过饱和总溶解气体释放过程预测

通过室内试验,研究泄流水体中过饱和总溶解气体的释放过程,分析了影响气体从水中释放的主要因素。利用原型观测资料对已有的过饱和总溶解气体释放的数学模型进行验证,同时对释放系数公式进行了修正。在此基础上预测了金沙江某电站下游河段过饱和总溶解气体的沿程释放规律。     

风速对过饱和总溶解气体释放速率的影响

通过不同风速下的过饱和总溶解气体(TDG)室内释放试验,研究风速对过饱和TDG释放过程的影响,并根据已有释放模型对释放系数进行估算,建立了过饱和TDG释放系数与风速的定量关系式。结果表明在8.5~9.5℃条件下,风速较小时,水体中过饱和TDG释放相当缓慢,随着风速的增大,过饱和TDG的释放速率显著增大;在无风工况下,TDG释放系数为0.005 42 h-1;当风速为1.08~11.33 m/s时,TDG释放系数为0.007 09~0.066 68 h-1;相对释放系数为1~12.303,拟合的相对释放系数与风速的定量关系式计算偏差在-11.76%~10.21%之间。     

A laterally averaged two-dimensional simulation of unsteady supersaturated total dissolved gas in deep reservoir

Elevated levels of the Total Dissolved Gas (TDG) may be reached downstream of dams, leading to increased incidences of gas bubble diseases in fish. The supersaturated TDG dissipates and transports more slowly in reservoirs than in natural rivers because of the greater depth and the lower turbulence, which endangers the fish more seriously. With consideration of the topographical characteristics of a deep reservoir, a laterally averaged two-dimensional unsteady TDG model for deep reservoir is proposed. The dissipation process of the TDG inside the waterbody and the mass transfer through the free surface are separately modeled with different functions in the model. Hydrodynamics equations are solved coupling with those of water temperature and density. The TDG concentration is calculated based on the density current field. A good agreement is found in the simulation of the Dachaoshan Reservoir between the simulation results and the field data of the hydrodynamics parameters and the TDG distribution in the vertical direction and their unsteady evolution with time. The hydrodynamics parameters, the temperature and the TDG concentration are analyzed based on the simulation results. This study demonstrates that the model can be used to predict the evolutions of hydrodynamics parameters, the temperature and the TDG distribution in a deep reservoir with unsteady inflow and outflow. The results can be used in the study of the mitigation measures of the supersaturated TDG.     

Experimental study on total dissolved gas supersaturation in water

More and more high dams have been constructed and operated in China. The total dissolved gas (TDG) supersaturation caused by dam discharge leads to gas bubble disease or even death of fish. Through a series of experiments, the conditions and requirements of supersaturated TDG generation were examined in this study. The results show that pressure (water depth), aeration, and bubble dissolution time are required for supersaturated TDG generation, and the air-water contact area and turbulence intensity are the...     

曝气对过饱和溶解氧消散过程影响的试验研究

为了促进曝气技术在减缓过饱和溶解氧(DO)影响中的应用,设计开展了无曝气工况和曝气工况下的过饱和DO释放试验,研究了曝气对过饱和DO消散过程的影响规律,分析了不同曝气条件下过饱和DO的释放过程和释放系数。试验结果表明,曝气能显著促进过饱和DO的消散,曝气工况下DO饱和度从170%左右消散至105%左右所需时间均小于11 min,而无曝气工况下所需时间最少为240 min;过饱和DO释放系数随曝气量的增大而增大,随曝气水深的增大而减小,与曝气孔径呈现较强的负相关幂函数关系。根据曝气对过饱和DO的释放规律建立了过饱和DO释放系数与曝气条件的定量关系,通过量纲分析建立了过饱和DO释放系数与曝气条件、模型尺寸、流体参数之间的定量关系,两种定量关系中,后者的均方根误差和平均绝对误差较小、相关系数较高,且参数较易获取,因此实用性更好。     

Influence of total dissolved gas-supersaturated water on silver carp(Hypophthalmichthys molitrix)

Dam discharges over spillways are the main reason for the gas-supersaturated water generated in rivers.Local aquatic organisms,especially fish,readily develop gas bubble disease(GBD) in a river with total dissolved gas supersaturation(TDGS).Sometimes,fish will die after a specific exposure period,which negatively affects the biological equilibrium.In this study,the influence of TDGS on silver carp was explored.Silver carp were exposed to gas-supersaturated water with TDGS levels of 140%,135%,130%,125%,120%,and 110%to test the impact of TDGS.Some silver carp died when the TDGS level was 120%or higher,and all the silver carp exposed to a TDGS level of 140%died within10 h.In comparison with the Chinese sucker,Prenant's schizothoracin,and rock carp,silver carp seem less sensitive to TDGS.In addition,we tested the catalase(CAT) activity in the muscles and gills of silver carp after they were exposed to gas-supersaturated water with a TDGS level of140%.The CAT activity changed with time;it increased first and then decreased until it was lower than the initial CAT activity.The results of this study can provide basic data for developing a standard for environmental evaluation.     

水利工程总溶解气体过饱和问题探讨

从对总溶解气体(TDG)过饱和概念的分析入手,阐述TDG过饱和的危害。通过对不同典型水体TDG饱和度的测量,表明泄流可以导致水体TDG含量增加甚至过饱和。在此基础上,采用试验研究的方法,探讨了TDG过饱和产生原因及其释放过程,表明水利工程泄流引起的TDG过饱和与泄流掺气、压力、紊动强度、水温等要素相关,并由此提出减缓水利工程TDG过饱和影响的建议。     

Distributions of crystals and gas bubbles in reservoir ice during growth period

In order to understand the dominant factors of the physical properties of ice in ice thermodynamics and mechanics,in-situ observations of ice growth and decay processes were carried out.Two samplings were conducted in the fast and steady ice growth stages.Ice pieces were used to observe ice crystals and gas bubbles in ice,and to measure the ice density.Vertical profiles of the type and size of ice crystals,shape and size of gas bubbles,and gas bubble content,as well as the ice density,were obtained.The resu...     

龚嘴水电站总溶解气体过饱和原型观测结果分析

大坝泄水对环境的不利影响之一是会产生总溶解气体(TDG)过饱和现象,导致鱼类患气泡病甚至死亡.在理论分析的基础上,建立了基于面流消能的TDG过饱和浓度预测公式.该预测公式采用平均静水压强作为自变量进行TDG饱和度计算,避免了以往采用很难精确定量的动水压强进行TDG预测而带来的不便.通过对大渡河上龚嘴水电站泄洪期间TDG...     

基于LBM工作面瓦斯涌出仿真实现

为了掌握瓦斯在煤层中运移并涌出后在工作面扩散的规律,提出了对工作面瓦斯涌出进行仿真的方法.由于煤层流场是由多孔介质组成的空间,瓦斯在煤层中的运移属于渗流运动,而工作面空间为非多孔介质空间,瓦斯在工作面的扩散属于紊流运动,因此本方法基于双分布速度-浓度格子Boltzmann模型,分别建立了瓦斯在煤层中运移和涌出后在工作面扩散的LBM模型,并采用分块耦合算法,实现了煤层流场和工作面瓦斯流场的耦合.该模型结合生产过程中经常使用的U型通风系统,对瓦斯在煤层中的运移和瓦斯涌出后在工作面的扩散流动进行了模拟.通过模拟可直观地观察瓦斯涌出后在工作面的分布,并得出工作面瓦斯涌出规律,这为进一步探讨煤与瓦斯两相耦合机制、煤与瓦斯突出机制及瓦斯抽放方案的设计提供新的思路.     

明渠自掺气水流气泡形成过程的试验研究

采用高速摄像技术对陡槽内自掺气水流进行了观测,拍摄到了掺气起始区气泡在水流内部形成的完整过程,对气泡形成的过程进行了概化分析。水面附近涡体运动产生的脉动压强和水面相互作用,导致水面发生上凸下凹的变形。当这种变形达到一定程度后,受顺水流向或横向脉动压力、横向切应力的作用,深入水体凹坑的边壁在某一部位闭合,下部包裹空气形成气泡而发生自掺气。随着紊动强度进一步增大,水面变形加剧,表现为高高跃出水面的柱状突起和水滴,这些水柱的倾倒、聚并也会造成空气进入水中形成气泡。明渠水流自掺气是水体内部紊动与水面相互作用的结果。     

Evaluation of Boundary Dam spillway using an Autonomous Sensor Fish Device

Fish passage conditions over spillways are important for the operations of hydroelectric dams because spillways are usually considered as a common alternative passage route to divert fish from the turbines. The objectives of this study were to determine the relative potential of fish injury during spillway passage both before and after the installation of baffle blocks at Boundary Dam, and to provide validation data for a model being used to predict total dissolved gas levels. Sensor Fish were deployed through a release system mounted on the face of the dam in the forebay. Three treatments, based on the lateral position on the spillway, were evaluated for both the baseline and post-modification evaluations: Left Middle, Right Middle, and Right. No significant acceleration events were detected in the forebay, gate, or transition regions for any release location; events were only observed on the chute and in the tailrace. Baseline acceleration events observed in the chute region were all classified as strikes, whereas post-modification events included strike and shear on the chute. While the addition of baffle blocks increased the number of severe events observed on the spillway chute, overall fewer events were observed in the tailrace post-modification. Analysis of lateral positioning of passage indicated that the Right Middle treatment was potentially less injurious to fish based on relative frequency of severe events at each location. The construction of baffle blocks on the spillway visibly changed the flow regime. Prior to installation the flow jet was relatively thin, impacting the tailrace as a coherent stream that plunged deeply, possibly contributing to total dissolved gas production. Following baffle block construction, the discharge jet was more fragmented, potentially disrupting the plunge depth and decreasing the time that bubbles would be at depth in the plunge pool. The results in this study support the expected performance of the modified spillway chute: the addition of the baffle blocks generally lessened the depth and impact of entry. This study provides information that can be used to help design and operate spillways for improving fish passage conditions.     

高坝下游水中总溶解气体过饱和研究进展

随着水电工程的不断兴起,高坝建设引起的过饱和水体问题日渐突出。总结了近年来国内外的的研究成果,从鱼类的耐受性、鱼类对过饱和总溶解气体(TDG)的规避效应以及过饱和TDG对鱼类的致死机理3方面分析了过饱和TDG与下游水生生物之间的相互作用,并提出了一些研究思路和想法。此外,还重点论述了促进过饱和TDG释放速率方面取得的进展和不足之处,指出实际工况条件下过饱和TDG的释放易受河流形态等周边环境影响,而实验条件下无法准确反映实际工况,今后室内试验和原型观测需进一步加强。而如何在安全行洪的前提下实现快速高效的TDG释放是该领域下一步研究的重点。     

水下超声速燃气射流动力学特性研究

该文研究水下超声速喷管燃气射流动力学特性.采用基于均质平衡流的mixture多相流模型和标准湍流模式,运用有限体积法和SIMPLE算法,求解了不同工况下的二维水下燃气射流的湍流流动.考虑了流体的可压缩性、黏性、重力作用、气水掺混效应和能量交换等复杂因素.通过对不同扩张比、不同水深和不同来流情况下喷管射流流场的数值计算结果的比较与分析,发现在环境背压较大的情况下,大扩张比喷管燃气射流会产生颈缩、断裂和回击现象;而小扩张比喷管和有来流情况下,喷管燃气射流形态较稳定.     

融合环境因素的有限空间毒气扩散危害程度分析

为探究环境因素对毒气扩散危害程度的影响,通过对比有限空间内外环境差异,了解气体在有限空间内受力情况,并以传统高斯烟羽模型为基础,考虑扩散气体与有限空间边界碰撞产生的反射作用,建立了适用于有限空间气体扩散的改进高斯烟羽模型。深度剖析有限空间气体扩散环境,挖掘气体扩散主要关联因子,构建风速、地表粗糙度对有限空间气体扩散的影响函数;参照有限空间环境特征,分别设置3种不同风速与2种不同地表粗糙度,推求6种不同环境条件下气体扩散面积,阐明风速与地表粗糙度对有限空间气体扩散的影响程度。结果表明:在单一风速条件下,风速越高,地表粗糙度越低,洞室内H2S气体滞留时间越短,洞室内气体的扩散面积越小;风速越低,地表粗糙度越高,洞室内气体的扩散面积越大。     

水电站长输水道管流气泡动力特性研究

本文以水电站瞬变过程中调压室漏空压力钢管中的气液两相流作为研究对象，在模型实验的基础上，探讨了气泡对管道水压变化的影响及其数学描述.由流动的连续性，导出了瞬变过程中计算调压室进气流量的公式；引入了气团质点的新概念，将每一时间步长内进入压力管道的空气视为一个质点；发展了用拉格朗日研究固体质点运动的方法研究气团质点在管道中运动的原理和方法；研究了采用Wylie的自由气体——离散模型计算瞬变压力变化过程.数值计算和模型实验数据的对比表明，本文所发展的数学模型能够较好地描述调压室漏空压力钢管中气液两相流的压力变化过程.     

基于MapObjects实现排水管网的水力计算

目前国内外虽然有若干重力流雨、污水管道的计算程序,但是大多没有实现设计与计算的“一体化”。采用面向对象(OOD)的设计思想,建立了管网计算模型,并利用COM技术与GIS组件MapObjects结合,开发了辅助规划系统,实现了从管网规划设计图层直接提取必要的数据进行管网计算的自动化与结果的可视化表达。     

Role of plume dynamics phase in a deepwater oil and gas release model

Offshore exploration and production of oil and gas have increased significantly in the last decade. Computer models are used in emergency response, contingency planning, and impact assessment to simulate the behavior of oil and gas if accidentally released from a well, pipeline, or ship. There are two types of models used for this purpose-models that have both plume dynamics stage and the advection diffusion stage and models that are of simplified nature that has only the advection diffusion stage. This paper compares both types of models and shows what information are similar and what are different and under what conditions. The paper also examines in detail about different criteria that can be used as the transition point (TLPD) from plume dynamics stage to advection diffusion stage. Key findings of the paper are that except for slow leaks the two types of models give different results for surfacing time and location. This is important because sometimes the two models may show profiles that correspond to different times to be similar in shape. The present parametric study suggests that the transition point for TLPD can be based on the buoyant oil droplet velocity corresponding to the median oil droplet size.     

基于示踪气体浓度值的圆形喷口非等温冷射流卷吸运动实验研究

利用示踪气体浓度值分析圆形喷口非等温冷射流对周边环境空气的卷吸运动。利用恒温恒湿实验室进行喷口射流模型实验。对比了传统方法和示踪气体法卷吸量测量结果,并对喷口射流沿程卷吸量与卷吸系数的变化规律进行分析。实验数据表明:利用示踪气体浓度值沿程变化测量射流卷吸量的方法是可行的。在惯性力起主导作用的射流运动中,雷诺数Re是影响射流卷吸效应强弱的主要准则,随着出口Re数增大,卷吸量逐渐增加;当出口雷诺数Re>15000时,流量增大系数几乎不变。     

液气射流泵传质分析

对影响液气射流泵传质因素进行了简单分析，提出了改善射流泵传质效果的尺寸结构模型。