HVOF制备的WC-10Co4Cr涂层性能及其在硬密封球阀上的应用

为提高金属硬密封球阀的抗磨损和耐腐蚀性能,采用超音速火焰喷涂(HVOF)工艺,在1Cr13不锈钢钢基体上制备了WC-10Co4Cr涂层。测试了涂层与基体的结合强度以及涂层的显微硬度、气孔率、抗磨损和腐蚀等性能。结果表明:WC-10Co4Cr涂层与粉末的相结构基本一致,涂层的显微硬度高,组织结构致密且与基体的结合强度高;另外,WC-10Co4Cr涂层还表现出较好的抗腐蚀性能和优异的抗磨粒磨损性能。生产实践表明,这些球阀密封性能好,开关灵活且耐磨和耐腐蚀性能良好。     

7×××系高强铝合金耐磨涂层的制备与性能

为了解决7×××系高强铝合金耐磨性差的问题,采用超音速火焰喷涂(HVOF)技术在7055铝合金基体表面分别制备了Cr2O3、Ni60和WC三种涂层,对涂层截面进行扫描电镜(SEM)观察及X射线衍射(XRD)物相分析,并测定了其显微硬度,借助摩擦磨损试验机和三维轮廓扫描仪对3种涂层的耐磨性进行比较,探究了它们的磨损机制。结果表明：在相同的热喷涂工艺条件下,3种涂层的耐磨性顺序为：WC> Ni60> Cr2O3。WC涂层的显微硬度达到1 213 HV,磨损率仅为3.33×10-4 mm3/(N·mm),耐磨性比7055铝合金基体提高了约12倍。该涂层中高硬度的WC硬质颗粒可以起到阻止磨粒磨损的作用,降低了磨粒的显微切削作用。采用超音速火焰喷涂技术可在7055系高强铝合金表面获得高硬度的耐磨涂层。     

常规超音速和低温超音速火焰喷涂WC-10Co-4Cr涂层的断裂韧性

以5~15μm的超细WC-10Co-4Cr粉末为材料,分别采用常规超音速火焰喷涂(HVOF)和低温超音速火焰喷涂(LTHVOF)技术制备WC-10Co-4Cr涂层。借助于扫描电子显微镜、粗糙度测试仪、显微硬度仪和3D形貌仪对涂层的显微结构、粗糙度和显微硬度进行了表征。结果表明:LT-HVOF下WC-10Co-4Cr粒子为微熔化状态,HVOF下WC-10Co-4Cr粒子为半熔化状态;HVOF涂层的主晶相为W2C,LT-HVOF涂层的主晶相为WC;LT-HVOF涂层的粗糙度(Ra约为1.22μm)远低于HVOF涂层的,而显微硬度[Hv0.3=1 316±85]和断裂韧性(KC=3.23MPa·m1/2)均高于HVOF涂层的。HVOF涂层的裂纹沿富Cr带扩展,LT-HVOF涂层的裂纹扩展到WC硬质相时偏转至CoCr黏结相,富Cr带的存在对涂层的韧性有明显降低作用。     

WC–10Co–4Cr复合涂层和04Cr13Ni5Mo合金堆焊层的泥沙冲蚀行为

采用超音速火焰喷涂和焊条电弧焊在Q345钢基体表面分别制备了WC–10Co–4Cr复合涂层和04Cr13Ni5Mo合金堆焊层,测量了2种涂层的显微硬度、孔隙率、断裂韧性和表面粗糙度,并对2种涂层的显微组织和耐泥沙冲蚀磨损性能进行了对比研究。结果表明,二者的体积冲蚀磨损率均随时间延长而增加。在低角度冲蚀磨损条件下,复合涂层的耐泥沙冲蚀磨损性能明显优于堆焊层,涂层的硬度和强度是耐泥沙冲蚀磨损的主要影响因素。在高角度冲蚀磨损条件下,2种涂层的耐泥沙冲蚀磨损性能相差不大,涂层的断裂韧性是主要影响因素。WC–10Co–4Cr复合涂层表现出偏脆性材料的冲蚀磨损特性,04Cr13Ni5Mo堆焊层则表现出典型塑性材料的冲蚀磨损特性。     

核电厂小尺寸阀门内壁新型冲蚀减缓技术的研发应用

以WCB钢为基材,采用国产化小型超音速火焰喷涂(HVOF)设备喷涂Ni60镍基合金涂层.通过扫描电子显微镜(SEM)及能谱仪(EDS)分析、显微硬度计测试、拉伸试验、磨粒磨损试验和冲蚀磨损试验,考察了Ni60涂层的组织形貌、微观结构、孔隙率、显微硬度、结合强度、耐磨粒磨损性能和耐冲蚀磨损性能,并对实际小尺寸疏水阀门内壁进行喷涂,分析该工艺的实际可行性.结果表明,所制备的Ni60涂层的孔隙率为(0.27±0.04)％,显微硬度为843 HV(载荷300 g),界面结合强度高达200 MPa以上.该涂层主要由弥散分布着碳化物等硬质相的Ni基固溶体组成,具有比WCB基材更优良的耐磨粒磨损和耐冲蚀性能,其冲蚀失效形式主要为犁沟加塑形变形.小尺寸阀门内壁经喷涂后,表面涂层质量及配合性均符合要求.     

等离子喷涂纳米WC—Co涂层高温摩擦磨损性能

本文采用等离子喷涂的方法制备了纳米WC—Co涂层以及超细WC—Co涂层,研究了涂层的高温摩擦磨损性能及失效机理。研究表明,在高温磨损情况下,纳米涂层的综合耐磨损性能明显优于超细涂层。超细涂层和纳米涂层的磨损机理不同,超细涂层以脆性断裂和粘着磨损为主,伴随有磨粒磨损,纳米涂层以韧性断裂和磨粒磨损为主,伴随有粘着磨损。     

TiC添加量对等离子熔覆Ni60–WC复合涂层性能的影响

在45钢上通过等离子熔覆制备了WC?TiC?Ni涂层,对其物相、显微硬度和滑动摩擦磨损行为进行了分析.结果表明:熔覆层与基体材料之间为冶金结合,熔覆层表面无裂纹和气孔.TiWC2的形成使得熔覆层的显微硬度和耐磨性得到提高.当TiC的添加量为20％(质量分数)时,涂层的平均显微硬度高达1072.5 HV,较WC/Ni熔覆层高了128 HV,此时涂层的耐磨性最好.     

润滑相MoS2对等离子喷涂Ni60A复合涂层摩擦学特性的影响

在UMT-2微观磨损试验机(USA)上研究了润滑相MoS2对等离子喷涂Ni60A复合涂层摩擦学特性的影响,且对摩擦表面进行了SEM观察和分析。研究结果表明:MoS2的引入能有效降低涂层的摩擦系数和提高耐磨性;未添加MoS2的涂层的主要磨损机理为磨粒磨损和疲劳磨损;添加MoS2的涂层的主要磨损机理为磨粒磨损和粘着磨损。     

润滑相MoS2对等离子喷涂Ni6OA复合涂层摩擦学特性的影响

在UMT-2微观磨损试验机(USA)上研究了润滑相MoS2对等离子喷涂Ni6OA复合涂层摩擦学特性的影响,且对摩擦表面进行了SEM观察和分析.研究结果表明:MoS2的引入能有效降低涂层的摩擦系数和提高耐磨性;未添加MoS2的涂层的主要磨损机理为磨粒磨损和疲劳磨损,添加MoS2的涂层的主要磨损机理为磨粒磨损和粘着磨损.     

热喷涂碳化钨涂层的韧性评价

对超音速喷涂工艺制备的WC-10Co4Cr和WC-17Co两种碳化钨涂层采用冲击韧性和断裂韧性两种方法进行表征和评价。结果表明:WC-17Co涂层的韧性要优于WC-10Co4Cr涂层,其中WC-10Co4Cr涂层和WC-17Co涂层的断裂韧性Kc依次为7.20MPam1/2和7.36MPam1/2;WC-10Co4Cr涂层的冲击功介于1.06J和1.41J之间,WC-17Co涂层的冲击功介于1.41J和1.76J之间。     

Surface and cross–section characteristics and friction–wear properties of high velocity oxy fuel sprayed WC–12Co coating

A WC–12Co coating was sprayed on H13 hot work mould steel using a high velocity oxy fuel (HVOF). The surface and cross–section morphologies, chemical compositions, and phases of obtained coatings were analyzed using a field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM), energy dispersive spectrometer (EDS), and X–ray diffraction (XRD), respectively. The friction–wear properties were investigated using a wear test, the wear mechanism of WC–12Co coating was also discussed. The results show that the WC–12Co coating primarily is composed of WC hard phase with high hardness and Co as a binder, which is evenly distributed on the coating surface, no atom–rich zones. There is no W₃O phase appearing in the HVOF spraying, showing that the WC–12Co coating has high oxidation resistance, the new phases of W₂C and C are produced due to the decarburization of WC. The coating thickness is ~200 μm, which is combined the substrate with the mechanical binding and local micro–metallurgical bonding. The average coefficient of friction (COF) of WC–12Co coating is 0.272, showing good friction performance, the wear mechanism is primarily abrasive wear, accompanied with fatigue wear.     

Cracking induced tribological behavior changes for the HVOF WC-12Co cermet coatings

HVOF sprayed WC based cermet coatings have been widely used in industries as barriers against wear and hydrodynamic cavitation due to their high hardness and relatively high toughness. However, cracking of the coatings can occur during coating production or in service, which can reduce operational performances. It can be difficult to assess the performance impact due to cracks within the coating and as to whether the cracked coatings should be resprayed or removed from service. In this work, artificial cracks of different widths were introduced to liquid fuel HVOF sprayed WC-12Co coating through uniaxial tension of the coated steel substrate to assess the implications of such cracking. Tribological performances of the cracked coatings were examined using rubber wheel dry abrasion, ‘ball on disc’ sliding wear, and ultrasonic cavitation erosion. The results show that the crack deteriorates the abrasive wear resistance of the coating at the initial stage due to preferable mass loss at the cracks. However, after 30?min of abrasion, all the cracked coatings showed the same wear rate as compared to the non-cracked coating, with the abrasive wear resistance acting independent to the crack characteristics. Because the cracks could store wear debris and thus minimize the debris induced abrasion to the coating surface during sliding wear test, both improvement in wear resistance and reduction in coefficient of friction (COF) were detected in the cracked coatings. During the cavitation test, it was found that the mass loss of the specimen increased significantly (up to 75%)with crack width and density suggesting that the crack presence greatly deteriorated the cavitation resistance of the cermet coatings.     

Wet abrasive wear behavior of WC-based cermet coatings prepared by HVOF spraying

In this study, three kinds of WC-based cermet coatings including WC–CoCr coating, WC–Ni coating and WC–Cr₃C₂–Ni coating were prepared by the high-velocity oxygen-fuel (HVOF) spraying process. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy disperse spectroscopy (EDS) and Vickers hardness tester were used to analyze the microstructure and mechanical properties of these coatings. The WC–CoCr coating presented the highest average microhardness of 1205 HV_0.3, and then followed by the WC–Cr₃C₂–Ni coating (1188 HV_0.3) and the WC–Ni coating (1105 HV_0.3). The abrasive wear behavior of the WC-based coatings under the conditions of different applied loads and sediment concentrations were studied by a wet sand-rubber wheel tester. The results indicated that the abrasive wear loss rates of all the coatings increased with the increment of applied load or sediment concentration. In addition, the coatings with higher microhardness appeared to have higher abrasive wear resistance. The abrasive wear resistance of the WC-based coatings was 4–90 times higher than that of AISI 304 stainless steel under the same testing condition. The abrasive wear mechanism of the WC-based coatings was deduced to be the extrusion and removal of binder phases, as well as the fragmentation and peel-off of hard phases.     

Microstructure,adhesion, and tribological properties of conventional plasma-sprayed coatings on steel substrate

A variety of metallic and oxide coatings were deposited under various conditions on 1020 mild steel substrate by conventional plasma spraying. The coating thickness, microhardness, cohesion and adhesion failure loads, friction coefficient, and abrasive wear resistance were evaluated. The coatings were classified as follows, in order of decreasing microhardness and wear resistance: alumina, chromia, 316 stainless steel, Ni-5% Al, elemental aluminum and aluminum-polyester. Wear resistance increased with increasing microhardness and decreasing friction coefficient. The microhardness and wear resistance of high-velocity oxy-fuel (HVOF) diamond jet (DJ)-sprayed aluminum were found to be superior to those of plasma-sprayed aluminum. Plasma or flame-sprayed metallic coatings adhered well to the substrate. The cohesion, adhesion, microhardness, and wear resistance of alumina coatings exceeded those of equally thick chromia coatings.     

Microstructure and properties of IN718/WC-12Co composite coating by laser cladding

To improve microhardness and tribological properties of IN718, WC-12Co particles were added to it by the laser cladding. This study investigated the effect of the content of WC-12Co on the microstructure, phase composition, microhardness, tribological properties and machinability of the composite coating. The results shows that WC-12Co can inhibit the growth of columnar grains and the (200) growth direction of γ-Ni, and refine the microstructure. The average microhardness of coating increases from 245.83HV_0.5 to 462.63HV_0.5 with the increase of WC-12Co content. The coating containing 30% wt. WC-12Co has the smallest wear loss, that is, the best wear resistance. However, the coating containing 20 wt% WC-12Co has the lowest COF (0.518), that is, the best antifriction capability. With the increase of WC-12Co content, the milling force increases and the instability of the cutting process is aggravated. Moreover, with the addition of WC-12Co, the wear mechanism changed from adhesive wear to abrasive wear and oxidation wear.     

Self-lubrication and wear-resistance mechanism of graphene-modified coatings

To reduce the friction coefficient of WC-17Co wear-resistant coatings, Graphene oxide were used to mix with WC-17Co powder. The SEM, EDS and Raman results were used to analyze the morphology and phase composition of graphene oxide in the powder and coating obtained by plasma spraying processes. The mechanical properties of the coatings were studied by using a microhardness tester and a universal testing machine. The friction and wear properties of the coatings were studied by using a UMT-2 friction and wear tester. The results show that among the pulverization processes, the spray granulation process can achieve a stronger and more uniform adhesion of graphene oxide on the surface of WC-17Co particles, and the graphene oxide content in the coating is higher. Graphene is still embedded in the coating as transparent, thin sheets. The bonding strength is approximately 63 MPa, the hardness is approximately 931 HV0.1, and the friction coefficient of the graphene oxide coating is reduced by approximately 22% compared to that of the coating without graphene. The formation of lubrication films in the micro-area improves the self-lubrication and antiwear effects.     

Tribological behavior of nanostructured high velocity oxy-fuel (HVOF) thermal sprayed WC-17NiCr coatings

In this research, the nanostructured WC-17NiCr cermet coatings were developed using the high velocity oxy-fuel (HVOF) thermal spraying processes on ACI CD4MCu cast duplex stainless steel substrates, widely used in pump industry for abrasive wear protection of surfaces. The coatings, sprayed by both robotic and manual methods, had two different fuel (methane) to oxygen ratios (FTOR), namely 0.68 and 0.62. Using different analytical and microstructural techniques, the microstructural characteristics of the powder particles and mechanical, microstructural, and tribological properties of the coatings were determined. Different morphologies were assigned to sprayable particles, namely spherical, apple, donut, irregular, and mixed. It was revealed that the rate of WC decarburization had increased with increasing the FTOR. In contrast, the scanning electron microscopy and image analyses showed that the lowest porosity percentage was obtained for the robotically-sprayed coating with 0.68 FTOR. The Vickers microhardness increased along with fracture toughness, which can be attributed to the effect of the ‘duplex structure’ associated with the particle outer coating of Co and is a novelty in the research. The pin-on-disk reciprocal sliding wear tests at various loadings had shown different wear rates in the coatings. It was inferred that the wear performance was improved with the microstructural homogeneity, hardness, and the fracture toughness in the coatings. In all coatings, lower coefficient of friction (COF) was observed at higher loads. Finally, the wear mechanisms involved in the wear processes were identified as deformation and removal of the binder, fracture and pullout of the carbide particles, and delamination and spallation of the splats.     

Effect of laser power on microstructure and tribological performance of WC−10Co4Cr coating

In order to enhance wear resistance of cold work molds, WC−10Co4Cr coating was fabricated on Cr12MoV steel by laser cladding. The morphologies, chemical compositions, and phases of obtained coatings were analyzed using a scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy disperse spectroscopy, and X−ray diffraction, respectively. The effect of laser power on the tribological performance was analyzed using a ball−on−plate friction machine, and the wear mechanism was also discussed. The results show that the WC−10Co4Cr coating is composed of WC and Co₆W₆C phases, and the average hardness of coating cross−sections fabricated at the laser power of 1200, 1500, and 1800 W was 1296, 1375, and 1262 HV_0.5, respectively, in which that fabricated at the laser power of 1500 W is the highest among the three kinds of coatings. The average coefficients of friction of coatings fabricated at the laser power of 1200, 1500, and 1800 W are 0.61, 0.52, and 0.59, respectively; and the corresponding wear rates are 64.38, 35.38, and 123.92 μm³•N⁻¹•mm⁻¹, respectively, showing that the coating fabricated at the laser power of 1500 W has best friction reduction and wear resistance. The wear mechanism of WC−10Co4Cr coating is fatigue wear and abrasive wear, which is contributed to the increase of hard WC mass fraction.     

Effect of WC-10Co on cavitation erosion behaviors of AlCoCrFeNi coatings prepared by HVOF spraying

The (AlCoCrFeNi)_1-X(WC-10Co)_X composite coatings were fabricated by HVOF spraying and their microstructures, mechanical properties and cavitation erosion behaviors were tested. The effects of WC-10Co on the cavitation erosion mechanisms were discussed by compared the differences of volume losses and eroded surface morphologies between the coatings. The cavitation erosion resistance of the coatings was about 3 times as that of the 06Cr13Ni5Mo steel. With the addition of WC-10Co, the cavitation erosion resistance of the coating was slightly increased. In the initial stage of cavitation erosion test, the cavitation erosion damage was concentrated on the interface, which was caused by the uncoordinated deformation and poor mechanical properties of the interface between HEA and WC-10Co. When the WC-10Co distributed below the HEA region, the WC-10Co played a strong supporting role and improved the impact resistance of the HEA region. The cavitation erosion mechanism of the HEA1 coating was lamellar spalling. The cavitation erosion mechanisms of the HEA2 and HEA3 coatings were particles spalling and lamellar spalling.     

Investigation of tribological properties of micro-arc oxidation ceramic coating on Mg alloy under dry sliding condition

To enhance wear resistance of Mg alloy, micro-arc oxidation (MAO) ceramic coatings on Mg substrate were prepared in silicate electrolyte under various currents. It was found that the surface roughness and thickness of MAO coating were increased with the increase of current. The dry tribological tests showed that the friction coefficient and wear resistance of thicker coatings (obtained under currents of 3?A and 4?A) were much higher than that of Mg alloy and the thin coating (obtained under current of 2?A), meanwhile the lifetime of the coating obtained under 4?A was longer than the other coatings under higher load. The wear type of thin MAO coating was slight abrasive wear under low load, whereas translated to severe adhesive wear under high load. While the main wear mechanism of thick MAO coating was slight abrasive wear or scratch under the given test condition, which was attributed to the thick intermediate layer improved load support for the soft substrate. The tribological study indicated that the MAO coating obtained under 4?A current had better wear resistance and life time due to its compact microstructure and thickness.