Effect of wall temperature modulation on the heat transfer characteristics of droplet-train flow inside a rectangular microchannel

The numerical studies of water–oil two-phase slug flow inside a two-dimensional vertical microchannel subjected to modulated wall temperature boundary conditions have been discussed in the present paper. Many researchers have contributed their efforts in exploring the characteristics of Taylor flows inside microchannel under constant wall heat flux or isothermal wall conditions. However, there is no study available in the literature which discusses the impact of modulated thermal wall boundary conditions on the heat transfer behavior of slug flows inside microchannels. Hence, to bridge this gap, an effort has been made to understand the heat transfer characteristics of the flow under sinusoidal wall temperature conditions. Initially, a single phase flow and heat transfer study was performed in microchannels, and the results of the fully developed velocity profile and heat transfer rate were validated with benchmark analytical results. Then an optimal selection of the combination of sinusoidal thermal wall boundary conditions has been made for the two-phase slug flow study. Later, the effects of amplitude(0 b ε b 0.03) and frequency(0 b ω b 750π rad·s~(-1)) of the sinusoidal wall temperature profile on the heat transfer have been studied using the optimal combination of the wall boundary conditions. The results of the numerical study using modulated temperature conditions on channel walls showed a significant improvement in the heat transfer over liquid-only flow by approximately 50% as well as over two-phase flow without wall temperature modulation. The non-dimensional temperature contours obtained for different cases of temperature modulation clearly explain the root cause of such improvement in the heat transfer. Besides,the results based on the hydrodynamics of the flow have also been reported in terms of variation of droplet shapes and film thickness. The influence of Capillary number on the film thickness as well as heat transfer rates has also been discussed. In addition, the measured film thickness has also been compared with that calculated using standard empirical and analytical models available in the literature. The heat transfer rate obtained from the numerical study for the case of unmodulated wall temperature was found to be in a close match with a phenomenological model to evaluate slug flow heat transfer having a mean absolute deviation of 7.56%.     

基于MUSIG模型的竖直圆管内液氮过冷沸腾数值模拟研究(英文)

Multiple size group （MUSIG） model combined with a threedimensional twofluid model were em ployed to predict subcooled boiling flow of liquid nitrogen in a vertical upward tube. Based on the mechanism of boiling heat transfer, some important bubble model parameters were amended to be applicable to the modeling of liquid nitrogen. The distribution of different discrete bubble classes was demonstrated numerically and the distribu tion patterns of void fraction in the wallheated tube were analyzed. It was found that the average void fraction in creases nonlinearly along the axial direction with wall heat flux and it decreases with inlet mass flow rate and sub cooled temperature. The local void fraction exhibited a Ushape distribution in the radial direction. The partition of the wall heat flux along the tube was obtained. The results showed that heat flux consumed on evaporation is the leading part of surface heat transfer at the rear region of subcooled boiling. The turning point in the pressure drop curve reflects the instability of bubbly flow. Good agreement was achieved on the local heat transfer coefficient aalnst experimental measurements, which demonstrated the accuracy of the numerical model.     

CONVECTIVE HEAT TRANSFER CHARACTERISTICS OF GAS IMPINGEMENT ON SMALL HEATED DEVICE IN LIQUID COOLANT BATH

Heat transfer characteristics of a small heated device have been investigated in a liquid bath with gas jetimpingement as function of gas flow rate,coolant temperature,liquid phsicochemical properties,heat flux,heat source size,ambient pressure and the distance between jet and heated wall.The experimental results show that the agitation of liquid caused by gas jet bubbles increases greatly therate of heat transfer,and the evaporation of coolant near the wall,which was due to the concentration differencebetween gas-liquid interface and bulk gas phase,gives additional enhancement of heat transfer.The rate ofevaporation related to the bubble growth was mathematically formulated.By using the simultaneous heat and mass transfer model,the convective heat transfer coefficient and masstransfer coefficient can be deduced from the experimental results.In addition,the local heat transfer coefficient and the distribution of evaporation heat flux on the smallheated surface are investigated mathematically and experimentally.     

Simulation of the hydrodynamics and mass transfer in a falling film wavy microchannel

The flow in a liquid falling film is predominantly laminar, and the liquid-side mass transfer is limited by molecular diffusion. The effective way to enhance the mass transfer is to improve the liquid film flow behavior. The falling film behaviors of water, ethanol and ethylene glycol in nine different wavy microchannels were simulated by Computational Fluid Dynamics. The simulation results show that the falling film thickness exhibits a waveform distribution resulting in a resonance phenomenon along the wavy microchannel. The fluctuation of liquid film surface increases the gas–liquid interface area, and the internal eddy flow inside the liquid film also improves the turbulence of liquid film, the gas–liquid mass transfer in falling film microchannels is intensified. Compared with flat microchannel, the CO_2 absorption efficiency in water in the wavy microchannel is improved over 41%. Prediction models of liquid film amplitude and average liquid film thickness were established respectively.     

Numerical study on falling film flowing characteristics of R113 inside vertical tube under different structural conditions

To develop an appropriate falling film evaporation device for organic fluid cogeneration, a numerical study on the gas–liquid two-phase counter-current flow characteristics of R113 inside a vertical tube under different structural conditions was conducted using the Fluent software. The effects of the tube length, tube diameter, and annular gap on the falling film flow characteristics were determined, respectively. The results indicated that under a certain spray density, the falling film thickness in the region of the steady section was almost constant with different structural parameters for the tube diameter, tube length, and annular gap. In addition, a smaller tube diameter resulted in a steadier film flow. When the tube diameter decreased to a specific value, the film thickness showed a uniform distribution along the wall surface. This indicated that a best falling tube diameter exists. Meanwhile, the film fluctuation was enhanced with an increase in the tube length. When the tube length was greater than 1.2 m, the falling film splashed and could not completely wet the wall surface. The film fluctuation was enhanced by decreasing the annular gap, and the film could not be formed when the annular gap was smaller than 1.2 mm.     

Boiling Heat Transfer Enhancement in a Vertical Annulus by Introduction of Air in Liquid Flow

In this paper, boiling heat transfer in a vertical annulus with inner side heated with and without air introduction is experimentally studied. Results show that boiling heat transfer is significantly enhanced by the introduction of air. When air is introduced into the liquid with a temperature below boiling point, the enhancement of heat transfer is also detected. It is concluded from the study that the heat transfer enhanced by introduction of inert gas is due to the liquid vaporization at the gas-liquid interface near the wall, which removes a large amount of latent heat and lowers the interfacial temperature considerably. Thus the gas-liquid interface acts as a "heat sink" and the heat transfer is augmented significantly.     

内加热垂直环隙中引入惰性气体时的沸腾传热

In this paper, boiling heat transfer in a vertical annulus with inner side heated with and without air introduction is experimentally studied. Results show that boiling heat transfer is significantly enhanced by the introduction of air. When air is introduced into the liquid with a temperature below boiling point, the enhancement of heat transfer is also detected. It is concluded from the study that the heat transfer enhanced by introduction of inert gas is due to the liquid vaporization at the gas-llquid interface near the wall, which removes a large amount of latent heat and lowers the interfacial temperature considerably. Thus the gas-liquid interface acts as a “heat sink” and the heat transfer is augmented significantly.     

液膜性质的小尺度研究

Structured packing is a good candidate for CO₂ capture process because of its higher mass transfer efficiency and lower pressure drop.Now,the challenging problem of CO₂ capture and storage demands more and more efficiency equipment.The aim of the present study is to investigate the liquid film characteristics under counter current gas phase and throw some insight into the enhancing mechanism of mass transfer performance in structured packing.A high speed digital camera,non-intrusive measurement technique,was used.Water and air were working fluids.Experiments were carried out for different gas/liquid flow rates and different inclination angles.The time-average and instantaneous film widths for each set of flow parameters were calculated.It is shown that the effects of gas phase could be neglected for lower flow rate,and then,become more pronounced at higher flow rate.According to instantaneous film width,three different stages can be distinguished.One is the constant width of liquid film.The second is the slight decrease of film width and the smooth surface.This kind of character will lead to less interfacial area and deteriorate the packing mass transfer performance.For the third stage,the variation of film width shows clearly chaotic behavior.The prediction model was also developed in present work.The predicted and experimental results are in good agreement.     

Numerical study on non-uniform heat transfer deterioration of supercritical RP-3 aviation kerosene in a horizontal tube

The convective heat transfer of supercritical-pressure RP-3(Rocket Propellant 3) aviation kerosene in a horizontal circular tube has been numerically studied, focusing mainly on the non-uniform heat transfer deterioration along the circumferential direction. The governing equations of mass, momentum and energy have been solved using the pressure-based segregated solver based on the finite volume method. The re-normalization group(RNG) k-ε turbulence model with an enhanced wall treatment was selected. Considering the heat conduction in the solid wall, the mechanism of heat transfer deterioration and the buoyancy effect on deteriorated heat transfer were discussed. The evolution of secondary flow was analyzed. Effects of the outer-wall heat flux,mass flux, pressure and tube thermal conductivity on heat transfer were investigated. Moreover, the buoyancy criterion and the heat transfer correlation were obtained. Results indicate that the poor flow performance of near-wall fluid causes the pseudo-film boiling, further leads to the heat transfer deterioration. The strong buoyancy has an effect of enhancing the heat transfer at the bottom of tube, and weakening the heat transfer at the top of tube, which results in the non-uniform inner-wall temperature and heat flux distributions. Decreasing the ratio of outer-wall heat flux and mass flux, increasing the pressure could weaken the heat transfer difference along the circumferential direction, while the effect of thermal conductivity of tube on the circumferential parameters distributions is more complicated. When the buoyancy criterion of(Gr_q/Gr_(th))_(max)≤ 0.8 is satisfied, the effect of buoyancy could be ignored. The new correlations work well for non-uniform heat transfer predictions.     

空气与水逆流直接接触热质交换过程模型计算及分析

Based on reasonable model hypotheses and the energy analysis of heat and mass transfer of air and water in a direct contact counter flow, a set of general equations that can describe the internal relationship between the state parameters of air and water and dimensionless parameters of transfer process are given. A method utilizing MATLAB to solve these general equations is also proposed. Calculations and analysis with the model of a cooling- dehumidifying process give a consistent result with that of previous experiment. A new method for designing equipment such as evaporating cooler and cooling tower, and for analyzing experiment data of heat and mass transfer of air and water in a direct contact counter flow can be derived from this study.     

竖直管外气液逆流环状降膜速度与温度分布

建立了竖直管外环状降膜气液逆流传热传质条件下稳态层流降膜一维速度分布和二维温度分布模型,以及膜厚和降膜表面热通量的数值计算方法。表面热通量的模型计算值与实验值在气体Reynolds数Re_g<1200的范围内吻合较好,表明基于界面摩擦因子求解模型的方法在两相均为层流条件下是可靠的。模型显示了降膜速度分布和温度分布的非线性特征,降膜表面附近陡降的温度梯度表明,减小膜厚是强化降膜传热传质过程的有效途径。     

多排平直翅片管换热器表面气液降膜流动特性的三维数值模拟

基于VOF模型建立了考虑重力、表面张力及界面摩擦力源项的多排平直翅片管换热器表面气液两相降膜流动三维瞬态CFD模型。不同气流速度下液膜厚度模拟结果与文献中试验值吻合较好,最大偏差小于5%,表明所建立CFD模型是可靠的。通过研究壁面接触角为30°时不同气液Reynolds数下液膜流动特性,结果表明：翅片管表面满膜流的临界Reynolds数Re_l为239,临界喷淋密度为0.06 kg/(m·s);在239 ≤ Re_l ≤ 995内,其平均液膜厚度较Nusselt理论解高16.8%～35.1%;气液逆流和顺流时气相Reynolds数Re_g应分别小于2190.7和3286.0,其主要原因在于过高的Re_g会导致气液界面摩擦力快速增大,从而引发液膜破裂和液滴脱落等现象恶化设备性能。总之,气液顺流更有利于在较高气相Reynolds数下实现翅片管表面的较薄满膜流动。     

水平管外降膜蒸发流动和传热特性数值模拟

建立三维模型并模拟了制冷剂R410A在水平管外的降膜流动和蒸发过程,探究了喷淋密度、热通量和布液孔偏离管轴心距离对降膜流动和传热的影响。结果表明：沿管周方向,液膜厚度和传热系数逐渐减小并趋于稳定,至管底处由于局部液体堆积,液膜增厚、传热系数降低;喷淋密度较小时,总传热系数随着热通量增加而降低,随着喷淋密度增加而显著提高;液膜Reynolds数达2000后,总传热系数随喷淋密度增加而缓慢提升并趋于平稳,此时热通量的增加会提升总传热系数;随着布液偏心距的增加,总传热系数先略微上升并趋于平稳,而后由于出现局部“干涸”和液膜堆积区域,总传热系数急剧下降;随喷淋密度的增加,总传热系数急剧下降的临界点会逐渐往大偏心距偏移。     

脂肪酸甲酯降膜蒸发器沸腾传热性能

利用传统的多管排列式蒸发器对高黏度、易结垢的混合物进行蒸发,容易造成布液器堵塞,且结垢后的传热管难以清理。因此根据物料特性,本文设计了一种新型的降膜蒸发器,采用大降液孔加倾斜环板进行布膜,利用内径较大的锥筒作为传热壁面,并以粗甲酯作为试验工质对蒸发器的降膜蒸发传热系数随蒸发器筒体半锥度角、液膜流动雷诺数以及输入热通量之间的关系进行了试验研究。结果表明：该型蒸发器对于上述工质具有较好的适用性,蒸发系统能够在保持较高的传热系数的条件下,连续运行而不发生堵塞;蒸发器筒体锥度角有效地强化了降膜蒸发传热过程,而较大的热通量及进料流量在一定程度上却不利于蒸发传热。最后建立了降膜蒸发传热系数随蒸发器筒体半锥角和流动准数之间的经验关联式。     

HEAT TRANSFER IN A THIN LIQUID FILM IN THE PRESENCE OF AN ELECTRIC FIELD

Heat transfer enhancement in an evaporating thin liquid film utilizing a electric field under isothermal interfacial condition is presented. A new mathematical model subjected to van der Waals attractive forces, capillary pressure, and an electric field is developed to describe the heat transfer enhancement in the evaporating thin liquid film. The effect of the electrostatic field on the curvature of the thin film, evaporative flux, pressure gradient distribution, heat flux, and heat transfer coefficient in the thin film is presented. The results show that applying an electric field can enhance heat transfer in a thin liquid film significantly. In addition, utilizing electric fields on the evaporating film will be a way to expand the extended meniscus region to attain high heat transfer coefficients and high rates of heat flux.     

HEAT TRANSFER IN A THIN LIQUID FILM IN THE PRESENCE OF AN ELECTRIC FIELD

Heat transfer enhancement in an evaporating thin liquid film utilizing a electric field under isothermal interfacial condition is presented. A new mathematical model subjected to van der Waals attractive forces, capillary pressure, and an electric field is developed to describe the heat transfer enhancement in the evaporating thin liquid film. The effect of the electrostatic field on the curvature of the thin film, evaporative flux, pressure gradient distribution, heat flux, and heat transfer coefficient in the thin film is presented. The results show that applying an electric field can enhance heat transfer in a thin liquid film significantly. In addition, utilizing electric fields on the evaporating film will be a way to expand the extended meniscus region to attain high heat transfer coefficients and high rates of heat flux.     

振动平板上降膜流动换热特性

为强化平板降膜换热效率,运用VOF模型和动网格方法的耦合技术,编写UDF函数,建立了振动平板上降膜流动换热计算模型。考虑了表面张力和壁面接触角对液膜流动的影响,研究了不同参数对降膜换热的影响,计算结果表明：振动使得平板上的液膜剧烈波动,强化了液膜传热传质效果;随着振幅和频率的增大,液膜换热效果提高,当频率和振幅同时增大时,换热效果明显提高,在研究的参数范围内,当频率f=50 Hz,振幅A=2.0 mm时,相比于无振动平板降膜,换热效果提高了27%。     

Experimental study of falling film evaporation heat transfer outside horizontal tubes

The heat transfer process of falling film horizontal evaporation includes evaporation outside tubes and condensation inside tubes, the heat transfer coefficient of the former is about 50% of that of the latter. So the overall heat transfer coefficient is influenced mainly by the falling film evaporation outside tubes. An experimental study of falling film heat transfer outside horizontal tubes was carried out in order to show how the heat transfer coefficient is affected by different parameters such as flow density evaporation temperatures, temperature difference between wall and saturation water, and mass concentration of the seawater. Experiments were conducted using 14 mm outer diameter Al-brass tubes heated by internal electric heaters so that a uniform heat flux was generated on the outside surface of tubes. The results show that when flow density Γ varies between 0.013 kg/ms < Γ< 0.062 kg/ms, the heat stransfer coefficient of falling film evaporation outside horizontal tubes h increases with the increase in liquid feeding, evaporation boiling temperature and heat flux. h also increases with an increase in distributor height, however there is a maximum height in which any height above this. Besides, the amount of non-condensing gas has significant effect on h. The difference of heat transfer coefficient between freshwater and seawater is small. These results contribute to further improving the performance of heat transfer process and developing new evaporator.     

竖直管降膜蒸发器流动与传热过程的数值模拟

针对竖直管降膜蒸发器的技术特点,在计算流体力学和传热学理论分析基础上,采用FLUENT软件,运用自定义函数(UDF)编写传质源项,对降膜蒸发器的加热管内液体沿壁面呈膜状下降流动并受热汽化过程进行了三维数值模拟研究,模拟采用Mixture两相流层流模型,Simple算法。模拟结果以3D形式表现了液体沿运动方向在管壁发展成膜的过程,并将模拟得到的液膜厚度与理论计算得到的液膜厚度进行了比较。模拟结果表明,竖直降膜蒸发器加热管具有液膜薄,均匀性好的特点,管表面容易形成柱状流,液膜厚度为1.0 mm。     

椭圆管外液膜流动的数值模拟及传热实验研究Ⅱ:实验研究

在椭圆管外液膜流动数值模拟的基础上,对椭圆管外的液膜厚度和传热性能进行了实验研究.研究结果表明:椭圆管外液膜厚度的模拟计算与实验结果基本吻合,误差约8％,可见数值模拟方法正确;长短轴比为1.5的椭圆传热管的传热系数比圆管提高20％ ～ 22％,可见椭圆管型强化传热明显.