High pressure liquid chromatography of alpha olefin sulfonates

Alpha olefin sulfonates (AOS) are a complex mixture of the posi-tional isomers of hydroxyalkane sulfonates, alkene sulfonates, and disulfonates. This paper describes a qualitative method for separat-ing these various components by reverse-phase high pressure liquid chromatography. The column utilized was a DuPont Zorbax TMS (4.6 mm × 25 cm) with a water/methanol (25:75, v/v) mobile phase containing sodium nitrate at a concentration of 0.4M. The hydroxyalkane sulfonate and alkene sulfonate peaks were identified using laboratory prepared standards. The disulfonate peaks were located using controlled sulfonation conditions. More work needs to be done to separate an overlap of C₁₆ 3-hydroxyalkane sulfonate and C₁₄ 2-alkene sulfonate in 1416 AOS. However, if studies are based on single carbon number AOS samples, the overlap of these peaks can be avoided. This method can be utilized as a qualitative tool for the comparison of sulfonation runs, the identification of AOS within a detergent, or the identfication of the olefin type used for sulfonation.     

Level and position of unsaturation in alpha olefin sulfonates

A comparison of the levels of unsaturation in α-olefin sulfonates (AOS) and related derivatives determined by iodination, bromination and hydrogenation techniques showed that quantitative hydrogenation is the only method having wide applicatbility. Although halogenation methods frequently give results in agreement with hydrogenation data, they can show variations with reaction time and composition of the sample. Unsaturation in sulfonate methyl esters could not be determined by halogenation. The amount of †¹-isomer in alkene sulfonate sodium salts determined by oxidative cleavage with periodate-permanganate was always low compared to that determined by NMR. Oxidative cleavage of the sulfonate methyl esters gave †¹-isomer levels in agreement with NMR results.     

Use of high-active alpha olefin sulfonates in laundry powders

Alpha olefin sulfonates (AOS) have been used successfully for many years in laundry and personal-care products throughout Asia. Among their documented positive attributes are good cleaning and high foaming in both soft and hard water, rapid biodegradability, and good skin mildness. AOS has commonly been marketed as approximately 40%-active aqueous solutions. However, with the increased importance of compact powder detergents produced by processes other than spray drying, high-active forms of AOS including 70%-active pastes and 90+%-active powders are now being utilized for that product sector. In this regard, the rheological properties of non-Newtonian AOS and AOS/additive pastes at relevant process temperatures were measured and found potentially suitable for agglomeration processes. Also, the relationship of AOS powder particle size to surfactant solubility at various wash conditions was examined to allow determination of the optimal size for both detergency and processing of laundry powders. Both paste rheology and powder morphology are critical factors for the successful use of high-active AOS in compact powder detergents.     

Performance of alpha olefin sulfonates derived from ziegler olefins in light duty liquid detergents

Single carbon number olefins derived from Ziegler technology were sulfonated in a continuous fallingfilm SO₃ reactor. The resulting alpha olefin sulfonate (AOS) was evaluated in a dishwashing test at several water hardnesses. Statistical analysis of the data led to the selection of compositions suitable for hand dishwash applications. AOS, prepared by sulfonating a blend of C₁₄ and C₁₆ olefins, was evaluated for hand dishwashing efficiency in a ternary mixture consisting of AOS, an alcohol ether sulfate and monoethanolamide. Regression equations calculated from the data permit the prediction of performance levels for all practical combinations of the three ingredients. The effect of unreacted olefin on AOS dishwash performance was also determined. With a binary blend of AOS and monoethanolamide it was shown that up to 5% free oil (based on AOS active) could be tolerated without significant deleterious effect.     

The Determination of alkene sulfonates in olefin sulfonates by ozone titration

A simple and rapid method is described for the deter mination of alkene-1-sulfonates in α-olefin sulfonates (AOS). AOS are primarily mixtures (detergent range) of sodium salts of alkene-1-sulfonates (mixture of double bond position isomers) and hydroxyalkane-1-sulfonates plus small amounts of disulfonates in a 30-40% aqueous solution. The analysis consists of titrating the sample in 98% acetic acid-2% water solution with a stream of ozone to an indicator endpoint (Rouge Organol B.S.) which is detected photometrically. In tests with model compounds, a long carbon chain alkene-1-sulfonate, sodium hexadecene-1-sulfonate, and a 1-alkene-1-sulfonate, sodium 1-propene-l-sulfonate, were quantitatively determined with no interference from a hydroxyalkane-1-sulfonate, sodium hydroxytetradecane-1-sulfonate. In contrast, an alternative method of determining unsaturation, Brown hydrogenation, does not quickly and quantitatively determine 1-alkene-1-sulfonates.     

Gas chromatographic analysis for long chain sultones in olefin sulfonates

A gas Chromatographic method is described for the analysis of tetradecane-l,4-sultone (C₁₄ delta sultone) and the combination of 2-chlorotetradecane-1,3-sultone (C₁₄ 2-chloro gamma sultone), and 1-tetradecene-l,3-sultone (C₁₄ unsaturated gamma sultone) in neutral oils isolated from olefin sulfonate. Samples of the neutral oil are diluted in hexane and injected directly into the gas Chromatograph. Quantitative data are obtained by comparison to known amounts of the respective sultones. Through the use of silica gel column chromatography followed by gas chromatography of collected fractions, separation and individual quantitation of the 2-chlorotetradecane-1,3 sultone and l-tetradecene-l,3-sultone can be obtained. Routine use for control purposes has shown the method to be reliable and interlaboratory agreement of data has been good.     

Alpha olefin sulfonates from a commercial SO3-Air reactor

Alpha olefin sulfonate (AOS) can be made by SO₃-air sulfonation of straight chain alpha olefins followed by saponification of the neutralized product. The sulfonation step forms unsaturated sulfonic acids, sultones and sultone sulfonic acids. Hydrolysis of the various sultones yields a mixture of unsaturated and hydroxy sulfonates. Sulfonation of commercial mixtures of straight chain alpha olefins in a large-scale SO₃ falling film unit has given AOS of 1.5–3.0% oil based on active content and tristimulus color of about 40% saturation (2% solution) which is readily bleachable with 1–3% NaOCl to about 10–15% saturation. Performance of AOS made from C₁₅−C₁₈ alpha olefin is comparable to that of the high-foaming C₁₁−C₁₄ LAS in both detergency and dishwashing foam. It is superior to similar products made from internal straight chain olefins. The product shows a low order of toxicity and biodegrad-ability slightly better than that of LAS. A C₁₅−C₁₆ AOS blend is especially attractive in liquid detergent formulations. Presented at the AOCS Meeting, Los Angeles, April 1966.     

α-烯烃磺酸盐、NaCl、NH_4Cl对液体洗涤剂粘度影响的研究

研究了阴离子表面活性剂/非离子表面活性剂复配液体洗涤剂时α 烯烃磺酸盐、NaCl、NH4Cl对其粘度的影响。结果表明:液体洗涤剂中无论是否含有NaCl或NH4Cl,其粘度均随体系中α 烯烃磺酸盐浓度的增加而下降。NaCl或NH4Cl对液体洗涤剂粘度的提高程度与α 烯烃磺酸盐的浓度有关。对以α 烯烃磺酸盐为主体表面活性剂的液体洗涤剂,其粘度的提高与NaCl或NH4Cl的浓度有关。     

Recent safety experiences

During the past few years, several oilseed solvent extraction plants have had severe explosions and fires causing death, injury and property damage. One city had part of its sewer system destroyed by a hexane explosion resulting from a solvent spill from an extraction plant into the sewer. This paper discusses a few of these incidents and how to prevent future disasters by new plant process designs, operation and safety procedures.     

Recent advancements in ring closing olefin metathesis

A short overview on recent developments in ring closing metathesis (RCM) of 1,ω-dienes to cycloalkenes is provided, with particular emphasis on applications to natural product synthesis and the preparation of olfactory perfume ingredients. These examples show that RCM is becoming a mature tool for the formation of carbo– and heterocycles of any size ⩾ 5, including medium and large ring compounds which are difficult to prepare otherwise. Although the reactivity profile of the standard metathesis (pre)catalysts cannot be reduced to a simplistic picture, their excellent compatibility with an array of functional groups will be outlined. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

α-烯基磺酸盐中磺内酯的测定

采用气相色谱-质谱法对α-烯基磺酸盐(AOS)中磺内酯3对异构体进行定性分析,同时采用气相色谱外标法结合火焰离子化检测器进行α-烯基磺酸盐制备的中间过程(磺化、中和及水解)以及最终成品中磺内酯含量的测定.从4批AOS样品所得到的测定结果表明,当磺内酯质量浓度在20μg·mL-1～200μg·mL-1范围内时GC峰值与磺内酯质量浓度表现为良好的线性关系,相关系数为0.999 0,最低检出限为5μg/g.精密度测试所得标准偏差为1.1%～6.5%(n=6).回收率达到90.00%～97.96%.     

AOS中氯代磺内酯、不饱和磺内酯的测定

烯烃磺酸盐（AOS）中的氯代磺内酯和不饱和磺内酯被公认为是一种皮肤致敏剂,但国内未见氯代磺内酯和不饱和磺内酯的测定方法。采用气相色谱-质谱法,对AOS中的氯代磺内酯和不饱和磺内酯进行分析,该方法的最低检出限为0.015 mg/kg,具有准确、快速和简单等特点。     

烯烃/链烷烃分离工艺进展

当前开发的烯烃 /链烷烃分离技术有物理吸收法、化学吸收法、吸收分离法、萃取蒸馏法及膜分离法。其中最有发展前途的是利用π 配合作用的化学吸收法 ,现已有工业化装置。将蒸馏与吸附相结合的复合分离技术 ,是烯烃 /链烷烃分离技术的发展方向之一。     

Characterization and property correlations of amorphous poly(alpha olefin)

Amorphous poly(alpha olefins)® (APAOs) with various types and contents of comonomers, and molecular weight were characterized by general, thermal, rheological, and mechanical methods and their properties were correlated with their molecular parameters. It was found that they can be used as a modifier for isotactic polypropylene. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 2007     

α-烯基磺酸钠和十六烷基三甲基溴化铵复配体系的泡沫性能

利用Ross-Miles法、电导率法和光学法等研究了阴离子表面活性剂α-烯基磺酸钠(AOS)和阳离子表面活性剂十六烷基三甲基溴化铵(CTAB)不同摩尔比复配溶液的泡沫性能。结果表明,在表面活性剂的总浓度为cT=7.8×10-3mol/L时,AOS/CTAB不同摩尔比复配溶液的发泡性能与AOS溶液基本相当,但AOS/CTAB复配能较明显地提高体系的泡沫稳定性;不同摩尔比复配溶液的泡沫稳定性顺序为:AOS/CTAB 5∶1>AOS/CTAB 10∶1>AOS/CTAB15∶1>AOS/CTAB 20∶1>AOS。     

The mixed surfactant system of linear alkylbenzene sulfonate and alpha olefin sulfonate

Physicochemical and detergency studies on the mixed surfactant system of linear alkylbenzene sulfonate-sodium salt (LABS) and alpha olefin sulfonate-sodium salt (AOS) have been carried out. The binary surfactant system exhibits minima in the surface tension and in the critical micelle concentration when the two surfactants are present in the ratio 80:20, indicating synergism in the mixed monolayer and in mixed micelles at this proportion of the two surfactants. The mixed micelles improve hard-water tolerance of LABS and reduce the loss of LABSvia Ca(LABS)₂ precipitation. Addition of AOS to LABS improves its lime soap dispersion properties. The effect is highly significant when AOS is present at the 20% level in the mixed surfactant system. A synergistic mixture of the two surfactants, when used in phosphate-free, carbonate-built detergent product formulation, exhibits superior detergency, low ash deposit and better stainremoving ability when compared to products containing LABS as the sole active surfactant.     

非茂金属烯烃聚合催化剂的载体化研究进展

综述了近年来非茂金属烯烃聚合催化剂的载体化研究的新进展。按照不同载体的分类,介绍了载体化非茂金属催化剂的制备方法及其表征,讨论并总结了载体化方法、聚合温度、助催化剂用量及种类、聚合压力等聚合条件对载体催化剂的催化烯烃聚合行为的影响,以及对所得聚合物相对分子质量、相对分子质量分布、熔点、形貌等性质的影响。     

烯烃环氧化催化剂的研究进展

由于烯烃环氧化物在多领域的广泛应用,人们在烯烃的环氧化反应方面做了大量的工作.反应催化剂的研究无疑是工作的重中之重,因为绝大部分的烯烃环氧化反应都是需要催化剂来催化的.均相催化剂由于其不易分离、无法回收、流出液难于处理客易造成污染等缺点,不较多相催化剂研究的少.作者将主要从催化剂方面,尤其是多相催化方面介绍一下烯烃环氧化的研究进展.     

α-烯基磺酸盐表面活性剂在柴油氧化脱硫中的作用

以α-烯基磺酸盐表面活性剂为表面活性剂,过氧化氢-乙酸为氧化体系,柴油为研究对象,DMF为萃取剂,考察了H2O2/CH3COOH/α-烯基磺酸盐体系催化氧化柴油脱硫的适宜反应条件及脱硫效果。结果表明,加入α-烯基磺酸钠表面活性剂后,柴油脱硫实验较适宜反应条件是:表面活性剂的加入量为0.10 g,反应温度为40℃,反应时间为80 min,VH2O2/VCH3COOH=0.5,V氧化体系/V柴油=1,脱硫率最高,可从不加表面活性剂时的30.93%提高到72.28%。     

非晶态α-烯烃共聚物/丁苯橡胶复合改性沥青的流变性能及微观分布状态

为改善丁苯橡胶（SBR）改性沥青的高温性能,选取非晶态α-烯烃共聚物（APAO）作为改性剂,制备了高低温性能良好兼顾流变性能的APAO/SBR复合改性沥青。研究了不同掺量APAO/SBR复合改性沥青的高中低温流变性能;利用荧光电子显微镜观察了沥青中聚合物的分布状态,以从微观上反应流变性能。结果表明,APAO的加入降低了沥青的不可恢复蠕变柔量和高温区温度敏感性,提高了沥青的软化点、抗车辙因子、弹性恢复率及疲劳破坏加载次数,说明APAO提高了沥青的高温性能和耐疲劳性能。尽管APAO对沥青的低温蠕变劲度模量（S）和蠕变速率（m）都有负面影响,但APAO掺量不大于5％（质量分数,下同）时基于K（S/m）指标的低温性能仍好于苯乙烯-丁二烯-苯乙烯嵌段共聚物改性沥青。综合考虑各项性能,建议选用APAO掺量为5％,在此掺量下APAO与SBR的相容性较好。