, produced combination of beech and poplar veneers, bonded with D_V. In consequence, impregnation with boron compounds and Imersol-Aqua of the laminated wood materials, bonded with Desmodur-VTKA, provides security for the usage of having high risk of fire.     

The study of ultimate strength in notched cylinders subjected to axial compression

Inclusion of various defects, e.g. imperfection or notches, in cylinders during their service life is expected and identifying of the load bearing capacity of the structure in the presence of those imperfection and damages are necessary. In the present paper, the plastic buckling of notched cylinders is studied experimentally and numerically for various groups of the cylinder dimensions. The study focuses on influences of various characteristics of notches, such as orientation, position and notch length on the buckling capacity of the cylindrical shells. In this direction, the amount of absorbed internal strain energy affected by inserting notch is calculated and compared with intact ones.     

Shear strength response of some geological materials in triaxial compression

The shear strength of geological materials, like soils and rocks, is often represented either by Coulomb or Mohr–Coulomb theory. It is assumed to vary linearly with the applied stress through two shear strength parameters commonly known as the cohesion intercept and the angle of shearing resistance/friction. In reality, whenever these materials are tested to high stresses, a non-linear shear strength response is observed. The effective cohesion intercept continues to increase while the effective angle of shearing resistance decreases with the increase of effective stress. These strength parameters, therefore, cannot be considered as constants in the analysis of soils and rocks. A more realistic and responsive shear strength criterion, involving only two different strength parameters, that remain practically constant with the applied stress, is advocated to represent non-linear response that minimizes the drudgery by conducting a number of triaxial tests on the material. This criterion has been verified with the experimental data of 41 different soils from clay to rockfill and with the data of a number of intact rocks, jointed rocks and rock-like materials tested in the axisymmetric triaxial compression exhibiting either brittle or ductile response. One of the strength parameters enables to define the brittle–ductile boundary. A boundary between rock and soil has been suggested on the basis of modulus ratio and also on the basis of a weakness factor in a jointed rock, named joint factor, representing the combined influence of joint frequency, inclination of the sliding joint and the strength on the sliding joint. When the joint factor is applied to the compressive strength or the modulus of an intact specimen, it provides the corresponding values of the jointed mass in uniaxial compression and also enables to estimate the two strength parameters, for use in the strength criterion applicable to the mass. The modulus ratio is also linked to the failure axial strain of jointed rocks when tested in uniaxial compression.     

碱胶凝材料复合固体激发剂的实验研究

对固体复合碱激发剂制备碱胶凝材料的凝结时间、强度等性能进行了实验研究，确定了其最佳掺量范围；同时与传统的硅酸盐水泥进行了性能的比较分析，从而为固体复合碱激发剂胶凝材料的广泛应用奠定了基础。     

Effects of impregnation with Imersol-aqua on the modulus of elasticity in bending of laminated wood materials

The aim of this study was to investigate the impacts of impregnation with Imersol-aqua on the modulus of elasticity in bending (MOE) of some laminated wood materials. For this aim, oriental beech (Fagus orientalis Lipsky), oak (Quercus petrea Liebl.), Scotch pine (Pinus sylvestris Lipsky), oriental spruce (Picea orientalis Lipsky) and Uludağ fir (Abies bornmülleriana Lipsky) wood materials impregnated with Imersol-aqua according to ASTM D 1413-99 and producers’ definition. Laminated wood samples were produced from impregnated wood materials according to TS EN 386 in the five ply form (4 mm each) from oriental beech, oak, Scotch pine, Uludağ fir and oriental spruce wood by using Desmodur-VTKA adhesive. The MOE values were measured according to TS EN 408. Consequently, the MOE of impregnated + laminated (I + L_W) softwoods, pine, spruce and fir increased, respectively by 8.07%, 2.62% and 2.45% whereas the MOE of laminated + laminated hardwoods, beech and oak decreased, respectively by 5.06% and 4.37% with respect to laminated control samples (L_W). Considering the interaction of wood type and process, the MOE was obtained from laminated oriental beech, whereas the lowest was found for impregnated Uludağ fir. In consequence, in the massive construction and furniture elements that the MOE after the impregnation and lamination (I + L_W) is of great concern, oriental beech and Scotch pine materials could be recommended.     

实体混凝土强度评价

详细介绍了混凝土抗压强度标准值、混凝土轴心抗压强度设计值及结构实体混凝土抗压强度值,分析了它们的区别,对实体混凝土强度进行了评价,以帮助人们更好地认识混凝土设计强度、实体强度及它们之间的关系。     

结构实体中混凝土强度的检验

结构实体中混凝土的实际强度与标准养护的立方体强度不同，也很难准确地用问接推定的强度来测定。本文通过系统的试验研究，确定寻求用同条件养护试件强度来反映结构实体中的混凝土强度是可行的。通过试验分析建立了相应的检测验收方法。并已为有关的标准规范所采纳。     

Influence of fire retardants on smoke generation from wood and wood derived materials

The influence of three fire retardant agents: Polichron, Pyrolak W-10, and Pyrolak W-10 + Pyrolak W-1 on smoke density of pine wood, plywood, soft hardboard and tough hardboard was investigated. Surface samples of 25 cm² (5 × 5 cm) were used and the heat flux was varied over the range of 1.0 to 4.0 W/cm². Reference: Tadeusz Cisek and Jacek Piechocki, Influence of Fire Retardants on Smoke Generation from Wood and Wood Derived Materials,Fire Technology, Vol. 21, No. 2, May 1985, p. 122.     

大体积混凝土实体强度的实测及研究

通过对大体积混凝土内实体强度及有关性能的实测,分析了不同养护条件下混凝土强度及有关性能增长的规律,探讨了混凝土实体强度的意义.分析了利用同条件养护试件简化检测混凝土实体强度的原理.     

提高泡沫混凝土抗压强度试验研究

对泡沫混凝土进行了介绍,提出了泡沫混凝土制备的工艺流程,进行了提高泡沫混凝土抗压强度的试验研究,得出了采用添加早强剂或使用双快水泥作为泡沫混凝土胶凝材料可以较明显地提高泡沫混凝土的抗压强度的结论.     

镀铜钢纤维水泥基复合材料强度影响因素分析

通过对不同掺量的水泥、镀铜钢纤维的试样进行试验分析,在保证一定强度的条件下,得出水泥和镀铜钢纤维的最优掺入量,从而得到拥有良好力学性能和较为经济的镀铜钢纤维水泥基复合材料。     

抗剪法与回弹法检测混凝土抗压强度的试验研究

采用抗剪法这种新型的混凝土抗压强度检测方法,对钻取混凝土小直径芯样的抗剪强度与抗压强度的相关性进行试验研究,并与常用的回弹法进行对比。结果表明:拟合得到混凝土的抗剪强度与抗压强度之间不同的测强曲线,抗剪法采用幂函数与线性函数表达比较合理,检测精度高于回弹法,抗剪法评定混凝土抗压强度具有精度高、操作方便、人为影响因素小、适用范围广等特点。     

Effect of bituminous impregnation on nonwoven geotextiles tensile and permeability properties

Geosynthetics interlayer systems are effective techniques to control reflective cracking in damaged pavements. It comprises the inclusion of nonwoven geotextiles between the damaged layer and the new overlay of the pavement to reduce the propagation of cracks and to extend pavement life. However, the success of this technique depends directly on the understanding of the geotextile's behavior when impregnated with asphalt. This paper evaluates different nonwoven geotextiles frequently used in anti-reflective cracking systems, focusing on initial stiffness gain and permeability reduction after asphalt impregnation. Fresh and impregnated samples of polyester and polypropylene nonwoven geotextiles were tested. Cationic rapid setting emulsified asphalt was used as asphalt binder. Wide-width tensile tests were carried out based on the specification of ABNT - NBR 12824 (1993). Water vapor transmission tests were conducted according to ASTM E 96M (2005). Results of tensile tests on impregnated geotextiles showed a significant increase on tensile strength values, probably due to the inter contact of the fibers. Results also showed high increase in strength values at strain levels less than 0.05% and decrease on stiffness gains with increase of strains. Water vapor transmission tests demonstrated that cationic asphalt emulsion applied on nonwoven geotextiles allows a drastic reduction in permeability values to turn nonwoven geotextiles into a low permeability barrier.     

外包钢加固低强混凝土偏压柱试验研究

通过7根外包钢加固低强度混凝土柱的偏心受压试验,研究了加固后混凝土柱在不同偏心距荷载作用下的破坏特征、受力性能和破坏机理。分别对不同偏心距和不同配扁钢箍率下的柱截面应变、扁钢箍应变、角钢应变、钢筋应变、挠度以及极限承载力等进行了分析。     

实体混凝土强度合格性评定标准探讨

如何科学地对实体混凝土强度进行合格性评定是我国工程质量评价理论中的一项空白。本文结合工程实践论述了混凝土强度标准值与实体混凝土强度值的关系，并提出了实体混凝土强度合格评定标准，对于完善我国建立在“实体检验”基础上新的工程质量评价理论具有一定意义。     

原状土的无侧限抗压强度试验研究

针对连云港地区滨海相软土的工程特性，通过大量的试验，分析了原状土的无侧限抗压强度的主要影响因素，以确保提高无侧限抗压强度试验的精度。     

混凝土结构实体强度应用问题的讨论

本文讨论了混凝土结构实体强度的意义,以及同条件养护强度的作用。文章对比了标准养护强度、钻芯强度以及各种推定强度与同条件养护强度的关系。还对检测验收的风险进行了讨论。     

早强剂和缓凝减水剂对混凝土性能的影响

本次试验分析了外加剂的性能、适用范围及其对混凝土性能的影响,试验结果表明随着早强剂的增加,混凝土的凝结时问不会发生很大变化,其早期强度会提高很多,但是龄期越长其强度增长越不明显,因此在配制浆液时要综合考虑。