大庆常压渣油催化裂解反应规律研究

采用小型固定流化床实验装置,以大庆常压渣油为原料,针对Ca-Al裂解催化剂,详细分析了催化裂解气体产品和液体产品的组成,考察了反应温度、剂油比、水油比和停留时间对裂解产物分布的影响。发现各操作条件对大庆常渣催化裂解产物分布具有不同程度的影响,其中反应温度的影响最大;随反应温度的升高,乙烯产率单调增加,而丙烯、丁烯和总低碳烯烃产率均存在一个最大值。在优化的操作条件下,乙烯质量产率可达25%,总低碳烯烃质量产率超过50%。     

重油催化裂解制丙烯催化剂的评价

采用小型固定流化床,以大庆常压渣油为原料对催化裂解制丙烯催化剂进行了反应评价。采用HP6890气相色谱分析裂解气,SP3420气相色谱分析液体产物,并进一步采用色谱质谱分析液体产物组成,催化剂所含焦炭采用自行研制开发的快速精密定碳仪分析,建立起了一套催化裂解制丙烯催化剂的评价方法,结果证明,该评价方法重复性良好,结果准确,适用于重油催化裂解制烯烃的评价。所评价的催化剂的烯烃产率较高,并且随反应温度升高,乙烯产率增加,而丙产率和总烯烃产率有一最大值。反应温度为650℃,剂油比为15,水油比为0.7时,乙烯平均产率达到15.9%,丙烯平均产率达到20.7%,包括丁烯在内的总烯烃平均产率达到44.3%,说明该催化剂的催化裂解性能较好。     

流化催化裂化汽油改质和增产低碳烯烃的研究

采用GL型催化剂,在小型固定流化床实验装置上考察了反应温度、剂油比、空速和水油比等操作条件对流化催化裂化(FCC)汽油催化改质汽油的产品分布、低碳烯烃(丁烯、丙烯和乙烯)产率和族组成的影响。实验结果表明,在一定反应条件下,FCC汽油通过催化改质可以降低烯烃含量,提高芳烃含量和辛烷值,在满足新汽油标准的同时提高了低碳烯烃的产率。此外,较高的反应温度、剂油比和水油比以及较低的空速有利于FCC汽油催化改质和增产低碳烯烃。     

轻汽油催化裂解反应研究

对高硅铝比ZSM-5分子筛进行成型和改性制得催化剂,并应用于轻汽油催化裂解制低碳烯烃反应。借助XRD、SEM、N_2吸附-脱附和NH_3-TPD等表征手段研究了分子筛原料和裂解催化剂的结构特征。实验结果表明,高于500℃的温度条件下,轻汽油中烯烃可以在催化剂上直接裂解,生成包括乙烯、丙烯和丁烯在内的低碳烯烃。原料组成对轻汽油催化裂解反应的产物分布影响明显,烯烃含量较高且碳数较低的原料更有利于反应的进行。高温和低空速有助于轻汽油转化和低碳烯烃生成。在温度540℃,压力0.05 MPa和质量空速16 h~(-1)的条件下,轻汽油中烯烃转化率可达69%,低碳烯烃总产率超过87%。     

反应温度对催化裂化汽油芳构化的研究

以中国石油兰州炼油石化公司催化汽油为原料,采用小型固定流化床为芳构化反应装置,考察了反应温度对芳构化产物收率、转化率、马达法和研究法辛烷值、气体产品组成和液体产品组成的影响规律。实验结果表明,随着反应温度的升高,干气、液化气和焦炭收率呈上升趋势,而汽油和柴油收率呈下降趋势,FCC汽油的转化率都在94%左右,且随反应温度的升高先增大后减小;乙烯、丙烯、丁烯、乙烯和总低碳烯烃收率单调增加,而乙烯、丙烯、丁烯、乙烯和丙烯和总低碳烯烃收率的增加幅度各不相同;异构烷烃和烯烃收率随着反应温度的升高逐渐减少,而芳烃的收率和选择性随着反应温度的升高逐渐增加,正构烷烃和环烷烃的收率随着温度的增加先增加后减少。     

重油催化裂解制低碳烯烃工艺的研究进展

近年来,随着石油工业的快速发展,对低碳烯烃,尤其是丙烯、乙烯的需求越来越大。开发以石油为原料,通过催化裂解的工艺,生产低碳烯烃逐渐成为当今社会生产的趋势。本文结合重油催化裂解制低碳烯烃工艺,对催化裂解催化剂以及我国的重油催化裂解制低碳烯烃技术进行了简要的探究和阐述。     

大型石油、天然气和煤化工及新型催化关键技术国家重大产业技术开发专项

1 石油化工 重点开发内容:清洁汽油生产技术,重点是降低催化裂化汽油硫和烯烃含量技术,催化汽油后处理技术和高辛烷值汽油组分生产技术;清洁柴油生产技术,重点是降低柴油硫含量技术,提高十六烷值、加氢精制与改质技术;重油深度加工技术;炼化一体化技术,重点是重质油催化裂化多产丙烯技术,重质原料生产乙烯技术,乙烯裂解、分离技术及装备;三大合成材料生产     

合成气制烃的催化过程和催化剂发展动态

4 合成气直接制烃催化剂提高合成过程竞争力的总趋势是控制选择性,开发定向合成催化过程和催化剂。目的产品是液体燃料汽油、柴油,化工原料乙烯、丙烯、异丁烯等低碳烯烃以及裂解原料低碳烷烃。4.1 合成低碳烯烃     

轻烃催化裂解制低碳烯烃反应规律与原料特征化

利用小型固定床实验装置对比研究了轻烃模型化合物的催化裂解性能,从优到劣的顺序依次是正构烯烃、正构烷烃、环烷烃、异构烷烃、芳香烃。正构烷烃、异构烷烃与环烷烃催化裂解的总低碳烯烃收率有较大差别,但是总低碳烯烃选择性却均在56.57%左右。研究了直馏石脑油的催化裂解性能,发现乙丙烯收率和总低碳烯烃收率随反应温度的升高及重时空速的降低而逐渐增大;在反应温度680℃、重时空速4.32 h^-1和水油稀释比0.35的条件下,乙丙烯收率35.87%（质量）,总低碳烯烃收率为41.94%（质量）。针对轻烃催化裂解提出了原料特征化参数KF,它是原料H/C原子比、相对密度与分子量的函数,能较好地表征轻烃原料的催化裂解性能。     

甲醇制丙烯副产汽油组成分析及催化裂解制烯烃研究

为了拓宽乙烯裂解原料并合理利用甲醇制丙烯(MTP)副产汽油资源,分析了Lurgi MTP工艺副产汽油馏分的组成;并在小型固定床实验装置上研究了IBP~99℃轻组分在ZSM-5分子筛上催化裂解制低碳烯性能。结果表明,MTP汽油组成呈现芳烃含量高,正构烷烃含量低的特点,主要碳数分布为C6-C9。芳烃组以二甲苯为主,含量达到22.89%,其次为三甲苯,尤其1,2,4-三甲苯(1,2,4-TMB),含量达到8.07%,与传统汽油组成差异较大,但可分级利用。在600℃下时,轻组分裂解产物中丙烯产率最高达到30.59%,比乙烯产率高5.82%;而在625℃下,产物中乙烯产率最高达31.5%,比丙烯产率高6.13%,双烯产率最高达56.87%。由此可见,MTP汽油中轻组分是较好的催化裂解生产低碳烯烃的原料。     

重油催化裂解汽柴油二次裂解性能研究

This paper investigated the secondary cracking of gasoline and diesel from the catalytic pyrolysis of Daqing atmospheric residue on catalyst CEP-1 in a fluidized bed reactor.The results show that the secondary cracking reactivity of gasoline and diesel is poor,and the yield of total light olefins is only about 10%（by mass）.As reaction temperature increases,ethylene yield increases,butylene yield decreases,and propylene yield shows a maximum.The optimal reaction temperature is about 670℃for the production of light olefins.With the enhance- ment of catalyst-to-oil mass ratio and steam-to-oil mass ratio,the yields of light olefins increase to some extent. About 6.30%of the mass of total aromatic rings is converted by secondary cracking,indicating that aromatic hy- drocarbons are not easy to undergo ring-opening reactions under the present experimental conditions.     

大庆常压催化裂解动力学研究

Catalytic pyrolysis of Daqing atmospheric residue on catalyst CEP-1 was investigated in a confined fluidized bed reactor. The results show that reaction temperature, the mass ratios of catalyst to oil and steam to oil have significant effects on product distribution and yields of light olefins. The yields of light olefins show the maxima with the increase of reaction temperature, the mass ratios of catalyst to oil and steam to oil, respectively. The optimized operating conditions were determined in the laboratory, and under that condition the yields of ethylene, propylene and total light olefins by mass were 15.9%, 20.7% and 44.3% respectively. The analysis of pyrolysis gas and pyrolysis liquid indicates that CEP-1 has good capacity of converting heavy oils into light olefins, and there is a large amount of aromatics in pyrolysis liquid.     

Study on reformulation of fluid catalytic cracking gasoline and increasing production of light olefins

The effects of reaction temperature, mass ratio of catalyst to oil, space velocity, and mass ratio of water to oil on the product distribution, the yields of light olefins (light olefins including ethylene, propylene and butylene) and the composition of the fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) gasoline upgraded over the self-made catalyst GL in a confined fluidized bed reactor were investigated. The experimental results showed that FCC gasoline was obviously reformulated under appropriate reaction conditions. The olefins (olefins with C atom number above 4) content of FCC gasoline was markedly reduced, and the aromatics content and octane number were increased. The upgraded gasoline met the new standard of gasoline, and meanwhile, higher yields of light olefins were obtained. Furthermore, higher reaction temperature, higher mass ratio of catalyst to oil, higher mass ratio of water to oil, and lower space velocity were found to be beneficial to FCC gasoline reformulation and light olefins production.     

催化裂解石脑油加氢利用路线开发

催化裂解与传统的高温蒸汽裂解相比,通过催化剂降低催化裂解反应活化能和反应温度,除生产乙烯、丙烯和丁烯等主要化工原料外,还副产一定量的轻质芳烃。分析催化裂解石脑油,结果表明,催化裂解石脑油主要为C₅~C₉馏分,芳烃质量分数62.97%,苯、甲苯和二甲苯质量分数54.38%,与全馏分裂解汽油相当,是优质的抽提芳烃原料。提出对原料进行预处理后,经两段加氢、产品抽提芳烃的利用路线,并在试验室采用切割塔及等温床完成对原料的预处理,制取满足两段加氢要求的原料。在一段入口温度(45~55) ℃、反应压力2.8 MPa、氢油体积比100∶1、液时空速1.5 h-1和二段入口温度(250~255) ℃、反应压力2.8 MPa、氢油体积比600∶1和液时空速1.5 h^-1条件下,对一段和二段进行1 000 h的加氢评价试验,结果表明,一段加氢后产品双烯值均＜2.5 g-I·（100g油）^-1,二段加氢产品溴价＜1.0 g-Br·（100g油）^-1,硫含量＜1.0 μg·g^-1,满足芳烃抽提对原料烯烃及硫含量的要求。     

催化裂解反应条件对产物收率的影响

增产低碳烯烃、轻质芳烃等产物是催化裂解技术发展的趋势,反应条件是影响催化裂解产物分布的关键因素。介绍催化裂解过程涉及的反应机理,概述反应温度、剂油质量比、停留时间(空速)、水油质量比等反应条件,裂解装置和原料油性质对产物收率的影响,结合工业实例分析反应条件对产物收率的影响。     

Study on reformulation of fluid catalytic cracking gasoline and increasing production of light olefins

The effects of reaction temperature, mass ratio of catalyst to oil, space velocity, and mass ratio of water to oil on the product distribution, the yields of light olefins (light olefins including ethylene, propylene and butylene) and the composition of the fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) gasoline upgraded over the self-made catalyst GL in a confined fluidized bed reactor were investigated. The experimental results showed that FCC gasoline was obviously reformulated under appropriate reaction conditions. The olefins (olefins with C atom number above 4) content of FCC gasoline was markedly reduced, and the aromatics content and octane number were increased. The upgraded gasoline met the new standard of gasoline, and meanwhile, higher yields of light olefins were obtained. Furthermore, higher reaction temperature, higher mass ratio of catalyst to oil, higher mass ratio of water to oil, and lower space velocity were found to be beneficial to FCC gasoline reformulation and light olefins production. __________ Translated from Chemical Reaction Engineering and Technology, 2006, 22(6): 532–538 [译自: 化学反应工程与工艺]     

Hydrogen balance for catalytic pyrolysis of atmospheric residue

The catalytic pyrolysis of atmospheric residue over the commercial catalytic pyrolysis process catalyst (Al₂O₃/Fe₂O₃/Na₂O (46.3, 0.27 and 0.04 wt.%, respectively)) was investigated in a confined fluidized bed reactor. The yield of light olefins was above 37 wt.% at reaction temperature above 600 °C and it reached a maximum of 47 wt.% at 660 °C. The main components in light olefins were ethylene and propylene, and those in liquid samples were aromatics. The main components in light alkanes were propane and i-butane at low reaction temperature (600 °C), and those were methane and ethane at high reaction temperature (700 °C). The hydrogen content of light olefins was about 14.27 wt.%, that of light alkanes was above 18.5 wt.%, that of gasoline was below 12.5 wt.%, and that of diesel was below 7.8 wt.%. The percentage of the hydrogen in light alkanes to total hydrogen was above 29% and that in light olefins was above 40%. The effective utilization ratio of hydrogen decreased from 66.60% at 600 °C to 61.44% at 700 °C.     

Study of cracking FCC naphtha in a secondary riser of the FCC unit for maximum propylene production

To satisfy the increasing propylene demand, reprocessing FCC naphtha in a secondary riser of the FCC unit was investigated. To this aim, a full range FCC naphtha was cracked over a mixture of two kinds of commercial equilibrium FCC catalysts, which contained 95 t.% Y zeolite-based catalyst and 5 wt.% ZSM-5 zeolite-based additive. The effects of operating parameters such as reaction temperature (temperature of the riser outlet), catalyst-to-oil ratio and residence time on FCC naphtha cracking were studied in a continuous pilot plant. This work demonstrates that FCC naphtha requires high operating severities to crack, and approximately 12–19 wt.% FCC naphtha can be transformed into propylene. The conversion and yield of propylene showed a rapid increase with increasing reaction temperature, and the increase of catalyst-to-oil ratio also enhanced FCC naphtha cracking, even at high reaction temperature. However, at high catalyst-to-oil reactions, hydrogen-transfer reactions constrain further increases in light olefin yields. At these high operating severities, shortening residence time is an appropriate way to obtain high yields of propylene combined with (i) lower yields of dry gas and (ii) a lower apparent hydrogen-transfer coefficient.