Online linearization-based neural predictive control of air–fuel ratio in SI engines with PID feedback correction scheme

Model predictive control (MPC) frequently uses online identification to overcome model mismatch. However, repeated online identification does not suit the real-time controller, due to its heavy computational burden. This work presents a computationally efficient constrained MPC scheme using nonlinear prediction and online linearization based on neural models for controlling air–fuel ratio of spark ignition engine to its stoichiometric value. The neural model for AFR identification has been trained offline. The model mismatch is taken care of by incorporating a PID feedback correction scheme. Quadratic programming using active set method has been applied for nonlinear optimization. The control scheme has been tested on mean value engine model simulations. It has been shown that neural predictive control with online linearization using PID feedback correction gives satisfactory performance and also adapts to the change in engine systems very quickly.     

Drilling performance analysis of drill column machine using proposed neural networks

Air-ratio is an important engine parameter that relates closely to engine emissions, power, and brake-specific fuel consumption. Model predictive controller (MPC) is a well-known technique for air-ratio control. This paper utilizes an advanced modelling technique, called online sequential extreme learning machine (OSELM), to develop an online sequential extreme learning machine MPC (OEMPC) for air-ratio regulation according to various engine loads. The proposed OEMPC was implemented on a real engine to verify its effectiveness. Its control performance is also compared with the latest MPC for engine air-ratio control, namely diagonal recurrent neural network MPC, and conventional proportional–integral–derivative (PID) controller. Experimental results show the superiority of the proposed OEMPC over the other two controllers, which can more effectively regulate the air-ratio to specific target values under external disturbance. Therefore, the proposed OEMPC is a promising scheme to replace conventional PID controller for engine air-ratio control.     

RBF-ARX model-based MPC strategies with application to a water tank system

A hybrid pseudo-linear RBF-ARX model that combines Gaussian radial basis function (RBF) networks and linear ARX model structure is utilized for representing the dynamic behavior of a class of smooth nonlinear and non-stationary systems. This model is locally linear at each working point and globally nonlinear within whole working range. Based on the structural characteristics of the RBF-ARX model, three receding horizon predictive control (RBF-ARX-MPC) strategies are designed: (1) the RBF-ARX-MPC algorithm based on single-point linearization (MPC-SPL); (2) the RBF-ARX-MPC algorithm based on multi-point linearization (MPC-MPL); and (3) the RBF-ARX-MPC algorithm based on globally nonlinear optimization (MPC-GNO). In the MPC-SPL, the future multi-step-ahead predictive output of the system is obtained based on the local linearization of the RBF-ARX model at only current working-point, while in the MPC-MPL the future long-term output prediction is obtained according to the future local characteristics from previous online optimization results of the RBF-ARX model based MPC. In the MPC-GNO, the globally nonlinear characteristics of the RBF-ARX model are fully used for online getting control variables of the MPC. Real-time control experiments for the three type MPCs are carried out on a water tank system, which are also compared with a classical PID control and a traditional linear ARX model-based MPC. The results verify that the modeling method and the model-based predictive control strategies are realizable and effective for the nonlinear and unstable system. Moreover, it is also shown that the MPC-GNO can obtain better control performance but need more computation time compared to the other MPCs, which makes it possible to be applied into some slowly varying processes.     

Contractive model predictive control for constrained nonlinearsystems

This paper addresses the development of stabilizing state and output feedback model predictive control (MPC) algorithms for constrained continuous-time nonlinear systems with discrete observations. Moreover, we propose a nonlinear observer structure for this class of systems and derive sufficient conditions under which this observer provides asymptotically convergent estimates. The MPC scheme proposed consists of a basic finite horizon nonlinear MPC technique with the introduction of an additional state constraint, which has been called a contractive constraint. The resulting MPC scheme has been denoted contractive MPC. This is a Lyapunov-based approach in which a Lyapunov function chosen a priori is decreased, not continuously, but discretely; it is allowed to increase at other times. We show in this work that the implementation of this additional constraint into the online optimization makes it possible to prove strong nominal stability properties of the closed-loop system     

基于反馈线性化的永磁同步电机模型预测控制

提出一种基于反馈线性化和模型预测控制(MPC)策略的永磁同步电机(PMSM)控制方案.运用微分几何理论讨论了非线性PMSM模型可进行反馈线性化的充分必要条件,并将其转换为新坐标空间中的线性模型;分析了MPC原理和对系统约束条件的处理方法.针对获得的PMSM线性模型,分别采用MPC和状态反馈极点配置方法设计了控制器.在有...     

基于多模糊模型的非线性预测控制

研究了基于多模糊模型的非线性预测控制问题 ,提出了基于多模型融合的非线性预测控制方法 .首先根据实际对象在不同运行点附近的状态建立了非线性系统的线性多模糊模型表示 ,然后给出了基于多模糊模型的预测控制原理结构框图 .非线性多模糊模型被用来作为预测模型 ,CSTR过程的仿真研究表明是一种有前景的非线性预测控制方法 .     

磁悬浮球系统的非线性自适应控制方法

针对磁悬浮球系统被控对象变化时控制器自适应问题,提出了一种反馈线性化和在线参数辨识相结合的非线性自适应控制方法。基于状态反馈精确线性化方法建立磁悬浮球系统的数学模型,通过状态反馈设计了一种非线性控制器,并给出了控制器参数的在线辨识方法。MATLAB平台上在线实验结果表明,与反演滑模自适应控制方法相比,提出的方法无须在平衡位置近似线性化,可以在平衡位置实现对不同对象的自适应控制,且具有理想的稳态调节性能。     

Linearization and state estimation of unknown discrete-timenonlinear dynamic systems using recurrent neurofuzzy networks

Model-based methods for the state estimation and control of linear systems have been well developed and widely applied. In practice, the underlying systems are often unknown and nonlinear. Therefore, data based model identification and associated linearization techniques are very important. Local linearization and feedback linearization have drawn considerable attention in recent years. In this paper, linearization techniques using neural networks are reviewed, together with theoretical difficulties associated with the application of feedback linearization. A recurrent neurofuzzy network with an analysis of variance (ANOVA) decomposition structure and its learning algorithm are proposed for linearizing unknown discrete-time nonlinear dynamic systems. It can be viewed as a method for approximate feedback linearization, as such it enlarges the class of nonlinear systems that can be feedback linearized using neural networks. Applications of this new method to state estimation are investigated with realistic simulation examples, which shows that the new method has useful practical properties such as model parametric parsimony and learning convergence, and is effective in dealing with complex unknown nonlinear systems.     

电流型变流器的改进模型预测控制

传统的模型预测控制(MPC)采用脉冲响应的非参数模型作为系统的预测控制模型,计算量大,很难直接应用于实时控制系统.本文提出将传统的MPC进行改进,应用到电流型变流器(CSC)功率因数校正系统中.改进的MPC根据CSC控制量与被控制量的传递函数得出CSC的一阶差分方程作为预测控制模型,同时保留传统MPC反馈校正、动态优化等优点.将此改进的MPC与传统的PID控制进行对比研究,结果表明:改进的MPC用于电流型变流器,比传统的PID控制具有更好的鲁棒性和更快速的动态响应特性.     

Neural control of fast nonlinear systems--application to a turbocharged SI engine with VCT.

Today, (engine) downsizing using turbocharging appears as a major way in reducing fuel consumption and pollutant emissions of spark ignition (SI) engines. In this context, an efficient control of the air actuators [throttle, turbo wastegate, and variable camshaft timing (VCT)] is needed for engine torque control. This paper proposes a nonlinear model-based control scheme which combines separate, but coordinated, control modules. Theses modules are based on different control strategies: internal model control (IMC), model predictive control (MPC), and optimal control. It is shown how neural models can be used at different levels and included in the control modules to replace physical models, which are too complex to be online embedded, or to estimate nonmeasured variables. The results obtained from two different test benches show the real-time applicability and good control performance of the proposed methods.     

Neural Control of Fast Nonlinear Systems— Application to a Turbocharged SI Engine With VCT

Today, (engine) downsizing using turbocharging appears as a major way in reducing fuel consumption and pollutant emissions of spark ignition (SI) engines. In this context, an efficient control of the air actuators [throttle, turbo wastegate, and variable camshaft timing (VCT)] is needed for engine torque control. This paper proposes a nonlinear model-based control scheme which combines separate, but coordinated, control modules. Theses modules are based on different control strategies: internal model control (IMC), model predictive control (MPC), and optimal control. It is shown how neural models can be used at different levels and included in the control modules to replace physical models, which are too complex to be online embedded, or to estimate nonmeasured variables. The results obtained from two different test benches show the real-time applicability and good control performance of the proposed methods.     

Online set-point optimisation cooperating with predictive control of a yeast fermentation process: A neural network approach

Online set-point optimisation which cooperates with model predictive control (MPC) and its application to a yeast fermentation process are described. A computationally efficient multilayer control system structure with adaptive steady-state target optimisation (ASSTO) and a suboptimal MPC algorithm are presented in which two neural models of the process are used. For set-point optimisation, a steady-state neural model is linearised online and the set-point is calculated from a linear programming problem. For MPC, a dynamic neural model is linearised online and the control policy is calculated from a quadratic programming problem. In consequence of linearisation of neural models, the necessity of online nonlinear optimisation is eliminated. Results obtained in the proposed structure are comparable with those achieved in a computationally demanding structure with nonlinear optimisation used for set-point optimisation and MPC.     

Computation delay compensation for real time implementation of robust model predictive control

The implementation of model predictive control (MPC) requires to solve an optimization problem online. The computation time, often not negligible especially for nonlinear MPC (NMPC), introduces a delay in the feedback loop. Moreover, it impedes fast sampling rate setting for the controller to react to uncertainties quickly. In this paper, a dual time scale control scheme is proposed for linear/nonlinear systems with external disturbances. A pre-compensator works at fast sampling rate to suppress uncertainty, while the outer MPC controller updates the open loop input sequence at a slower rate. The computation delay is explicitly considered and compensated in the MPC design. Four robust MPC algorithms for linear/nonlinear systems in the literature are adopted and tailored for the proposed control scheme. The recursive feasibility and stability are rigorously analysed. Three simulation examples are provided to validate the proposed approaches.     

A tool to analyze robust stability for constrained nonlinear MPC

A sufficient condition for robust asymptotic stability of nonlinear constrained model predictive control (MPC) is derived with respect to plant/model mismatch. This work is an extension of a previous study on the unconstrained nonlinear MPC problem, and is based on nonlinear programming sensitivity concepts. It addresses the discrete time state feedback problem with all states measured. A strategy to estimate bounds on the plant/model mismatch is proposed that can be used off-line as a tool to assess the extent of model mismatch that can be tolerated to guarantee robust stability.     

Adaptive air-fuel ratio control with MLP network

This paper presents an application of adaptive neural network model-based predictive control (MPC) to the air-fuel ratio of an engine simulation. A multi-layer perceptron (MLP) neural network is trained using two on-line training algorithms: a back propagation algorithm and a recursive least squares (RLS) algorithm. It is used to model parameter uncertainties in the nonlinear dynamics of internal combustion (IC) engines. Based on the adaptive model, an MPC strategy for controlling air-fuel ratio is realized, and its control performance compared with that of a traditional PI controller. A reduced Hessian method, a newly developed sequential quadratic programming (SQP) method for solving nonlinear programming (NLP) problems, is implemented to speed up nonlinear optimization in the MPC.     

基于神经网络补偿的非线性时滞系统时滞正反馈控制

A new adaptive time-delay positive feedback controller (ATPFC) is presented for a class of nonlinear time-delay systems. The proposed control scheme consists of a neural networks-based identification and a time-delay positive feedback controller. Two high-order neural networks (HONN) incorporated with a special dynamic identification model are employed to identify the nonlinear system. Based on the identified model, local linearization compensation is used to deal with the unknown nonlinearity of the system. A time-delay-free inverse model of the linearized system and a desired reference model are utilized to constitute the feedback controller, which can lead the system output to track the trajectory of a reference model. Rigorous stability analysis for both the identification and the tracking error of the closed-loop control system is provided by means of Lyapunov stability criterion. Simulation results are included to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed scheme.     

Neural network based model predictive control for a steel pickling process

A multi-layer feedforward neural network model based predictive control scheme is developed for a multivariable nonlinear steel pickling process in this paper. In the acid baths three variables under controlled are the hydrochloric acid concentrations. The baths exhibit the normal features of an industrial system such as nonlinear dynamics and multi-effects among variables. In the modeling, multiple input, single-output recurrent neural network subsystem models are developed using input–output data sets obtaining from mathematical model simulation. The Levenberg–Marquardt algorithm is used to train the process models. In the control (MPC) algorithm, the feedforward neural network models are used to predict the state variables over a prediction horizon within the model predictive control algorithm for searching the optimal control actions via sequential quadratic programming. The proposed algorithm is tested for control of a steel pickling process in several cases in simulation such as for set point tracking, disturbance, model mismatch and presence of noise. The results for the neural network model predictive control (NNMPC) overall show better performance in the control of the system over the conventional PI controller in all cases.     

基于模糊神经网络的涡喷发动机控制系统设计

针对微型涡喷发动机ECU控制系统具有时变性和非线性的特点,为改善微型涡喷发动机控制系统的控制性能,将模糊神经网络PID控制方法应用于ECU的转速与推力控制系统中;首先,利用某微型涡喷发动机的试车数据通过系统辨识方法得到其数学模型,其次针对模糊PID无法在线调参的弊端,引入模糊神经网络控制方法对微型涡喷发动机ECU系统进行控制;为模拟发动机在工作过程中遇到的干扰问题,在仿真过程中加入了干扰信号,通过与传统PID、模糊PID的仿真结果对比验证得出,模糊神经网络PID在涡喷发动机转速控制系统中响应速度更快约为1 s,超调量更小约为0,在有干扰的情况下恢复稳定状态的时间更短,约为0.5 s。     

一种混合神经网络飞行控制方法研究

讨论了一种基于神经网络控制的飞行控制方法。针对复杂非线性系统难以建立精确模型的特点,利用神经网络的任意非线性逼近能力进行控制器设计,首先应用神经网络在线辨识对象逆模型,进行控制系统反馈线性化;接着利用circle theorem（圆定理）设计线性PID鲁棒控制器,控制系统输出跟随系统输入,然后应用神经网路自适应逆方法设计混合控制器,最后以F-8飞机纵向飞行控制模态为研究对象进行仿真。仿真结果表明,该控制方法具有较强的自适应和抗干扰能力。     

PID-DMC算法及其在液位控制系统中的应用

提出了一种新的带PID校正环节的DMC算法，论述了其原理并将其应用于实际液位控制系统，实现了系统在模型失配明显的情况下对二阶液位对象的有效控制。由于控制阀的非线性特性使得本实验中的液位对象具有时滞弱非线性特性，常规DMC算法控制存在明显的模型失配问题并影响了系统的控制性能。为此在常规DMC算法中引入PID环节，从而得到了一种新的PID—DMC算法。实验结果表明该算法能有效改善系统在模型失配情况下的控制性能，且算法简单易行，在线计算量小。