3种杀虫剂亚致死浓度胁迫对桃蚜扩散行为的影响

[目的]明确氟吡呋喃酮、氟啶虫胺腈和环氧虫啶亚致死浓度作用下桃蚜的扩散行为.[方法]实验室条件下测定3种杀虫剂对桃蚜的相对生物活性,并开展各药剂亚致死浓度对桃蚜扩散能力影响研究.[结果]"杀虫剂种类"和"作用时间"是影响桃蚜扩散行为的主要因素;氟吡呋喃酮LC10和LC30处理桃蚜2 h,其扩散率分别为12.38％和36...     

氟啶虫胺腈对桃蚜的室内杀虫活性及田间防治效果

[目的]通过室内毒力测定及田间药效试验评价氟啶虫胺腈原药以及22%氟啶虫胺腈悬浮剂对桃树蚜虫的防治效果。[方法]分别采用浸叶法和常规喷雾法进行室内毒力测定和田间药效试验。[结果]室内毒力测定结果表明氟啶虫胺腈和吡虫啉原药对桃蚜48 h LC50值分别为0.9977、5.8498 mg/L,氟啶虫胺腈对桃蚜的相对毒力是吡虫啉的5.86倍。辽宁和陕西田间药效试验结果表明22%氟啶虫胺腈悬浮剂24~48 mg/L对桃蚜防治效果达99.0%以上;山东试验结果表明22%氟啶虫胺腈悬浮剂48 mg/L对桃蚜防效达85.0%以上。[结论]氟啶虫胺腈可有效防治桃蚜,田间分别在露红期和落花后各施药1次,整体的防治效果可持续近1个月的时间。     

氟啶虫胺腈对桃蚜和瓜蚜室内杀虫活性及田间防治效果

通过室内毒力测定及田间药效试验评价氟啶虫胺腈原药以及22%氟啶虫胺腈悬浮剂和50%氟啶虫胺腈水分散粒剂对桃蚜和瓜蚜的杀虫活性。分别采用浸叶法和常规喷雾法进行室内毒力测定和田间药效试验。室内毒力测定结果表明,氟啶虫胺腈原药对桃蚜和瓜蚜48 h LC50值分别为0.98 mg/L和1.70 mg/L,氟啶虫胺腈对桃蚜和瓜蚜的相对毒力分别是啶虫脒的4.2倍和2.0倍。田间药效试验结果表明,22%氟啶虫胺腈悬浮剂和50%氟啶虫胺腈水分散粒剂对桃蚜和瓜蚜具有很好的速效性和持效性,平均防治效果为82.0%~96.0%。氟啶虫胺腈可有效防治桃蚜和瓜蚜,是农业生产上防治蚜虫的理想药剂之一。     

氟啶虫胺腈对苹果黄蚜室内毒力测定及田间防治效果

[目的]通过室内毒力测定和田间药效试验评价50%氟啶虫胺腈WG对苹果黄蚜的杀虫活性及田间防治效果,并与螺虫乙酯、吡虫啉和3种植物源杀虫剂的田间防治效果进行比较,为合理防治苹果黄蚜提供依据。[方法]采用连续浸液法和浸叶法进行室内毒力测定,采用常规喷雾法进行田间药效试验。[结果]氟啶虫胺腈对苹果黄蚜的LC50和LC95值分别是20.68、390.56mg/L,表现出较高的生物活性。药后3d,50%氟啶虫胺腈WG50.0~62.5mga.i./L对苹果黄蚜的防效为81.05%~92.25%,药后7~15 d的防治效果为92.39%~99.65%,具有良好速效性和持效性。氟啶虫胺腈对苹果黄蚜的速效性好于螺虫乙酯,持效性和整体防治效果与螺虫乙酯相同;氟啶虫胺腈的速效性与吡虫啉相同,但同时期的防治效果高于吡虫啉。3种植物源杀虫剂蛇床子提取物、鱼藤提取物和除虫菊素对苹果黄蚜的防治效果均较低。[结论]综合比较所有供试杀虫剂的防治效果,50%氟啶虫胺腈WG对苹果黄蚜防效最好,在苹果黄蚜发生期用该杀虫剂50.0~62.5 mg a.i./L进行常规喷雾处理,持效期在15 d以上。     

西澳州桃蚜对氟啶虫胺腈(sulfoxaflor)出现抗性

正澳大利亚研究人员首次发现桃蚜(GPA)对氟啶虫胺腈(商品名Transform)出现了抗性。桃蚜是广泛危害油菜和豆类作物的害虫,也是芜菁黄化病毒(TuV)(以前称为甜菜西方黄化病毒)的重要媒介昆虫。氟啶虫胺腈属于杀虫剂作用机制分类4C亚组,是防治油菜桃蚜的重要工具之一。在澳大利亚,已知桃蚜对拟除虫菊酯类、氨基甲酸酯类、有机磷酸酯类和新烟碱类化合物都出现了抗性。如今,在西澳州埃斯佩兰斯附近采集到的少量桃蚜种群中已检测到对氟啶虫胺腈出现了低水平抗药性。     

9种杀虫剂对马铃薯桃蚜的室内毒力测定

为了筛选防治马铃薯上桃蚜的更好药剂,在室内采用叶片浸渍法,测定了9种杀虫剂对马铃薯桃蚜的毒力。结果表明:9种杀虫剂对马铃薯桃蚜都有较好的毒力,其中3.15%阿维·吡虫啉EC对马铃薯桃蚜的毒力最高,LC50值为0.730 4 mg/L;其次是5%高效氯氟氰菊酯ME、33%氯氟·吡虫啉SC、3.2%阿维菌素EC和9%噻虫·高氯氟SC,LC50值分别为0.873 1 mg/L、1.384 9 mg/L、1.855 3 mg/L和2.660 7 mg/L;22%氟啶虫胺腈SC、30%噻虫嗪SC和20%噻虫胺SC的LC50值分别为5.782 8 mg/L、5.8653 mg/L和6.279 3 mg/L;20%吡虫啉SL对马铃薯桃蚜的毒力最低,LC50值为22.895 2 mg/L。     

苹果黄蚜防治药剂筛选及天敌安全性评价

[目的]明确氟啶虫胺腈和螺虫乙酯2种新型杀虫剂及吡虫啉、吡蚜酮和高效氯氟氰菊酯3种常用杀虫剂对苹果黄蚜的田间防治效果及对主要天敌的影响,为生产应用提供科学依据。[方法]采用常规喷雾法进行试验。[结果]就速效性而言,氟啶虫胺腈和吡虫啉均在药后2 d表现出良好的防治效果,均在91.4%以上,显著高于螺虫乙酯和吡蚜酮。就持效性而言,螺虫乙酯、氟啶虫胺腈、吡虫啉药后21 d防治效果均在85.4%以上,显著高于吡蚜酮和高效氯氟氰菊酯。药后21、28 d分别对果树益害虫比调查发现,不同试验药剂和剂量对天敌安全无影响,可在苹果黄蚜及天敌发生期推荐剂量下使用。[结论]综合试验结果、防治成本及生态安全等因素推荐在苹果黄蚜发生初期采用螺虫乙酯56.0mg/L、氟啶虫胺腈41.7mg/L、吡虫啉50.0mg/L或吡蚜酮166.7mg/L进行喷雾处理可达到理想防治效果。     

氟啶虫胺腈对水稻褐飞虱的室内杀虫活性及田间药效

[目的]通过室内毒力测定和田间药效试验评价氟啶虫胺腈原药以及22%氟啶虫胺腈悬浮剂对水稻褐飞虱的杀虫活性及田间防治效果。[方法]分别采用稻茎浸渍法和常规喷雾法进行室内毒力测定和田间药效试验。[结果]氟啶虫胺腈和吡虫啉原药对水稻褐飞虱的LC50值分别为3.52、1.60 mg/L,LC90值分别为31.27、21.50 mg/L,表明氟啶虫胺腈与吡虫啉对褐飞虱均具有较好的毒杀作用。22%氟啶虫胺腈悬浮剂用量50、75、100 g a.i./hm2于药后3 d的防效达61.6%～97.1%,具有较好的速效性,药后7～14 d的防效达84.2%～99.2%,表现出较好的持效性。[结论]22%氟啶虫胺腈悬浮剂是防治水稻褐飞虱的较好药剂,推荐用量50～75 g a.i./hm2,重点喷施水稻茎基部。     

19种杀菌剂对桃褐腐病离体抑菌活性

[方法]采用含毒介质法明确了19种杀菌剂对桃褐腐病菌丝生长的影响及对桃褐腐病的离体抑菌活性.[结果]质量浓度10 mg/L时,啶菌(噁)唑、腈苯唑、戊唑醇和多菌灵对桃褐腐病菌丝生长抑菌率达100％;1 mg/L时,以上4种药剂对菌丝生长抑菌率达98％以上.[结论]啶菌(噁)唑、腈苯唑、戊唑醇、多菌灵和氟啶胺的离体抑菌活性高于其他药剂,0.1 mg/L质量浓度下,啶菌(噁)唑和腈苯唑的抑菌活性较为突出,明显高于戊唑醇和多菌灵.     

5种杀虫剂对小麦蚜虫的毒力测定及田间药效试验

[目的]筛选出防治小麦蚜虫的药剂。[方法]采用玻片浸渍法和喷雾法测定5种药剂对麦蚜的毒力和田间防效。[结果]10%氯氰菊酯EC、10%吡虫啉WP、3.6%烟碱·苦参碱CS、22%氟啶虫胺腈SC和25%噻虫嗪SG对麦长管蚜的LC50值分别为30.34、19.30、3.93、11.22、21.63 mg/L。田间药效试验表明:25%噻虫嗪SG和10%吡虫啉WP速效性好,药后1 d的防效均大于80%;22%氟啶虫胺腈SC、25%噻虫嗪SG和3.6%烟碱·苦参碱CS持效性好,药后7 d的防效达87.6%~92.8%。[结论]3.6%烟碱·苦参碱CS、22%氟啶虫胺腈SC、25%噻虫嗪SG和10%吡虫啉WP可用于防治小麦蚜虫。     

Nutritive Evaluation of the Bambara Groundnut Ci12 Landrace [Vigna subterranea (L.) Verdc. (Fabaceae)] Produced in C?te d’Ivoire

The nutritional evaluation of the Bambara groundnut Ci12 landrace (Vigna subterranea (L.) Verdc.) seeds produced in Côte d’Ivoire shows a 19% content of protein, containing all the essential amino acids with tryptophan as the limiting amino acid, a total dietary fiber level of 10%, with a low soluble fraction content, and a fat content of 1.4%, with a high proportion of total unsaturated fatty acids (61%) of which 36% were n-6 fatty acids. This legume contains phosphorus, as the major mineral, followed by magnesium and calcium, and trace elements (iron, copper and zinc). It is characterized by the same amount of α-tocopherol and antioxidant capacity as common legumes. The high concentration of essential amino acids, n-6 fatty acids and minerals, mainly Fe, in the Ci12 landrace of Bambara groundnut indicates that this local legume has the potentiality to improve the nutritional status in Côte d’Ivoire and it could be regarded as a nutrient dense food.     

Interactions of Linoleic and Alpha-Linolenic Acids in the Development of Fatty Acid Alterations in Cystic Fibrosis

Patients with cystic fibrosis (CF) exhibit characteristic polyunsaturated fatty acid abnormalities, including low linoleic acid and high arachidonic acid levels that are thought to contribute to the pathophysiology of this disease. Recent studies indicate that changes in fatty acid metabolism are responsible for these abnormalities. This study examines the role of fatty acid substrate concentrations in the development of these alterations in a cultured cell model of CF. By incubating cells with varying concentrations of exogenous fatty acids, it shows that increasing the concentration of substrates from the parallel n-3 and n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acid pathways (linoleic acid and alpha-linolenic acid, respectively) not only increases formation of the products in that pathway, but also reduces metabolism in the parallel pathway. In particular, we demonstrate that high levels of linoleic acid and low levels of alpha-linolenic acid are required to observe the typical fatty acid alterations of cystic fibrosis. These results shed light on the mechanisms of fatty acid metabolic abnormalities in cystic fibrosis. They also have implications for the nutritional therapy of CF, highlighting the importance of specific fatty acid content, and in understanding the anti-inflammatory effects of n-3 fatty acids.     

6种常用杀虫剂对萝卜蚜的毒力测定及田间防效

[目的]采用室内毒力测定和田间药效试验方法,测定6种药剂对萝卜蚜的敏感性。[结果]结果表明萝卜蚜对不同类型杀虫剂敏感性有较大差异,其中95%毒死蜱对萝卜蚜杀虫活性最高,LC50值为0.1215 mg/L,其次为94%阿维菌素,LC50值为0.7795 mg/L,95%高效氯氰菊酯的敏感性最低,LC50值为996.8046 mg/L。通过田间试验可知:10%吡虫啉可湿性粉剂、1.8%阿维菌素乳油、3%啶虫脒可湿性粉剂、1%甲氨基阿维菌素苯甲酸盐乳油、40%毒死蜱乳油和4.5%高效氯氰菊酯乳油对萝卜蚜的防效都非常好,3 d的防效均达98%以上,14 d的防效为100%。[结论]在测试的6中药剂中,目前田间萝卜蚜与桃蚜相比具有较低的抗药性水平。     

氰戊菊酯和甲氰菊酯对棉铃虫的亚致死效应

本文通过饲喂法测定了氰戊菊酯、甲氰菊酯两种拟除虫菊酯杀虫剂亚致死剂量(LC1与LC50)对棉铃虫3龄幼虫拒食、体重、生长发育以及驱避作用的影响。结果表明,各处理棉铃虫3龄幼虫,取食量均低于对照。处理后48h,LC50剂量以氰戊菊酯拒食活性较高,拒食率为38.65%,且LC50剂量的各处理与对照差异显著。所有处理对棉铃虫幼虫—蛹、蛹—成虫的存活率都有影响。药剂处理后,幼虫的历期延长,幼虫的化蛹也受到影响,出现畸蛹,但各处理畸蛹率均低于15%。亚致死剂量杀虫剂对棉铃虫的生长发育、幼虫体重及蛹重都有抑制作用。在LC1与LC50剂量下,两种药剂对棉铃虫也表现出驱避作用。处理48h,氰戊菊酯LC1与LC50剂量的驱避率分别为76.25%与98.75%。这些研究结果显示,低剂量的拟除虫菊酯对棉铃虫生物学方面存在不良影响。     

Simple, high-efficiency synthesis of fatty acid methyl esters from soapstock

We report a simple method that efficiently esterifies the fatty acids in soapstock, an inexpensive, lipid-rich by-product of edible oil production. The process involves (i) alkaline hydrolysis of all lipid-linked fatty acid ester bonds and (ii) acid-catalyzed esterification of the resulting fatty acid sodium salts. Step (i) completely saponified all glycerides and phosphoglycerides in the soapstock. Following water removal, the resulting free fatty acid sodium salts were rapidly and quantitatively converted to fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) by incubation with methanol and sulfuric acid at 35°C and ambient pressure. Minimum molar reactant ratios for full esterification were fatty acids/methanol/sulfuric acid of 1∶30∶5. The esterification reaction was substantially complete within 10 min and was not inhibited by residual water contents up to ca. 10% in the saponified soapstock. The product FAME contained >99% fatty acid esters, 0% triglycerides, <0.05% diglycerides, <0.1% monoglycerides, and <0.8% free fatty acids. Free fatty acid levels were further reduced by washing with dilute sodium hydroxide. Free and total glycerol were <0.01 and <0.015%, respectively. The water content was <0.04%. These values meet the current specifications for biodiesel, a renewable substitute for petroleum-derived diesel fuel. The identities and proportions of fatty acid esters in the FAME reflected the fatty acid content of soybean lipids. Solids formed during the reaction contained 69.1% ash and 0.8% protein. Their sodium content indicated that sodium sulfate was the prime inorganic component. Carbohydrate was the predominant organic constituent of the solid.     

氟啶虫胺腈对褐飞虱的田间防治效果

[目的]明确240g/L氟啶虫胺腈悬浮剂对褐飞虱的田间控制作用及最佳使用剂量。[方法]采用田间喷雾法,对氟啶虫胺腈37.5、50、75、100 ga.i./hm2四种不同剂量处理防治褐飞虱效果进行试验研究。[结果]240 g/L氟啶虫胺腈悬浮剂37.5、50ga.i./hm2两种剂量处理,药后1~3 d对褐飞虱的防效为51.42%~68.51%,药后7~14 d的防效为61.00%~79.10%,与对照药剂25%噻嗪酮可湿性粉剂112.5ga.i./hm2剂量处理相比,速效性相当,但持效性差;而75、100ga.i./hm2两种剂量处理,药后1~3 d防效为67.18%~74.11%,药后7~14 d防效为81.26%~89.22%,与对照药剂25%噻嗪酮可湿性粉剂112.5ga.i./hm2剂量处理相比,速效性更好,而持效性相当。[结论]240 g/L氟啶虫胺腈悬浮剂75~100 ga.i./hm2剂量喷雾处理,能有效控制褐飞虱的发生为害,可供生产上推广应用。     

Acetate Treatment Increases Fatty Acid Content in LPS-Stimulated BV2 Microglia

Acetate supplementation increases plasma acetate, brain acetyl-CoA, histone acetylation, phosphocreatine levels, and is anti-inflammatory in models of neuroinflammation and neuroborreliosis. Although radiolabeled acetate is incorporated into the cellular lipid pools, the effect that acetate supplementation has on lipid deposition has not been quantified. To determine the impact acetate-treatment has on cellular lipid content, we investigated the effect of acetate in the presence of bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) on fatty acid, phospholipid, and cholesterol content in BV2 microglia. We found that 1, 5, and 10 mM of acetate in the presence of LPS increased the total fatty acid content in BV2 cells by 23, 34, and 14 % at 2 h, respectively. Significant increases in individual fatty acids were also observed with all acetate concentrations tested with the greatest increases occurring with 5 mM acetate in the presence of LPS. Treatment with 5 mM acetate in the absence of LPS increased total cholesterol levels by 11 %. However, neither treatment in the absence of LPS significantly altered the content of individual phospholipids or total phospholipid content. To determine the minimum effective concentration of acetate we measured the time- and concentration-dependent changes in histone acetylation using western blot analysis. These studies showed that 5 mM acetate was necessary to induce histone acetylation and at 10 mM acetate, the histone acetylation-state increased as early as 0.5 h following the start of treatment. These data suggest that acetate increases fatty acid content in LPS-stimulated BV2 microglia that is reflected by an increase in fatty acids esterified into membrane phospholipids.     

Effects of conjugated linoleic acids on protein to fat proportions,fatty acids,and plasma lipids in broilers

In a performance trial, broiler chickens received 29 g per kg feed of a preparation containing 70% linoleic acid (LA) in the control treatment and another preparation containing approximately the same amount of conjugated linoleic acids (CLA) in the experimental treatment. Diets of CLA treatment contained 18 g CLA per kg feed. The CLA preparation contained the isomers cis‐9,trans‐11 and trans‐10,cis‐12 at a proportion 1:1, other CLA isomers were quantitively negligible. Performance parameters (weight gain and feed conversion ratio over a 42 day period) were not significantly influenced by CLA intake. However, fat content of liver, breast, and leg muscles was reduced and protein contents in liver and leg muscles were elevated significantly. Fat to protein ratios in the main edible parts were shifted in favour of protein in CLA treated animals. In all analysed tissue lipids the content of saturated fatty acids was increased and that of monounsaturated fatty acids was decreased significantly. At the same time CLA was incorporated in tissue lipids effectively reaching more than 10 g per 100 g of total fatty acids. With regard to isomers the cis‐9,trans‐11 isomer was found in higher concentrations in tissue lipid fractions compared to the trans‐10,cis‐12 isomer. It was concluded that nutrient repartitioning due to CLA intake described for other species is also valid for broilers. Using appropriate feeding strategies it is possible to produce CLA enriched food from broilers.