丁二烯气相聚合过程中聚合物颗粒增长的动态研究

An experimental apparatus composed of microscope, video camera, image-processing, and mini reactor which can be used for real-time measurement of the growth of polymer particle in gas phase polymerization was built up to carry out dynamic study of gas phase polymerization of butadiene by heterogeneous catalyst based on neodymium(Nd). The studies of the shape duplication of polymer particles and catalyst particles and the growth rate of polymer paxticle were made. Results show that the appaxatus and procedure designed can be well utilizedto make dynamic observation and data collection of the growth of polymer particle in gas phase polymerization.A phenomenon of shape duplication of polymer particles and catalyst particles was observed by the real-time measurement. The result also concludes that the activity of individual catalyst particle is different, and the effect of reaction pressure on the growth of polymer particle is significant.     

An Experimental Study on Thermal Characteristics of Laurie Acid as a Latent Heat Storage Material during Melting Process

The objective of this study was to establish the thermal characteristics of the lauric acid (95% purity) as a latent heat storage material filled in the annulus of vertical concentric double pipe during its melting process. The temperature data were used to determine the thermal characteristics, including the temporal temperature variations and the effects of the mass flow rate and the inlet temperature of the heat transfer fluid on the heat transfer coefficient and the heat charging fraction during the melting process. The results indicated that the time to reach to heat charging fraction of 1.0 could be altered by changing the mass flow rate and the inlet temperature of the heat transfer fluid.     

融化过程中作为潜能储存材料的月桂酸的热特性的实验研究

The objective of this study was to establish the thermal characteristics of the lauric acid (95% purity) as a latent heat storage material filled in the annulus of vertical concentric double pipe during its melting process,The temperature data were used to determine the thermal characteristics,including the temporal temperature variations and the effects of the mass flow rate and the inlet temperature of the heat transfer fluid on the heat transfer coefficient and the heat charging fraction during the melting process,The results indicated that the time to reach to heat charging fraction of 1.0 could be altered by changing the mass flow rate and the inlet temperature of the heat transfer fluid.     

Numerical study on non-uniform heat transfer deterioration of supercritical RP-3 aviation kerosene in a horizontal tube

The convective heat transfer of supercritical-pressure RP-3(Rocket Propellant 3) aviation kerosene in a horizontal circular tube has been numerically studied, focusing mainly on the non-uniform heat transfer deterioration along the circumferential direction. The governing equations of mass, momentum and energy have been solved using the pressure-based segregated solver based on the finite volume method. The re-normalization group(RNG) k-ε turbulence model with an enhanced wall treatment was selected. Considering the heat conduction in the solid wall, the mechanism of heat transfer deterioration and the buoyancy effect on deteriorated heat transfer were discussed. The evolution of secondary flow was analyzed. Effects of the outer-wall heat flux,mass flux, pressure and tube thermal conductivity on heat transfer were investigated. Moreover, the buoyancy criterion and the heat transfer correlation were obtained. Results indicate that the poor flow performance of near-wall fluid causes the pseudo-film boiling, further leads to the heat transfer deterioration. The strong buoyancy has an effect of enhancing the heat transfer at the bottom of tube, and weakening the heat transfer at the top of tube, which results in the non-uniform inner-wall temperature and heat flux distributions. Decreasing the ratio of outer-wall heat flux and mass flux, increasing the pressure could weaken the heat transfer difference along the circumferential direction, while the effect of thermal conductivity of tube on the circumferential parameters distributions is more complicated. When the buoyancy criterion of(Gr_q/Gr_(th))_(max)≤ 0.8 is satisfied, the effect of buoyancy could be ignored. The new correlations work well for non-uniform heat transfer predictions.     

FLOW BOILING HEAT TRANSFER WITH FLUIDIZED SOLID PARTICLES

In order to solve the fouling problems in boiling processes,a boiling system was designedby adding solid particles to the boiling liquid In this paper.both theoretical analyses andexperimental studies on the boiling heat transfer in such a three-phase flow boiling were carried out.Based on the analysis of heat transfer characters of this three-phase flow boiling,a mathematical mod-el for the heat transfer coefficient of flow boiling was developed.The experiments show that,in thepresence of particles the boiling heat transfer is enhanced and is about 2 times that of the vaporliquid two phase one with better flow stability.The fluidized particles rub the heat transfer wall toprevent and to clean the fouling.     

用于污水处理的柔性纤维膜反应器氧传递及动力学研究

A flexible fibre biofilm reactor was developed for treatment of organic wastewaters. The hydrodynamic characteristics and mass transfer coefficients of oxygen were studied and compared with those of the conventional activated sludge processes. Tracer experiments were performed to obtain the residence time distributions of the reactors. The results indicated that both reactors could be treated as mixed flow reactors. The effects of flow rates of water and air on the overall mass transfer coefficient of oxygen were investigated, and the correlations between the mass transfer coefficient and the ratio of flow rates were obtained. Compared to the conventional activated sludge reactor, the mass transfer coefficients in the flexible fibre reactor were similar to but slightly lower, and less sensitive to the variation in the ratio of flow rates. It indicated that the fibre packing in the reactor hindered the oxygen transfer to some extent.     

交叉间断肋片与凹槽强化传热的实验与数值研究(英文)

Experimental and numerical investigations have been conducted to study turbulent flow of water and heat transfer characteristics in a rectangular channel with discontinuous crossed ribs and grooves.The tests investigated the overall heat transfer performance and friction factor in ribbed and ribbed-grooved channels with rib angle of 30°.The experimental results show that the overall thermo-hydraulic performance for ribbed-grooved channel is increased by 10%-13.6% when compared to ribbed channel.The investigation on the effects of different rib angles and rib pitches on heat transfer characteristics and friction factor in ribbed-grooved channel was carried out using Fluent with SST(shear-stress transport) k-ω turbulence model.The numerical results indicate that the case for rib angle of 45° shows the best overall thermo-hydraulic performance,about 18%-36% higher than the case for rib angle of 0°.In addition,the flow patterns and local heat transfer characteristics for ribbed and ribbed-grooved channels based on the numerical simulation were also analyzed to reveal the mechanism of heat transfer enhancement.     

机械力强化作用下轻烧氧化镁碳化过程的传质与反应动力学研究

The carbonization of magnesium oxide particles by CO2 was investigated using a stirring mill reactor. The effects of the system temperature, stirring rotation speed, influx rate of CO2 and initial diameter of the magnesium oxide particles on the carbonization process were determined, The results show that the system temperature and the stirring rotation speed are the most significant influencing factors on the carbonization rate. The determi-nation of critical decomposition temperature (CDT) gives the maximum carbonization rate with other conditions fixed. A theoretical model involving mass transfer and reaction kinetics was presented for the carbonization process. The apparent activation energy was calculated to be 32.8kJ·mol-1. The carbonization process is co-controlled by diffusive mass transfer and chemical reaction. The model fits well with the experimental results.     

MASS TRANSFER IN DRIPPING PLATE COLUMN FOR NON-NEWTONIAN FLUIDS

In this paper, the mass transfer for non-Newtonian liquid has been studied in a dripping plate column fitted with perforated trays. The rate of evaporation of polymer solution in the column was measured and correlated. It was found that temperature, presure, mass flow rate and the non-Newtonian behavior of the solution are the significant factors having effects on mass transfer.     

CONVECTIVE HEAT TRANSFER CHARACTERISTICS OF GAS IMPINGEMENT ON SMALL HEATED DEVICE IN LIQUID COOLANT BATH

Heat transfer characteristics of a small heated device have been investigated in a liquid bath with gas jetimpingement as function of gas flow rate,coolant temperature,liquid phsicochemical properties,heat flux,heat source size,ambient pressure and the distance between jet and heated wall.The experimental results show that the agitation of liquid caused by gas jet bubbles increases greatly therate of heat transfer,and the evaporation of coolant near the wall,which was due to the concentration differencebetween gas-liquid interface and bulk gas phase,gives additional enhancement of heat transfer.The rate ofevaporation related to the bubble growth was mathematically formulated.By using the simultaneous heat and mass transfer model,the convective heat transfer coefficient and masstransfer coefficient can be deduced from the experimental results.In addition,the local heat transfer coefficient and the distribution of evaporation heat flux on the smallheated surface are investigated mathematically and experimentally.     

Modeling of particle growth and morphology in the gas phase polymerization of butadiene. I. Model and its solution method

An improved multigrain model designed to simulate the polymeric particle growth and morphology in the gas phase polymerization of butadiene was developed. In the model, the effects of intraparticle heat and mass transfers, heat and mass transfer resistances at the particle boundary layer, sorption of 1,3‐butadiene in 1,4‐cis‐polybutadiene, and intrinsic kinetics on the polymeric particle growth and morphology were considered. An improved numerical method was also proposed. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 81: 719–729, 2001     

Modeling of molecular weight distribution of gas‐phase polymerization of butadiene

A mathematical model of the molecular weight distribution (MWD) based on a multilayer model and an improved intrinsic kinetics model was proposed to simulate the MWD of the gas‐phase polymerization of butadiene with a heterogeneous catalyst. Intrinsic kinetics and heat and mass‐transfer resistances based on the multilayer model of a polymeric particle were considered in the modeling of the MWD. The effects of the reaction conditions, catalyst particle size, mass‐transfer resistance, deactivation of active sites, and transfer of the polymer chain on the molecular weight and MWD were simulated. The results show that the effects of the deactivation of active sites and transfer of the polymer chain on the average molecular weight are significant and that the effect of the catalyst particle size on the MWD is not significant. The simulation results of the molecular weight and MWD are compared with the experimental results. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 88: 88–103, 2003     

Modeling of particle growth and morphology in the gas phase polymerization of butadiene. II. Simulation and discussion

The improved multigrain model was used to simulate the gas phase polymerization of butadiene catalyzed by low‐, medium‐, and high‐activity catalysts, respectively. For the low‐activity catalyst, the mass and heat transfer resistances in the particle were negligible. The morphology of the polymeric particles was uniform. For the medium‐activity catalyst, the overall mass transfer effectiveness was > 90%, the maximal temperature rise was 8K, and the heat transfer resistance in the particle was negligible. Mass transfer resistance does not affect the morphology of product particle significantly. For the high‐activity catalyst, the overall mass transfer effectiveness was within the range of 70–96%, the morphology of the product particle was affected by the mass transfer resistance to some extent. The maximal temperature rise was 21K; the heat transfer resistance in the particle was negligible as well. However, there was some severe mass transfer resistance in the particle, and the maximal temperature rise was ≤ 30K for the large catalyst particle with the same activity. Thus, the polymeric particle morphology was comparatively poor, with the occurrence of particle softening and sticking. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 81: 730–741, 2001     

Particle growth modeling of gas phase polymerization of butadiene

Butadiene polymerization in the gas phase is modeled by a polymeric multilayer model. Intraparticle mass and heat transfer effects are studied. The effects of catalyst size and diffusivity of butadiene on the radial profile of monomer concentration in polymeric particles and on the rate of particle growth are significant. Intraparticle temperature gradients do appear to be negligible under normal reaction conditions. External boundary layer heat effects are studied for various operation conditions. The model predicts that there is no significant temperature rise of the polymeric particles, even in the case of large catalyst particles. The effect of deactivation of active sites on the rate of particle growth is also studied. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 64: 203–212, 1997     

Particle morphology for polyolefins synthesized with supported metallocene catalysts

A detailed model describing particle growth and morphology in polyolefins synthesized using supported metallocene catalysts is presented. The multigrain model (MGM) is extended to consider metal extraction and the effects of polymer particle compressibility, in addition to monomer sorption and mass and heat transfer considerations. The effects of active metal extraction into the polymer phase and the pores of the particle on the kinetics of polymerization and morphological features of the polymer particle are studied. The effects of greater compressibility of polymer particles on morphological features such as particle porosity are studied. Model predictions for porosity and morphology are shown to reproduce similar trends as have been reported in experimental studies. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 79: 2565–2579, 2001     

Modelling of heat and mass transfer during the polymerisation of olefins on heterogeneous Ziegler catalysts

The modelling of heat and mass transfer during the gas and slurry phase polymerisation of olefins is examined. It is demonstrated that it might not be necessary in many cases to calculate concentration gradients in the growing catalyst/polymer complex, and that the currently used representation of heat transfer from small, highly active particles using standard chemical engineering correlations might not be accurate.

Close examination of the morphology of catalyst particles shows that it is unlikely that the particles should be treated as a pseudo-homogeneous medium, and in fact the critical length scale for mass transfer is not the particle radius, but is much smaller. Furthermore, computational fluid dynamic simulations of single and interacting particles shows that convection is not the dominant heat transfer mechanism during the critical stages of the reaction.     

Modelling and simulation of heat and mass transfer in a packed bed of solid particles having high diffusion resistance

The heat and mass transfer processes between gas phase and solid particles are studied in a fixed bed throughflow dryer. The particles have a moderate size but high heat and mass transfer resistances. To describe the drying process, simple cell model approach is used. The transport resistances of the particles are taken into account by imbedding a Luikov-type distributed parameter model into each cell.

The relationships of this model to the cell model with lumped variables for the particles, as well as to the continuous two phase model are analysed. Numerical investigations show that moisture diffusion taking place inside the particles can control the drying process even at moderate Biot numbers.     

膜过程中热质耦合传递分析

研究了透过致密无孔膜的传热传质过程,考察了传热传质的相互作用,建立了膜过程中热质耦合传递的数学模型,并以湿空气透过薄膜分离过程为例,分析了温差及浓度差的变化对传热传质过程的影响,发现温差及浓度差的变化会引起热阻及湿阻的变化,从而进一步影响热流量和传质通量,所以对传热传质过程有加成作用。     

Polymer-Assisted Annealing of Spray-Pyrolyzed Powders for Formation of Luminescent Particles with Submicrometer and Nanometer Sizes

Phosphor nanoparticles (e.g., SrTiO₃:Pr,Al and (Y,Gd)₃Al₅O₁₂:Ce) were prepared using a conventional spray pyrolysis method in conjunction with a polymer-assisted heat treatment (annealing). The effects of spray/annealing temperatures, polymer type, polymer concentration, and salt addition on the morphology, crystallinity, particle/crystal size, and the photoluminescence intensity of as-prepared as well as annealed phosphor particles were investigated. The results showed that the nanocrystal growth of as-prepared-sprayed submicrometer particles was improved and that the nanocrystal networks disintegrate into nanoparticles when polymer or salt solutions are added during the heat-treatment process. The additional combustion heat and gas evolution during the thermal reaction of polymer appear to be the main reasons for this. On the contrary, only compacted agglomerated particles rather than dispersed nanoparticles were found in the case of annealing without polymer/salt addition.     

松木屑颗粒热解过程中的热/质传递规律

为探索在固定床反应器中有机固废颗粒热解过程中的热量、质量传递机理,本研究从颗粒尺度上对有机固废松木屑颗粒热解过程建模分析,模型中考虑了焦油的二次裂解反应及挥发分在颗粒孔隙中的质量、动量传递过程,并采用达西定律模拟了挥发分在颗粒孔隙内的流动现象,对颗粒热解过程的吸热反应以及挥发分逸出时的对流换热对颗粒温度的影响进行考察。基于两步反应动力学模型,探讨了不同颗粒尺寸、热解温度对有机固废松木屑颗粒热解过程的影响。结果表明,热解吸热反应和挥发分的对流换热阻碍了热量向颗粒中心的传递,延长了颗粒达到均温的时间;松木屑颗粒热解时,颗粒内会存在明显的温度梯度,在颗粒表面主要受化学反应动力学限制,在颗粒内部则主要受热量传递过程限制。此外,热解温度越低,粒径越大,颗粒内部的传热阻力越大。松木屑颗粒完全热解所需时间会随着颗粒粒径的增大而增加,但当颗粒粒径在10mm以上时,随着颗粒粒径的增大,颗粒完全热解所需时间的增量要大于10mm以下颗粒。