A new DCT audio watermarking scheme based on preliminary MP3 study

In this paper, a new audio watermarking scheme operating in the frequency domain and based on neural network architecture is described. The watermark is hidden into the middle frequency band after performing a Discrete Cosine transform (DCT). Embedding and extraction of the watermark are based on the use of a back-propagation neural network (BPNN) architecture. In addition, the selection of frequencies and the block hiding the watermark are based on a preliminary study of the effect of MP3 compression at several rates on the signal. Experimental results show that the proposed technique presents good robustness and perceptual quality results. We also investigate the application of the proposed technique in video watermarking. Traditional techniques have used audio channel as supplementary embedding space and adopt state-of-the art techniques that resist to MP3 compression attack. In these techniques, the MPEG compression attack is only evaluated on the video part and the audio part is kept unaffected. In this paper, we adapt the preliminary MP3 study to video watermarking technique but with a preliminary study of the MPEG compression applied to the audio channel. Here again, we notice that the application of the preliminary MPEG study to the audio channel improves the robustness of the video watermarking scheme though keeping high-quality watermarked video sequences.     

频谱嫡特征识别的抗去同步鲁棒性MP3水印算法

提出了一种鲁棒的、将离散余弦系数(MDCT)频谱嫡修正为隐含同步码的压缩域水印,实现了基于音频内容的自同步。算法结合MP3编解码原理对解压后的音频数据分块实施重复嵌入,并根据心理声学模型的掩蔽效应选取合适的嵌入位置,通过处理低频DWT系数完成嵌入。将非压缩域音频信号重新压缩为含有水印信息的MP3码流。 在解码过程中通过频谱墒关系序列定位水印提取位置,实现了水印的盲提取。仿真实验结果表明,算法在保证水印不可感知性的情况下,对抵抗去同步攻击以及Stirmark软件的常见攻击具有良好的鲁棒性。     

基于听觉感知模型的自适应音频数字水印算法

提出了一种基于听觉感知模型的自适应音频数字水印算法。该算法采用了适合于时变信号分析的小波包来分解音频信号。小波包分解满足心理声学模型所需的频率分辨率,可直接在小波域中计算掩蔽阈值,而不需像MEGP等算法那样进行FFT运算,从而大大降低了计算的复杂程度。实验结果表明,水印系统对MP3压缩、噪声干扰、重量化、低通滤波攻击有一定的鲁棒性。     

自适应小波域数字音频水印嵌入算法研究

以整型提升小波变换、人类听觉掩蔽特性、数字音频局部邻域特性为基础，提出了一种自适应小波域数字音频水印嵌入算法，该算法具有以下特点：（1）结合人类听觉系统的掩蔽特性，实现了水印嵌入位置的自适应确定；（2）引入了高效的整型提升小波变换；（3）利用数字音频的局部邻域特性，实现了数字水印嵌入深度的智能调节；（4）数字水印信息的提取不需要原始音频信号．对比实验表明：该自适应数字音频水印算法不仅具有较好的透明性，而且对诸如叠加噪声、有损压缩、低通滤波、重新采样、重新量化等攻击均具有较好的鲁棒性（特别是叠加噪声与低通滤波）。     

基于量化和听觉感知的数字音频水印

论文提出了一种新的用于音频作品版权保护的数字水印算法。水印(二值标志图像)由相邻小波包系数的特定量化关系表示。心理声学模型控制水印嵌入和小波包分解过程,确保水印嵌入是不可感知的,同时使子带分解结构接近于临界频带,因此与以往算法相比该算法提高了子带掩蔽阈值,即加大了水印的抗攻击范围,增强了水印的鲁棒性。实验结果显示该算法能有效抵抗MP3压缩,低通滤波,重新采样和添加白/随机噪声等多种攻击。     

Robust and efficient content-based digital audio watermarking

This paper proposes a set of digital watermarking schemes for WAV audio, WAV-table synthesis audio and compressed audio. The watermark embedding scheme is closely related to audio content and based on the human auditory system. The experimental results in listening and robustness illustrate that the proposed watermarking schemes can achieve an optimal balance between audibility and robustness of the watermarked audio. The proposed methods are also very useful and effective for copyright protection, tracing illegal distribution and other applications.     

基于听觉掩蔽模型和量化的音频水印算法

提出一种基于听觉掩蔽模型的音频数字水印算法,根据掩蔽阚值量化音频经DCT变换后的低频系数来嵌入水印。实验结果证明所嵌入的水印具有很好的不可感知性,对加白噪声、低通滤波和重采样等各种攻击具有良好的鲁棒性。     

Adjustable audio watermarking algorithm based on DWPT and psychoacoustic modeling

This paper presents a novel adjustable audio watermarking method with high auditory quality by exploiting the discrete wavelet packet transform (DWPT), psychoacoustic modeling and distortion compensated-dither modulation (DC-DM) quantization. While the DWPT is used to divide the audio frames into several frequency sub-bands, the psychoacoustic model is intergraded to determine the appropriate sub-bands for watermarking and to control the number of embedded bits in each one. Then, the DC-DM technique is used to embed the watermark bits into the appropriate DWPT coefficients. The synchronization code technique is adopted in the proposed method to withstand desynchronization attacks. In order to achieve an adjustable watermarking scheme, two regulator parameters are provided to manage the capacity-robustness trade-off. The performance of the watermarking scheme is evaluated by examining different host audio signals under various watermarking attacks. The results show excellent imperceptibility of watermarked signals with an average ODG of ? 0.3. In addition, the proposed scheme provides strong robustness against the attacks with low capacity. However, high capacity (about 2500 bps) can be achieved while maintaining a reasonable robustness. A comparison with some state-of-the-art audio watermarking schemes reveals that the proposed method provides competitive results.     

用于版权保护与内容认证的半脆弱音频水印算法

提出了一种可同时用于版权保护与内容认证的半脆弱数字音频盲水印算法. 该算法具有以下特点: 1)结合音频自身特性, 不仅能够自适应划分音频数据段, 而且能够智能调节水印嵌入强度, 增强了数字音频水印的鲁棒性; 2)能够同时进行数字音频的版权保护与内容认证, 并可大致确定篡改发生区域. 仿真实验表明, 文中算法不仅具有较好的不可感知性, 而且对常规处理具有较好的鲁棒性, 同时能够对替换等恶意篡改作出报警并确定被篡改位置.     

基于听觉频率掩蔽效应的音频数字水印算法

文中提出一种基于听觉掩蔽效应的音频数字水印算法,根据掩蔽阈值在DCT低频系数中嵌入水印。依据听觉掩蔽模型计算每个临界频带的掩蔽阈值,再根据水印嵌入点处的掩蔽阈值和音频载体值的大小共同控制量化步长。同时为满足水印快速嵌入的要求,通过文中提出的算法可以寻找到嵌入时间（计算量）与鲁棒性的最佳平衡点,得出一帧语音中嵌入水印的最佳重复次数。实验结果证明所嵌入的水印具有很好的不可感知性,对加白噪声、低通滤波、重采样和压缩等各种具有良好的鲁棒性。     

抗随机几何失真攻击的音频水印方案

随机几何失真攻击是指在数字音频中恶意地插入跳跃,或通过重采样等手段使相位等特性发生随机抖动,从而对音频数字水印构成严重威胁的行为。为防止这种攻击提出了一种利用音频信号采样点之间的相关性,同时根据信号局部特征生成水印信号并进行自同步嵌入的新方案。实验表明,该方案不仅对一般信号处理具有稳健性,也能够很好地抵御随机几何失真攻击。     

稳健局部特征非下采样小波域数字水印

目的 基于数字水印技术的音乐作品版权保护是学术界的研究热点之一,多数数字音频水印方案仅仅能够对抗简单的常规信号处理,无法有效抵抗破坏性较强的一般性去同步攻击。为此,提出了一种基于稳健局部特征的非下采样小波域数字水印算法。方法 利用非下采样小波域平滑梯度检测算子从载体音频中提取稳定的音频特征点,结合数字音频样本响应确定局部特征音频段,采用量化调制策略将数字水印信号重复嵌入局部特征音频段中。结果 选取4段典型的采样频率为44.1 kHz、量化精度为16 bit、长度为15 s的单声道数字音频信号作为原始载体进行测试,并与经典算法在不可感知性和鲁棒性两方面进行对比。结果表明,本文算法在含水印音频与原始载体音频间的信噪比平均提升了5.7 dB,同时常规攻击和去同步攻击下的平均检测率分别保持在0.925和0.913,高于大多数传统算法,表明了本文算法具有较好的不可感知性。在常规信号处理（MP3压缩、重新量化、重新采样等）和去同步攻击（幅度缩放、随机剪切、音调伸缩、DA/AD转换、抖动等）方面均具有较好的鲁棒性。结论 本文利用描述能力强且性能稳定的平滑梯度刻画局部数字音频性质,提出一种基于平滑梯度的非下采样小波域音频特征点提取方法,有效解决了音频特征点稳定性差且分布极不均匀的缺点,提高了数字音频水印对音调伸缩、随机剪切、抖动等攻击的抵抗能力。     

一种可抵抗MP3压缩的音频水印算法

提出了一种稳健的自适应混合域数字音频水印算法,该算法具有以下特点：(1)通过采纳更为稳健的同步信号及其全新嵌入策略,提高了音频水印的抗攻击能力;(2)充分利用DWT的多分辨率特性和DCT的能量压缩特性,改善了数字水印的隐藏效果;(3)结合听觉掩蔽特性自适应确定量化步长,提高了数字水印的不可感知性;(4)以保证不可感知性和稳健性的良好平衡为前提,实现了数字水印的盲检测．仿真实验表明,所提出的算法不仅具有较好的不可感知性,而且对诸如重新采样、重新量化、叠加噪声、低通滤波、随机剪切等攻击均具有较好的稳健性．特别地,该算法对于最为普通的MP3压缩攻击具有极强的抵抗能力(尤其是高压缩比下).     

基于经验模式分解的音频水印算法

针对传统基于经验模式分解(EMD)的音频水印算法鲁棒性不强的问题,提出一种基于固有模态函数(IMF)极值的盲音频水印算法.首先对音频信号进行分帧,每个音频帧经过EMD后得到IMF; 接着利用均匀量化的方法将水印信息和同步码嵌入到最后一个IMF的极值中.所提算法的数据嵌入率是46.9~50.3 b/s,且携水印音频保持了原始音频的感知质量.对携水印音频进行加噪、MP3压缩、重新采样、滤波、剪切和重采样攻击后,提取出的水印信息变化不大,算法鲁棒性较好.与时间域和小波域算法相比,提出的算法在保证高数据嵌入率的同时,可以抵抗32 kb/s的MP3压缩攻击.     

Audio watermarking in transform domain based on singular value decomposition and Cartesian-polar transformation

This paper presents an audio watermarking scheme in fast Fourier transform (FFT) domain based on singular value decomposition (SVD) and Cartesian-polar transformation (CPT). In our proposed scheme, initially the original audio is segmented into nonoverlapping frames. FFT is applied to each frame and low frequency FFT coefficients are selected. SVD is applied to the selected FFT coefficients of each frame represented in a matrix form. The highest singular values of each frame are selected and are decomposed into two components using CPT. Watermark information is embedded into each of these CPT components using an embedding function. Experimental results indicate that the proposed watermarking scheme is highly robust against various signal processing attacks. In addition, the proposed scheme has a high data payload. Moreover, it outperforms state-of-the-art audio watermarking methods in terms of imperceptibility, robustness, and data payload.     

DCT域音频水印算法的嵌入位置选择策略

本文在DCT最大误差模型研究的基础上提出了一种新的音频水印嵌入位置选择策略。建立了水印嵌入位置和嵌入水印后的音频文件的听觉感知性之阿的关系,根据音频水印的不可听性的要求选择最优的嵌入位置,然后选择不同的水印强度调整鲁棒性,从而最大程度地保持音频水印的不可听性和鲁棒性,为解决音频水印嵌入过程中不可听性和鲁棒性之间的矛盾提供了一种策略。     

Secure logarithmic audio watermarking scheme based on the human auditory system

This paper proposes a high capacity audio watermarking algorithm in the logarithm domain based on the absolute threshold of hearing of the human auditory system (HAS), which makes this scheme a novel technique. When considering the fact that the human ear requires more precise samples at low amplitudes (soft sounds), the use of the logarithm helps us design a logarithmic quantization algorithm. The key idea is to divide the selected frequency band into short frames and quantize the samples based on the HAS. Using frames and the HAS improves the robustness, since embedding a secret bit into a set of samples is more reliable than embedding it into a single sample. In addition, the quantization level is adjusted according to the HAS. Apart from remarkable capacity, transparency and robustness, this scheme provides three parameters (frequency band, scale factor and frame size) which facilitate the regulation of the watermarking properties. The experimental results show that the method has a high capacity (800–7,000 bits per second), without significant perceptual distortion (ODG >1) and provides robustness against common audio signal processing such as added noise, filtering and MPEG compression (MP3).     

基于心理声学模型的多码率零树小波音频压缩方法

ＭＰＥＧ－４音频编码标准不仅对码率和音质提出了更高的要求,而且还要求编码器具有多种功能以满足各种不同应用的需要,该文利用不同尺度小波系数的自相似特性和人耳的掩蔽效应,提出了一种基于心理声学模型的零树小波音频编码算法。该算法不仅可在低码率（５６ｋｂ／ｓ）上得到透明质量的ＣＤ音频信号,而且可产生嵌入式码流,在最优意义上支持多码率的可分级编码,是一种很有前途的适用一多媒体通信等领域的编码方案。     

基于心理声学模型的盲音频数字水印改进型算法

以往基于离散小波变换的音频数字水印算法鲁棒性不强,无法对数字音频信号的版权进行真正地保护,因此改进了算法,利用心理声学模型,控制水印信号的嵌入,通过计算音频信号的掩蔽阀值,在保证水印嵌入不可察觉的前提下,增大水印的嵌入强度。仿真实验证明,该算法具有较强的鲁棒性和不可感知性,能有效抵御各种常见攻击,并且能实现盲检测。     

一种基于非均匀离散傅立叶变换的鲁棒音频水印算法

基于离散傅立叶变换（DFT）的音频水印算法对常规信号处理操作具有较高的鲁棒性，然而，在DFT域的固定频率点嵌入水印信息易受频域攻击，导致此类水印算法存在安全隐患．为进一步说明这种安全隐患，本文描述了一种新颖的频域攻击方法，仿真结果表明采用该方法可以在不影响含水印音频信号听觉感知质量的条件下有效去除水印信息．针对上述问题，本文提出了一种基于非均匀离散傅立叶变换（NDFT）的鲁棒音频水印算法．该算法基于NDFT可以任意选择频率点的特性，利用混沌映射随机选取NDFT域的水印嵌入频率点，以实现水印嵌入位置的随机性．此外，引入另一个混沌映射置乱加密待嵌入的水印信息以提高算法抵抗拷贝攻击的能力．理论分析和实验结果表明该算法不仅具有抗常规信号处理操作高的鲁棒性，而且能够抵抗频域的恶意攻击，大的密钥空间保证了系统高安全性．