Application of Zero Correlation Zone Sequences in Quasi-synchronous CDMA Systems

In a quasi-synchronous code division multiple access （QS-CDMA） system, the correlation functions around the origin influence the system performance and odd functions are as important as the even functions. Three kinds of zero correlation zone（ZCZ） sequences are used to analyze and compare the correlation functions. Binary phase shift keying（BPSK） simulations of QS-CDMA system with the three kinds of QS sequences as spreading codes on additive white Gaussian noise（AWGN） channel show that these sequences are quasi-orthogonal, so they are suitable for QS-CDMA system. The correlation between the system performance and the zero correlation zone of the sequence is also proved.     

基于小波和最小绝对误差的去噪抗扰动辨识方法

噪声和扰动是影响系统辨识的两个不利因素,而实际系统不可避免地受到噪声的污染和瞬时扰动的影响.本文采用不同的小波函数和不同的阈值处理方法,对噪声污染的系统输出进行多次小波分解、去噪和重构,从而达到削减噪声的目的.对于去噪后的数据,由于包含瞬时扰动,利用最小二乘辨识算法仍然不能获得满意的结果.为此,在小波去噪的基础上,提出了一种最小绝对误差(LA)辨识算法.仿真研究表明,本文提出的方法能够同时克服噪声和瞬时扰动的不利影响,获得好的辨识结果.     

Order and parameter identification in continuous linear systems via Walsh functions

This letter presents a method, via Walsh functions, for simultaneous identification of the order and parameters of a single-input-single-output linear lumped continuous dynamic system based on input-output data from an arbitrary but active record. Walsh spectra are impressively immune to zero-mean additive noise to some extent, and so are the identification algorithms employing them.     

Statistical models of partial volume effect

Statistical models of partial volume effect for systems with various types of noise or pixel value distributions are developed and probability density functions are derived. The models assume either Gaussian system sampling noise or intrinsic material variances with Gaussian or Poisson statistics. In particular, a material can be viewed as having a distinct value that has been corrupted by additive noise either before or after partial volume mixing, or the material could have nondistinct values with a Poisson distribution as might be the case in nuclear medicine images. General forms of the probability density functions are presented for the N material cases and particular forms for two- and three-material cases are derived. These models are incorporated into finite mixture densities in order to more accurately model the distribution of image pixel values. Examples are presented using simulated histograms to demonstrate the efficacy of the models for quantification. Modeling of partial volume effect is shown to be useful when one of the materials is present in images mainly as a pixel component.     

QPSK调制光通信中混合噪声的功率谱性能与误码率

研究了QPSK副载波调制下乘性噪声与加性噪声对接收端星座图影响。基于Gamma-Gamma信道模型,分析了乘性噪声和加性噪声影响下系统的接收星座图。通过仿真实验计算了混合噪声情况下的星座图分布以及接收端功率谱密度。讨论了混合噪声条件下,不同能见度、传输距离对系统误码率的影响。结果表明:随着湍流强度的增强,接收端功率谱存在明显的展宽迹象;不同加性噪声条件下,当能见度小于传输距离时,气溶胶粒子散射为影响通信的主要因素。不同乘性噪声条件下,当能见度处于0.5~1.5 km时,乘性噪声会影响接收光强,进一步增大系统误码率。文中工作对真实环境下降低无线激光通信的误码率和提高通信质量有重要意义。     

Stochastic Resonance in Bistable System Subject to Multiplicative and Additive Noise

In this paper, a simulation model of bistable system subject to multiplicative and additive noise is built on the basis of the theory of stochastic resonance(SR). SR phenomenon appears in the system subject to multiplicative and additive noise when a single signal transmits in the system. The output waveforms and the power spectrums at different frequencies are compared. The impact of the intensity of multiplicative and additive noise on the bistable system is discussed. It is found that this simulation model can upgrade the quality of the signal processing and the noise intensity can be effectively used for improving the effect of SR.     

基于三阶累积量的语音信号的基音周期检测

本文提出了一种新的语音信号的基音周期检测方法,该方法根据语音信号的三阶累积量去确定语音信号的基音周期,能有效地排除白色或有色的高斯加性噪声所带来的干扰.与传统的基音周期估计的自相关函数法或平均幅度差函数法(AMDF)相比,该方法更精确、有效,具有更强的鲁棒性.     

Application of the Volterra Functional Expansion in the Detection of Nonlinear Functions of Gaussian Processes

Detection of a memoryless nonlinear functional of a Gaussian process in additive Gaussian white noise is considered. The Volterra functional expansion for the likelihood ratio, and two examples of calculating the kernels are presented. It is shown that kernels up to third order can be obtained for a hard-limited Gaussian process and for the absolute value of a Gaussian process. For the case of hard limiting, the kernels are nonlinear functions of the autocorrelation of the Gaussian process. For the absolute value case, the kernels are nonlinear functions of the kernel derived for the linear problem. A Monte Carlo simulation of receiver performance is presented for the case of detection of the absolute value of a first-order Butterworth process in additive Gaussian white noise. The suboptimal detector is obtained by truncating the log likelihood ratio to second order.     

Spectral efficiency and cutoff rate of random spreading BICM-based CDMA signals with MMSE multiuser receivers

We analyze the spectral efficiency and cutoff rate of random spreading bit-interleaved coded-modulation based synchronous code-division multiple-access signals with minimum mean-square error multiuser receivers. Both additive white Gaussian noise and frequency nonselective Rayleigh fading channels are considered. The spectral efficiency and cutoff rate are characterized as functions of the system load, modulation schemes, and signal-to-noise ratio.     

Modified Chernoff bounds for PAM systems with noise and interference (Corresp.)

By using principles of analytic continuation, upper and lower bounds on the error probability of a canonical binary system corrupted by additive interference and independent zero-mean Gaussian noise are derived. The bounds, which are simple functions, require only the evaluation or bounding of the moment generating function of the interference. For large signal-to-noise ratios (SNR) and even for moderately large interference, the bounds are shown to be tight and useful.     

乘性噪声环境下基于符号秩统计量的非参伪码捕获方法

扩频系统常常工作在多径环境中,伴随着加性噪声的同时往往还存在着乘性噪声.该文提出了一种乘性噪声环境下基于符号秩统计量的非参伪码捕获方法,将伪码捕获等价为假设检验问题,利用局部最佳检测算法推导出了乘性噪声环境下基于符号秩的检测统计量,通过简化记分函数进一步给出了局部次佳秩检测器.将局部次佳秩检测器与局部最佳检测器和平方和检测器的性能进行了仿真对比,结果表明该文所提出的捕获方法在乘性噪声环境下检测性能接近于乘性噪声环境下的局部最佳检测器,而较平方和检测器则有较大幅度的提高.     

Nonequilibrium Phenomena in Globally Coupled Active Rotators with Multiplicative and Additive Noises

We investigate noise-induced phase transitions in globally coupled active rotators with multiplicative and additive noises. In the system there are four phases, stationary one-cluster, stationary two-cluster, moving one-cluster, and moving two-cluster phases. It is shown that multiplicative noise induces a bifurcation from one-cluster phase to two-cluster phase. Pinning force also induces a bifurcation from moving phase to stationary phase suppressing the multiplicative noise effect. Additive noise reduces both effects of multiplicative noise and pinning force urging the system to the stationary one-cluster phase. The frustrated effects of pinning force and additive and multiplicative noises lead to a reentrant transition at intermediate additive noise intensity. Nature of the transition is also discussed.     

Significance of group delay functions in spectrum estimation

A method of spectrum estimation using group delay functions is proposed. This method exploits the additive property of the Fourier transform (FT) phase to extract spectral information of the signal in the presence of noise. The phase is generally featureless due to random polarity and wrappings, but the group delay function can be processed to derive significant information such as peaks in the spectral envelope. In the resulting spectral estimates obtained the resolution properties of the periodogram estimate are preserved while the variance is reduced. Variance caused by the sidelobe leakage due to windows and additive noise are significantly reduced even in the spectral estimate obtained using a single realization of the observation peak. Resolution is primarily dictated by the size of the data window. The method works even for high noise levels. The results of this procedure are demonstrated through two illustrative examples: estimation of sinusoids in noise and estimation of the narrowband autoregressive process in noise     

Estimation of single event-related potentials utilizing the Pronymethod

This paper deals with estimation of the waveform of a single event-related potential, sERP. An additive noise model is used for the measured signal and the SNR of the disturbed sERP is approximately 0 dB. The sERP is described by a series expansion where the basis functions are damped sinusoids. The fundamental basis function is estimated by the least squares Prony method, derived for colored noise. The performance of the Prony method for different forms of the power density spectrum of the noise is investigated. A white noise approximation can be used at low signal-to-noise (SNR). The basis functions change slowly but the waveform of the sERP may vary from one stimulus to another, thus the authors average a small number of correlation functions in order to increase the SNR. The method is evaluated by using measurements from four subjects and the results confirm the variability of the sERP     

Impact of additive noise on system performance of a digital X-ray imaging system

The impact of additive noise on the performance of a digital X-ray imaging system was investigated. The X-ray system is uniquely designed for small animal studies with a focal spot of 20 microm and an adjustable source-to-object distance for radiography. The noise power spectrum and the detective quantum efficiency of this system were measured. The additive noise increased rapidly when the exposure time exceeded a certain range, since the charge-coupled devices of the detector had no cooling system. The noise power spectrum for the additive noise and the noise of the entire imaging system were studied and compared at different exposure times. The detective quantum efficiency was also measured at different exposure times. It was observed that for exposure times less than 10 s, the detective quantum efficiency ((DQE)(0)) is approximately 0.26, dropping to 0.13 at 4 lp/mm and to 0.026 at 8 lp/mm. However, when the exposure exceeds a certain limit (10 s in this study), the rapidly increased additive noise caused the system to be no longer quantum noise limited, resulting in a decreased detective quantum efficiency and a degraded system performance. For example, at an exposure of 20 s, the DQE(O) is approximately 0.22, dropping to 0.11 at 3 lp/mm and to 0.022 at 8 lp/mm.     

非高斯噪声环境下基于扩展基追踪模型的信号去噪

经典基追踪模型中所考虑的噪声是加性的高斯白噪声,而实际应用中噪声的形式是多种多样的。因此,经典基追踪模型不能满足处理非高斯噪声环境下的信号去噪问题。基于不同的稀疏性度量函数和不同的拟合误差项形式,对经典基追踪模型进行了扩展,提出了新的基追踪扩展模型,并分析了扩展模型的统计意义。针对其中一类扩展模型,给出了其求解算法。在脉冲噪声环境下的信号去噪实验结果验证了该模型具有比经典基追踪模型更显著的去噪效果。     

自适应正则化项去除乘性噪声

针对乘性噪声去噪算法研究,乘性噪声多出现在合成孔径雷达、超声波和激光等相干图像系统中,与标准高斯加性噪声不同,乘性噪声符合瑞利和伽马分布函数。文中通过:(1)取对数把乘性噪声模型转变成相加形模型;(2)改进正则化项成为自适应扩散模型;(3)将数学模型应用于图像处理的实践当中。在解决了阶梯效应的同时保持了图像的边缘。     

The design of point detector arrays--II

This paper considers the design of a detection system to optimally detect known spatially invariant signal fields corrupted by an additive, zero-mean, covariance-separable, and spatially isotropic noise field. The detection system has as its inputnsamples (in a plane) of the signal-plus-noise field; each spatial sample is the output of a point detector. In an earlier paper [1], optimal processing of the point detector outputs and the design of circular arrays were considered. This paper is concerned with the design of several other array configurations. Some of the results, which are related to singular detection problems, dramatically point out the need for proper modeling of covariance functions. These results also indicate that the use of derivatives in detection is extremely unreliable when there is any nonzero instrument noise.     

PN code acquisition using signed-rank-based non-parametric detector in a multiplicative noise model

Multiplicative noise is known to be useful in modelling an environment that is difficult to describe with an additive noise model. In this article, signed-rank-based non-parametric detectors are used for pseudonoise (PN) code acquisition in multiplicative noise. First, a locally optimum (LO) detector based on the signs and ranks of observations is derived, and then the locally suboptimum rank (LSR) detector is proposed by using approximate score functions. The finite sample-size performance of the LSR detector is considered. Numerical results show that the LSR detector asymptotically has almost the same performance as the LO detector for multiplicative noise.