Phytochemical composition and biological activity of 8 varieties of radish (Raphanus sativus L.) sprouts and mature taproots

Radishes (Raphanus sativus L.) are members of the cruciferous vegetable family that contain many classes of biologically active phytochemicals. This study determined the phytochemical composition of the sprouts and mature taproots of 8 radish varieties. Radish sprouts contained significantly greater concentrations of glucosinolates (3.8-fold) and isothiocyanates (8.2-fold) than the mature radish taproot and also contained significantly greater concentrations of phenolics (on average 6.9-fold). The anthocyanin concentrations of the mature radish taproot were significantly greater than in the sprouts of red, pink, and purple varieties. The primary anthocyanidins present in the red and pink radish varieties were pelargonidin and delphinidin, while the primary anthocyanidin in the purple radish variety was cyanidin. Radish sprouts were between 9- and 59-fold more potent than the corresponding mature taproot at activating the antioxidant response element (ARE) in a stably transfected hepatoma cell line. The ARE activity of the radish sprouts and mature taproots was significantly correlated with the total isothiocyanate concentration of the radishes. Practical Application: Understanding the influence variety and developmental stage has on the biological activity of cruciferous vegetables provides important information for further studies examining the in vivo effects of radish treatment and foundation for providing recommendations to reduce the risk of chronic disease through dietary intervention.     

Anthocyanin Pigment Composition of Red Radish Cultivars as Potential Food Colorants

Red radish ( Raphanus sativus L.) cultivars were evaluated with respect to qualitative and quantitative anthocyanin (ACN) pigment content. Radishes were grown at 2 locations (Corvallis and Hermiston, OR) and harvested at 2 maturity stages. Pigment content was dependant on cultivar, root weight and location, higher amounts being obtained at Hermiston. Spring cultivars (n=22) had pigmentation in the skin, ranging from 39.3 to 185 mg ACN/100g skin. Red-fleshed Winter cultivars (n=5) had pigment content ranging from 12.2 to 53 mg ACN/100g root. ACN profiles were similar for different cultivars, the major pigments being pelar gonidin-3-sophoroside-5-glucoside, mono- or di-acylated with cinnamic and malonic acids; individual proportions varied among cultivars. Estimated pigment yields ranged from 1.3 to 14 kg/ha.     

Easy Method for the Approximate Quantitation of 4-Methylthio-3-Butenyl Isothiocyanate of Daikon (Raphanus sativus L.)

Daikon (Japanese white radish, Raphanus sativus L.) is widely consumed across Japan. The characteristic pungent flavor of daikon is derived from 4-methylthio-3-butenyl isothiocyanate. Herein, we propose an easy method for the approximate quantitation of this compound. This method does not require an expensive analytical apparatus such as a high-performance liquid chromatograph but only an ultra violet-visible spectrophotometer to measure the absorbance of a daikon n-hexane extract, at 231 nm, against a standard. The estimation of the concentration of 4-methylthio-3-butenyl isothiocyanate by this method can sort the pungency of daikon, because this isothiocyanate is a principal isothiocyanate of daikon.     

Lignin composition is more important than content for maize stem cell wall degradation

BACKGROUND

The relationship between the chemical and molecular properties – in particular the (acid detergent) lignin (ADL) content and composition expressed as the ratio between syringyl and guaiacyl compounds (S:G ratio) – of maize stems and in vitro gas production was studied in order to determine which is more important in the degradability of maize stem cell walls in the rumen of ruminants. Different internodes from two contrasting maize cultivars (Ambrosini and Aastar) were harvested during the growing season.

RESULTS

The ADL content decreased with greater internode number within the stem, whereas the ADL content fluctuated during the season for both cultivars. The S:G ratio was lower in younger tissue (greater internode number or earlier harvest date) in both cultivars. For the gas produced between 3 and 20 h, representing the fermentation of cell walls in rumen fluid, a stronger correlation (R² = 0.80) was found with the S:G ratio than with the ADL content (R² = 0.68). The relationship between ADL content or S:G ratio and 72‐h gas production, representing total organic matter degradation, was weaker than that with gas produced between 3 and 20 h.

CONCLUSION

The S:G ratio plays a more dominant role than ADL content in maize stem cell wall degradation. © 2017 The Authors. Journal of The Science of Food and Agriculture published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.     

Seasonal climate effects on root colour and compounds of red radish

‘Nevadar’ radishes were grown throughout the year. Climate parameters (mean temperature, mean irradiation) and quality characteristics of radishes fulfilling consumer quality requirements, such as root colour, glucosinolates, monosaccharides and pectic substances, were determined. The quality characteristics strongly differed depending on the seasonal climate conditions. The seasonal dependence ranged from a slight climate influence (alkenyl glucosinolates r² = 0.23), over a moderate climate effect (indolyl glucosinolates r² = 0.40, glucose r² = 0.50) up to a strongly distinctive climate influence (hue angle r² = 0.77, chroma r² = 0.72, fructose r² = 0.81, pectic substances r² = 0.99). Therefore, according to consumer‐oriented quality production of radish, the temperature and irradiation influence should be taken into account in the production process. Recommendations for quality production of radish will be the selection of bright red cultivars marked by a high photosynthetic capacity (yield > 0.80 mV) at relatively low mean irradiation intensities (50–100 µmol m² s^?1) and lower mean temperatures (11–13 °C). Thus sufficient photochemical energy can be provided for the synthesis of quality‐determining compounds. For the production of bioactive radishes showing particularly relatively high contents of indolyl glucosinolates, cultivation should be carried out in spring and autumn. In summer cultivation, consumer preferences in taste can particularly be satisfied with the desired contents of alkenyl glucosinolates and monosaccharides. © 2002 Society of Chemical Industry     

Flavour Changes in Asian White Radish (Raphanus sativus) Produced by Different Methods of Drying and Salting

Asian white radish pieces were dried to < 10% moisture using a hot air drier, a heat pump drier and a freeze drier, and whole roots were partially dried by salting under pressure with sodium chloride. The level of the primary flavor compound, 4-methylthio-3-trans-butenyl isothiocyanate (MTBITC), decreased in all treatments. Freeze-dried white radish showed the lowest loss of about 15% MTBITC. Radish dried with hot air and heat pump driers showed increasing MTBITC loss with increasing drier temperature with a lower loss in the heat pump drier at equivalent temperatures with the rate of drying also faster with the heat pump drier. Osmotic dehydration with salt caused a substantial loss of MTBITC with the loss increasing with increasing salt concentration. Use of 5% salt resulted in the lowest loss of MTBITC while achieving an acceptable rate of water loss.     

Variations in the soluble sugar and organic acid contents in radish (Raphanus sativus L.) cultivars

The radish is a root vegetable of the Brassicaceae family that is mainly consumed in Far Eastern Asian countries. Because chemical indexes indicating the quality of a radish have not been established, we investigated the variations in the contents of the soluble sugars and organic acids that influence taste among seven radish cultivars. In terms of the total soluble sugar content, which is a strong index of sweetness, Koshin, Kouto, and Shogoin were the three highest among the seven cultivars. Sobutori, which is the most common radish cultivar in Japan, was the lowest. The total organic acid contents varied among the seven cultivars, although they were five to thirteen times lower than the total soluble sugar contents. These results indicate that there are variations in the soluble sugar and organic acid contents among radish cultivars; therefore, these contents may be used as chemical indexes for the quality of radishes.     

响应面法优化纤维素酶辅助提取西蓝花萝卜硫素工艺研究

为探究酶解法制备萝卜籽萝卜硫素的最佳工艺及其消化特性。采用红萝卜种子为原料,以萝卜硫素得率为指标,通过单因素实验和响应面优化试验得出最佳酶解工艺条件。进一步采用体外模拟胃肠消化模型,探究萝卜籽乙酸乙酯提取物萝卜硫素含量及其抗氧化活性的变化规律。得到萝卜籽制备萝卜硫素的最佳酶解条件为：酶解时间22 min,酶解温度40 ℃,V_C添加量0.8 mg/g,在此最佳工艺条件下,萝卜硫素得率为2.11±0.02 mg/g,与预测值（2.14 mg/g）接近,相对误差为1.4%,酶解工艺切实可行。体外消化实验结果表明,胃肠消化液中萝卜硫素保留率分别为79.64%,76.22%;与未消化提取物比较,胃消化液中ABTS⁺、DPPH、OH三种自由基清除率均显著降低（P<0.05）,分别为54.23%、33.90%、15.07%,而肠消化液与胃消化液中自由基清除率均无显著性差异（P>0.05）。本研究丰富了酶法制备萝卜硫素方面的研究,将为萝卜籽开发及高附加值利用提供科学依据。

     

Wheat is more potent than corn or barley for dietary mitigation of enteric methane emissions from dairy cows

Wheat is the most common concentrate fed to dairy cows in Australia, but few studies have examined the effects of wheat feeding on enteric methane emissions, and no studies have compared the relative potencies of wheat, corn, and barley for their effects on enteric methane production. In this 35-d experiment, 32 Holstein dairy cows were offered 1 of 4 diets: a corn diet (CRN) of 10.0 kg of dry matter (DM)/d of single-rolled corn grain, 1.8 kg of DM/d of canola meal, 0.2 kg of DM/d of minerals, and 11.0 kg of DM/d of chopped alfalfa hay; a wheat diet (WHT) similar to the CRN diet but with the corn replaced by single-rolled wheat; a barley diet (SRB) similar to the CRN diet but with the corn replaced by single-rolled barley; and a barley diet (DRB) similar to the CRN diet but with the corn replaced by double-rolled barley. Individual cow feed intakes, milk yields, and milk compositions were measured daily but reported for the last 5 d of the experiment. During the last 5 d of the experiment, individual cow methane emissions were measured using the SF₆ tracer technique for all cows, and ruminal fluid pH was continuously measured by intraruminal sensors for 3 cows in each treatment group. The average DM intake of cows offered the CRN, WHT, SRB, and DRB diets was 22.2, 21.1, 22.6, and 22.6 kg/d. The mean energy-corrected milk of cows fed the WHT diet was less than that of cows fed the other diets. This occurred because the milk fat percentage of cows fed the WHT diet was significantly less than that of cows fed the other diets. The mean methane emissions and methane yields of cows fed the WHT diet were also significantly less than those of cows fed the other diets. Indeed, the CRN, SRB, and DRB diets were associated with 49, 73, and 78% greater methane emissions, respectively, compared with the emissions from the WHT diet. Methane yield was found to be most strongly related to the minimum daily ruminal fluid pH. This study showed that although the inclusion of wheat in the diet of dairy cows could be an effective strategy for substantially reducing their methane emissions, it also reduced their milk fat percentage and production of milk fat and energy-corrected milk.     

ORAFTI Beneo^TM Program Scores Worldwide健康计划获得世界成功赢得广泛观注

自从Beneo^TM健康计划推行以来，全世界已有超过150种产品商标配以Beneo^TM的显著标识。Beneo^TM健康计划是吸引世界顶级食品生产商来与ORAFTI共同合作，使得菊粉和低聚果糖的健康功效为世人所知。这个Beneo^TM健康计划目的是通过持续不断的科普宣传，让消费者认识含有Beneo^TM有效成分的产品的健康功效，而由Beneo^TM健康计划推出的部分产品，很容易从Beneo^TM的商标辨认出来。     

Preservation of Acidified Cucumbers with a Natural Preservative Combination of Fumaric Acid and Allyl Isothiocyanate that Target Lactic Acid Bacteria and Yeasts

ABSTRACT: Without the addition of preservative compounds cucumbers acidified with 150 mM acetic acid with pH adjusted to 3.5 typically undergo fermentation by lactic acid bacteria. Fumaric acid (20 mM) inhibited growth of Lactobacillus plantarum and the lactic acid bacteria present on fresh cucumbers, but spoilage then occurred due to growth of fermentative yeasts, which produced ethanol in the cucumbers. Allyl isothiocyanate (2 mM) prevented growth of Zygosaccharomyces globiformis, which has been responsible for commercial pickle spoilage, as well as the yeasts that were present on fresh cucumbers. However, allyl isothiocyanate did not prevent growth of Lactobacillus plantarum. When these compounds were added in combination to acidified cucumbers, the cucumbers were successfully preserved as indicated by the fact that neither yeasts or lactic acid bacteria increased in numbers nor were lactic acid or ethanol produced by microorganisms when cucumbers were stored at 30 °C for at least 2 mo. This combination of 2 naturally occurring preservative compounds may serve as an alternative approach to the use of sodium benzoate or sodium metabisulfite for preservation of acidified vegetables without a thermal process.     

粮油制品中黄曲霉毒素脱毒研究进展

黄曲霉毒素（Aflatoxin,AFT）是一类致癌性极强的剧毒物质,常存在于发霉的粮油制品中。本文综述了黄曲霉毒素去毒方法研究进展,并结合近年来黄曲霉毒素检测技术的研究,提出了将新型纳米材料吸附法与化学方法相结合的脱毒、去毒方法。以期对我国开展粮油黄曲霉毒素脱毒技术体系研究提供一些参考。     

杀扑磷降解产物的鉴定及在蔬菜中残留量的检测

以杀扑磷为研究对象,分析鉴定了自然条件下水中杀扑磷的降解产物和市购杀扑磷中农药成分,采用QuEChERS前处理方法,建立了蔬菜中杀扑磷及降解物残留量的检测方法。结果表明,杀扑磷在水中的降解产物为牛津郡杀扑磷,市购的杀扑磷农药中除杀扑磷外,其降解产物牛津郡杀扑磷含量高达1.5 g/kg;建立的检测方法在1~100 ng/mL内线性良好(R²≥0.99),在定量限、3倍定量限和10倍定量限的加标水平下,回收率为62.9%~97.2%,RSD为1.6%~10.0%。该方法简便、快速、灵敏度高,适用于蔬菜中杀扑磷及其牛津郡杀扑磷的测定。     

杀扑磷降解产物的鉴定及在蔬菜中残留量的检测

以杀扑磷为研究对象,分析鉴定了自然条件下水中杀扑磷的降解产物和市购杀扑磷中农药成分,采用QuEChERS前处理方法,建立了蔬菜中杀扑磷及降解物残留量的检测方法。结果表明,杀扑磷在水中的降解产物为牛津郡杀扑磷,市购的杀扑磷农药中除杀扑磷外,其降解产物牛津郡杀扑磷含量高达1.5 g/kg;建立的检测方法在1~100 ng/mL内线性良好（R²≥0.99）,在定量限、3倍定量限和10倍定量限的加标水平下,回收率为62.9%~97.2%,RSD为1.6%~10.0%。该方法简便、快速、灵敏度高,适用于蔬菜中杀扑磷及其牛津郡杀扑磷的测定。     

大麻哈鱼硫酸软骨素及其酸降解产物的抗氧化活性

目的以大麻哈鱼鼻软骨为研究对象,制备硫酸软骨素粗提物、醇沉产物和酸降解产物,对比分析其体外抗氧化活性。方法通过测定硫酸软骨素粗提物、醇沉产物和酸降解产物对DPPH·、·OH和O_2~-·自由基的清除特性,比较其抗氧化能力。结果醇沉产物对DPPH·没有明显的清除作用,粗提物和酸降解物产物对DPPH·有一定的清除作用,但后者的清除能力远大于前者。粗提物、醇沉产物和酸降解产物对·OH自由基均有明显的清除作用;粗提物和醇沉产物对O_2~-·自由基均无清除作用,但酸降解产物对O_2~-·自由基有较强的清除作用。酸降解产物对3种自由基的清除能力均较强,IC50值均小于1.5 mg/m L。结论大麻哈鱼鼻软骨硫酸软骨素酸降解产物的抗氧化活性最强。     

气相色谱法测定黄瓜中吡唑萘菌胺及其代谢物

目的建立黄瓜中吡唑萘菌胺及其降解产物残留的气相色谱分析方法。方法样品用丙酮提取,二氯甲烷萃取,固相萃取弗罗里硅土小柱净化,气相色谱仪氮磷检测器检测,外标法定量。结果吡唑萘菌胺及其降解产物在0.5~10μg/m L范围内线性关系良好(r≥0.998),黄瓜中的吡唑萘菌胺及其降解产物的添加浓度为0.02、0.10、1.0 mg/kg 3个水平时,回收率在73.5%~110%之间,相对标准偏差在1.63%~13.5%之间;吡唑萘菌胺及其降解产物的检出限均达到了0.02 mg/kg。结论该方法操作简单,准确度和回收率能满足残留测定需要,适合黄瓜中吡唑萘菌胺其降解产物的残留分析。     

粮油食品中黄曲霉毒素物理脱毒方法的研究进展

黄曲霉毒素广泛存在于粮油食品中,具有极强的毒性和致癌性,不但造成了巨大的经济损失,而且严重威胁着人类的健康.在综述国内外相关研究成果的基础上,对粮油食品中黄曲霉毒素物理脱毒方法的研究进展进行了阐述,主要包括萃取法、加热法、吸附法和辐照法等,为寻找一种安全、有效、环保的脱毒方法提供参考.     

细菌素的生物学特性及作为防腐剂在熟肉制品中的应用

本对选育出的三株具有广谱、高效抑菌作用乳酸菌所产细菌素的理化特性以及作为防腐剂在肉品中的应用进行了研究。结果表明：三株产细菌素菌株产生的细菌素均表现出良好的热稳定性，在80℃15min的热处理条件下活性基本不变；能被胃蛋白酶、胰蛋白酶、蛋白酶K、木瓜蛋白酶、中性蛋白酶降解而完全失活，表明该细菌素是一种蛋白类物质；对酸具有较好的稳定性；具有较强的防腐能力。