Phytochemicals and quality characteristics of candied paprika (Capsicum annuum L.) during storage

In this study, we prepared candied paprika from various coloured fresh paprika and compared the changes in phytochemicals and quality for 42 days by analysing carotenoids, ascorbic acids and total phenolic content, and by assessing sensory and instrumental qualities. We identified five types of carotenoids from candied red paprika (CRP) and three from candied orange paprika (COP) and candied yellow paprika (CYP). At 0‐day storage, capsanthin and β‐carotene in CRP were quantitatively analysed to 26.96 μg g^?1 fw and 3.81 μg g^?1 fw, zeaxanthin and β‐carotene in COP were 9.35 μg g^?1 fw and 4.16 μg g^?1 fw, and lutein and β‐carotene in CYP were 0.27 μg 100 g^?1 fw and 0.70 μg 100 g^?1 fw, respectively. After 42‐days storage, CRP retained approximately 68.6% carotenoids, COP retained 40%, and CYP retained 33%. Ascorbic acid and total phenolic content decreased during storage as carotenoids did. However, rates of decrease were different in different coloured paprika, especially, ascorbic acid in COP and phenolic acid in CRP were considerably conserved for 42 days. Hardness, springiness and chewiness in all samples were significantly increased by 14‐days storage and maintained until 42‐days storage, and all the sensory parameters, including colour, appearance, odour, texture, paprika flavour and overall consumer preference showed no differences until 28 days.     

胡椒果与胡椒叶抗氧化能力的比较

胡椒是世界重要香料之一,具有很多医疗保健价值,为了深入开发以胡椒为原料的功能食品,本文采用DPPH·清除能力与多酚含量测定方法,比较了胡椒果和胡椒叶抗氧化能力。结果表明,胡椒叶的水和丙酮提取物的DPPH·清除能力和多酚含量都高于胡椒果鲜、黑胡椒和白胡椒;就抗氧化活性而言,胡椒叶和胡椒果均较适合开发抗氧化类功能食品,但胡椒果一般用来加工胡椒粉等产品,因此采用胡椒叶提取抗氧化活性成分更具现实意义。      

黑果枸杞与5种果蔬中花色苷组成及体外抗氧化活性比较

目的:评价黑果枸杞等6种不同花色苷来源的植物材料的花色苷组成含量及体外抗氧化活性,为花色苷的利用和具有较强抗氧化活性植物资源的筛选提供参考。方法:取黑果枸杞等6种不同花色苷来源的植物材料,采用分光光度法、HPLC-MS法分析测定黑果枸杞花色苷含量及主要组成,用DPPH、ABTS和FRAP法分析其体外抗氧化活性。结果:黑果枸杞等6种不同花色苷来源的植物材料总花色苷含量的变化幅度为0.21².26mg/g鲜果。其中黑果总花色苷含量最高,花色苷含量分别是葡萄、树莓、紫甘蓝、蓝莓和紫薯的10.72、4.91、1.91、1.75、4.45倍。黑果枸杞花色苷的主要组分为矮牵牛素衍生物,有别于其他所测果蔬材料,其抗氧化活性也最高。结论:较之5种花色苷含量较高的天然果蔬材料,黑果枸杞中花色苷主要组分与之差异很大,总花色苷含量和抗氧化活性总体都较高,是较好的开发功能性食品的资源。      

Changes in carotenoids, ascorbic acids, and quality characteristics by the pickling of paprika (Capsicum annuum l.) cultivated in Korea

Paprika (Capsicum annuum L.) is widely used as a healthy vegetable having antitumor-promoting activity and reducing or preventing chronic disease. Paprika has been mostly consumed as fresh fruit, and as food colorants such as oleoresin or pigment powder. In this study, pickled paprika was produced and its quality characteristics were monitored during storage (35 °C for 42 d). Carotenoid composition, ascorbic acid, total phenolic contents, and antioxidant activities were also analyzed. Five carotenoid compounds were identified in the pickled paprika and after 42 d of storage, total carotenoid content was 2.44 ± 0.69 mg/100g fresh weight(fw) and ascorbic acid content was 50.90 ± 3.26 mg/100g dry weight (dw). 2,2'-azino-di-(3-ethylbenzthiazoline sulphonate (ABTS) radical-scavenging activity of the pickled paprika was maintained above 70% until 28 d of storage, and then decreased to 47% of the initial activity. pH increased from 2.78 ± 0.06 to 3.10 ± 0.03 at 14 d and was then maintained until 42 d. Soluble solids increased gradually and color values including L*, a*, and b* decreased during storage. Hardness also decreased from 6.17 ± 0.18 kg force to 1.90 ± 0.60 kg force during storage. The overall taste of the pickled paprika was deemed to be good until 28 d of storage. Pickled paprika showed a possibility as a new pickled product. We demonstrated that paprika could be processed as a new pickled product with extended storage. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: Pickled paprika was produced and its quality characteristics along with phytochemical contents were monitored during storage. Phytochemicals, including ascorbic acid and polyphenols in pickled paprika were considerably retained and visual color was satisfactory during storage. Texture was deemed to be satisfactory for 4 wk. Considering that our experiment was performed at a relatively high temperature and without the addition of calcium for the improvement of texture, our results are quite promising in order to produce new pickled products with extended shelf-life along with conserving nutritional and functional components and satisfying consumer needs.     

檀香叶提取物抗氧化及抗菌活性初步研究

研究檀香(Sandalwood)叶不同溶剂提取物的抗氧化及抗菌活性,为檀香叶资源开发利用提供依据。采用4种不同溶剂提取檀香叶中抗氧化、抗菌活性成分;采用清除DPPH自由基方法测定抗氧化活性,采用平板打孔法测定抗菌活性。结果表明:檀香叶80%乙醇、水、乙酸乙酯提取物可以清除DPPH自由基;80%乙醇提取物对大肠杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、枯草芽孢杆菌有抗菌作用,但对霉菌、啤酒酵母没有抑菌作用。乙醇提取物经不同温度、不同光照时间处理后,其抗氧化、抗菌活性较稳定。乙醇提取物经不同pH处理后,抗氧化物质在pH6～8范围内稳定,抗菌物质在pH3～7范围内稳定,碱性条件下不稳定。檀香叶乙醇提取物化学成分标识结果表明:檀香叶乙醇提取物中含有多糖、鞣质、黄酮类、酚类物、有机酸以及氨基酸、多肽、蛋白质等成分。结论:80%乙醇、水、乙酸乙酯提取物具有抗氧化活性,其中,80%乙醇提取物抗氧化活性最好。只有80%乙醇提取物具有抗菌活性。     

全缘火棘果油成分分析及其抗氧化活性研究

为了有效地综合利用渝产全缘火棘果,采用索氏提取法提取渝产全缘火棘果油,然后使用DPPH自由基清除作用和亚铁还原能力（FRAP）来检测该油的抗氧化活性,最后将该油甲酯化后,经气相色谱-质谱联用仪（GC-MS）分析该果油的成分。结果:全缘火棘果油的产率为1.1%,并且发现该油具有较好的清除DPPH自由基的作用和亚铁还原能力。从甲酯化的全缘火棘果油中鉴定出了30个化合物,占该油总提取物的89.0%,主要成分为棕榈酸甲酯（20.3%）、亚油酸甲酯（18.7%）、亚麻酸甲酯（22.8%）和硬脂酸甲酯（4.6%）,由此说明全缘火棘果油含有丰富的棕榈酸、亚油酸和亚麻酸,并且亚麻酸的含量高于目前市场上其他常见食用油脂,因此全缘火棘果油具有较高的开发利用价值。      

紫苏叶酵素发酵过程中代谢产物与抗氧化活性研究

本文研究了紫苏叶酵素发酵过程中pH、可滴定酸含量、乳酸含量、醋酸含量、总糖含量、总酚含量、乙醇含量、抗氧化活性（DPPH自由基清除率、羟自由基清除率）的变化,并通过相关性分析与主成分分析确定紫苏叶酵素的发酵终点。结果表明,发酵过程中pH值逐渐由4.67下降至3.91,可滴定酸含量与羟自由基清除率均呈持续上升趋势,乳酸、醋酸、乙醇等含量呈先上升后下降趋势,其中后两者在105 d到达最大值,分别为0.90 mg/mL、1.66%vol;总糖含量呈先降后升至平缓趋势;总酚含量与DPPH自由基清除率同呈先升后降趋势,均在63 d达到最大值,分别为3.96 mg/mL与61.03%。综合评价指标（CEI）分析表明,发酵63 d时CEI值达到最大,且发酵后期CEI值呈现逐渐下降的变化趋势。综合考虑时间成本及CEI值,基本确定紫苏叶酵素的发酵终点为63 d。     

杜仲叶酶解液辅助提高醋抗氧化活性的研究

为探究杜仲叶酶解液与醋的协同作用、杜仲叶酶解液对醋的抗氧化活性的影响,以杜仲叶酶解液、杜仲醋为主要样品,研究了DPPH自由基清除活性、羟自由基清除活性和还原力。结果表明:杜仲叶酶解液具有较强抗氧化活性,应用到食品时,产品中绿原酸(CA)含量应不小于10μg/mL。依据以上结果,配制镇江香醋和酶解液的混合溶液EV9和EV19,通过测定抗氧化活性得到:EV9、EV19的抗氧化活性分别显著高于各自对照(p<0.05),但均略低于杜仲叶酶解液。杜仲叶酶解液能够辅助提高醋的抗氧化活性,为杜仲叶在食品中的应用提供了理论基础。      

几种常见果蔬抗氧化活性与多酚和维生素C的关系

目的:探索几种常见果蔬的抗氧化活性与多酚、维生素C的相关关系。方法:运用二苯代苦味酰基自由基法（DPPH法）、硫代巴比妥酸反应物法（ABTS法）、血浆高铁还原能力分析能力（FRAP法）、羟自由基和超氧阴离子自由基5种抗氧化方法评价10种常见果蔬的抗氧化活性,并采用Folin-Ciocalteu法和2,4-二硝基苯肼法分别测定了果蔬中多酚和VC的含量,并对多酚、VC的含量与抗氧化活性进行相关性分析。结果:DPPH、ABTS、FRAP、超氧阴离子、羟自由基抗氧化活性最强的依次为豆角、豆角、橘子、香蕉、橘子,最弱的依次为西瓜、西瓜、西瓜、胡萝卜、卷心菜。DPPH、ABTS和FRAP测定果蔬粗提液抗氧化活性与多酚的含量的相关性强于VC。结论:多酚的含量对果蔬抗氧化活性的影响强于V_C。      

酸枣果肉多糖的提取优化及抗氧化活性研究

以酸枣果肉为原料,采用热水浸提法,在单因素试验的基础上,正交试验法优化最佳提取工艺,初步探讨了酸枣果肉多糖的抗氧化活性。研究结果表明,最佳提取条件为料液比1∶20（g∶mL）,提取温度100 ℃,提取时间2 h,提取2次,在此条件下多糖提取率为（0.951±0.028）%。酸枣果肉多糖质量浓度为1.0 mg/mL时,对·OH的清除率为48.35%;在多糖质量浓度为80 μg/mL时,对O2-·的清除率为43.77%,对DPPH自由基的清除率为52.76%,表明酸枣果肉多糖具有一定的体外抗氧化活性。     

Colour differences in paprika pepper varieties (Capsicum annuumL) cultivated in a greenhouse and in the open air

The quality of six paprika pepper varieties, cultivated in a greenhouse and in the open air, has been studied. There were differences in their paprika colours with regard to the total content of pigments (ASTA unities) and the quotient of the absorbance spectra values for red and yellow pigments (tint). Using colorimetric measurements, directly carried out on the surface of the ripe fruits, the varieties are clearly separated in the CIELAB space colour, depending on their growing conditions. The colorimetric coordinates a* and b* and quotient a*/b* of the ripe fruits, cultivated in greenhouse, allow to predict the total pigments concentration of the resulting paprika. For the cultivations in the open air, the fruit brightness (L*) and the chromatic quotient 2000×a*/L*×b* are the parameters which show best the correlation with the total content of the paprika pigments. The fruit colour change, from green to red, coincides in both growing conditions with the moment when the chlorophyll b concentration surpasses the a one. © 1998 SCI.     

Tannin fraction from Ampelopsis grossedentata leaves tea (Tengcha) as an antioxidant and α‐glucosidase inhibitory nutraceutical

Leaf of Ampelopsis grossedentata is a new resource of functional foods with healthful properties. Antioxidant and α‐glucosidase inhibitory activities of water extract (made in the style of drinking), tannin fraction (TF) and dihydromyricetin (DMY) from A. grossedentata leaves were evaluated. The main component of TF was identified as gallotannins. DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging activities and reducing power of TF were superior to those of water extract, however, inferior to those of DMY. In no PBS wash protocol of cellular antioxidant activity assay, DMY and TF exhibited similarly, while in PBS wash protocol, the value of TF was higher than that of DMY. In addition, TF possessed the highest α‐glucosidase inhibitory activities (IC₅₀ = 1.94 μg mL^?1), followed by water extract (IC₅₀ = 23.10 μg mL^?1) and DMY (IC₅₀ = 72.21 μg mL^?1). The strong α‐glucosidase inhibitory activity of TF may attribute to the binding capacity to enzymes, as confirmed by fluorescence analysis.     

Effect of lead ions on lipids and antioxidant complex activity of Capsicum annuum L leaves,pericarp and seeds

The composition of the main lipid classes in leaves, pericarp and seeds of pepper (Capsicum annuum L), and the effect of seedlings immersion in lead and sodium acetate nutrient solutions were investigated. Lead ions accumulated mainly in leaves; in pericarp and seeds the concentration of lead was more than 10 times lower. The influence of lead ions on the leaf lipid composition was expressed most in the last stages of plant development. Treatment with lead acetate caused a decrease in the activity of the antioxidative complex in pepper seeds.     

连翘叶发酵型饮料的研制及抗氧化活性研究

以连翘叶、白砂糖、阿拉伯胶为主要原料,制备连翘叶发酵型饮料。在单因素试验基础上,以感官评分为评价指标,采用二次通用旋转组合试验优化其发酵工艺,并考察其对1,1-二苯基-2-三硝基苯肼(DPPH)、2,2’-联氮-双-3-乙基苯并噻唑啉-6-磺酸(ABTS)自由基清除能力及还原力。结果表明,连翘叶发酵型饮料的最佳发酵工艺条件为白砂糖添加量5%,复合菌种(克鲁维毕赤酵母∶植物乳杆菌=1∶1)接种量0.04%,连翘叶粉添加量2.0%,阿拉伯胶添加量0.6%,发酵时间18 h。在此优化条件下,连翘叶发酵型饮料感官评分为(86.53±1.03)分,色香味俱佳,口感酸甜,无明显苦味,理化与微生物指标均符合相关国家标准。连翘叶发酵型饮料的DPPH自由基清除率、ABTS自由基清除率及还原力(OD_{700 nm}值)分别为(90.57±2.63)%、(79.85±1.74)%、(0.736±0.04),表明其具有良好的抗氧化性。     

芝麻叶中多酚的提取、成分分析及抗氧化活性

为了对芝麻叶的开发提供参考，以芝麻叶超微粉为原料，以芝麻叶多酚提取率为指标，通过单因素实验和响应面实验优化超声微波协同辅助提取芝麻叶多酚的工艺条件。采用HPLC测定了芝麻叶多酚中绿原酸、咖啡酸、对香豆酸、阿魏酸、柚皮苷含量，并测定了芝麻叶多酚的DPPH·、ABTS⁺·清除能力和Fe³⁺还原力。结果表明：芝麻叶多酚最佳提取工艺条件为料液比1∶30、乙醇体积分数70%、浸提温度45℃、超声功率160 W、超声时间25 min、微波功率400 W、微波时间2 min,在此条件下芝麻叶多酚提取率为4.46%;芝麻叶多酚中阿魏酸含量最高，为2.068 mg/g,未检出对香豆酸；芝麻叶多酚能够有效清除DPPH·及ABTS⁺·,也具有一定的Fe³⁺还原力。综上，芝麻叶多酚具有一定的抗氧化活性，可以通过超声微波辅助的方法从芝麻叶中高效提取。     

琼产艾纳香叶精油的抗氧化和抗菌活性

采用水蒸气蒸馏法收集琼产艾纳香叶精油,经过GC-MS分析,精油中45种化合物被定性检出,主要是单萜类(48.55%)和倍半萜类(39.91%),相对含量列前五位的组分分别是(-)-龙脑(28.45%)、石竹烯(22.98%)、樟脑(9.56%)、α-荜澄茄烯(8.32%)和β-蒎烯(4.32%)。经过DPPH自由基清除试验、β-胡萝卜素漂白试验和硫代巴比妥酸法试验发现精油具有较强的抗氧化活性。琼脂扩散法和琼脂稀释法证实精油对6种受试菌都有抑制活性,对金黄色葡萄球菌、假丝酵母和黄曲霉具有较好的抑制能力(MIC:625μg/mL),对大肠杆菌、李斯特氏菌和沙门氏菌也表现出了抑制能力(MIC:2 500μg/mL)。以上结果证实琼产艾纳香叶精油具有明显的抗氧化和抗菌活性,拥有成为食品和化妆品的天然抗氧化剂及抗菌剂的潜力。     

三七茎叶-桑叶固体饮料工艺优化及其抗氧化活性研究

目的 优化三七茎叶-桑叶(stems and leaves of Panax notoginseng-leaves of Morus alba L., SLML)固体饮料的加工工艺,并考察其抗氧化活性。方法 考察原料比例,优化浸提条件,经过浸提、浓缩、喷雾干燥制备SLML固体饮料,并测定其总皂苷含量及2,2-联氮-二(3-乙基-苯并噻唑啉-6-磺酸)二铵盐[2,2’-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid)ammonium salt,ABTS⁺·]、 1,1-二苯基-2-三硝基苯肼[1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl,DPPH·]、超氧阴离子(O^2-·)、羟基自由基(OH·)的清除率。结果 在SLML的质量比(m:m)为7:3, 20倍(m:V)食用酒精(49%, V:V)浸提49 h,浸提2次,过滤液浓缩至1/3体积, 120℃喷雾干燥的条件下,制备出三七茎叶桑叶固体饮料的得粉率为37.74%。所得固体饮料具有清香、微苦、回甘等感官特性。检出人参皂苷Re (3...     

Effect of fermentation on the antioxidant activity of red beans (Phaseolus radiatus L. var. Aurea) ethanolic extract

The antioxidant activities of 50% ethanol extracts from red bean non-fermented and fermented by Bacillus subtilis or Aspergillus oryzae were determined using Sprague–Dawley rats as a testing model. Oral administration of all the extracts decreased the malondialdehyde (MDA) level in the liver but not in the brain tissue. Bacillus subtilis fermented extract increased the levels of ascorbic acid, α-tocopherol and glutathione (GSH) and the superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity in the liver tissue, while it increased only the ascorbic acid level in the brain tissue. Aspergillus oryzae fermented extract increased the levels of GSH and the SOD activity in the liver tissue, and it also increased GSH and ascorbic acid in the brain tissue. In general, the extracts from fermented red bean were more effective than the non-fermented extract in raising the antioxidant levels in the liver tissue.