Hydrogen-assisted fatigue crack growth of AISI 316L stainless steel weld

The fatigue crack growth behaviors of AISI 316L stainless steel (SS) welds in air and gaseous hydrogen were evaluated, and further compared with the base plate. In air, the fatigue crack growth rate (FCGR) of the weld after heat-treatment at 1050 ^oC/1 h was similar to that of the base metal. Furthermore, all specimens became susceptible to hydrogen-accelerated crack growth. Mainly quasi-cleavage fracture related with the strain-induced martensite accounted for the accelerated crack growth in hydrogen. A smaller amount of martensite in the weld was responsible for the decreased susceptibility to hydrogen-enhanced fatigue crack growth relative to the base metal.     

The effect of sensitization on the hydrogen-enhanced fatigue crack growth of two austenitic stainless steels

Fatigue crack growth tests were performed to evaluate the susceptibility to hydrogen-enhanced crack growth of AISI 304 and 316 stainless steels (SSs). Sensitization treatment at 650 °C 100 h played little effect on the fatigue crack growth behavior in air, regardless of testing specimens. However, hydrogen accelerated the fatigue crack growth of various specimens to different degrees; sensitized specimens were more susceptible as compared with the un-sensitized ones.

Fatigue fracture appearance of various specimens tested in air exhibited mainly transgranular fatigue fracture together with rarely intergranular fracture and twin boundary separation. Meanwhile, intergranular fracture was found for sensitized specimens tested in hydrogen. Extensive quasi-cleavage fracture related to the strain-induced martensite accounted for the hydrogen-accelerated fatigue crack growth of unstable austenitic SSs. On the other hand, the lower susceptibility of 316H specimens could be attributed to the partial austenite transformation, as evidenced by a mixture of transgranular fracture feature and quasi-cleavage.     

Effect of austenite instability on the hydrogen-enhanced crack growth of austenitic stainless steels

Fatigue crack growth tests were performed to assess the fatigue behavior of AISI 316L and 254 SMO stainless steels (SSs) in air and gaseous hydrogen. 254 SMO SS generally exhibited a greater resistance to fatigue crack growth than 316L. Sensitization treatment had only a marginal effect on the fatigue crack growth behavior of both alloys in air. Moreover, 316L SS exhibited significant hydrogen-enhanced crack growth but 254 SMO, even sensitized 254 SMO specimens, did not. A thin layer of strain-induced martensite was formed on the fatigue-fractured surface of the 316L SS, and its content increased when raising the stress ratio. The thin martensite layer was responsible for the hydrogen-enhanced fatigue crack growth of the 316L SS. By contrast, the extremely stable austenite was responsible for the low susceptibility of 254 SMO SS to hydrogen-accelerated crack growth. The trapping of hydrogen at the grain boundaries and the transformed martensite in the sensitized 316L specimens led to increased fatigue crack growth rates and intergranular fracture of the material.     

激光喷丸强化对电化学充氢316L奥氏体不锈钢振动疲劳性能的影响

研究了激光喷丸强化对电化学充氢316L奥氏体不锈钢振动疲劳性能的影响.测试分析了不同激光功率密度喷丸316L不锈钢充氢试样的残余应力、显微硬度和微观组织结构,并对比研究其振动疲劳寿命和断口形貌.结果 显示,激光喷丸诱导材料表层位错密度增加,并有效细化晶粒,抑制了氢原子的入侵,同时复杂晶界和高密度位错增殖结构阻碍了氢原子...     

Fatigue crack growth behavior of laser-annealed IN 718 alloy in hydrogen

The effect of hydrogen embrittlement on the fatigue crack growth of IN 718 plate and laser-annealed specimens in hydrogen containing environment were investigated. Although the differences in tensile strength and impact toughness between solution-annealed (S) and aged (A) IN 718 specimens were significant, the experimental results indicated that both specimens within the low ΔK regime exhibited a similar fatigue behavior. As the ΔK increased above 30 MPa , the solution-annealed specimen revealed a higher fatigue crack growth rate (FCGR) than the aged one. In general, the IN 718 alloy had a low sensitivity to hydrogen-enhanced fatigue crack growth, independent of hydrogen sources. Residual compressive stresses ahead of the crack tip were responsible for the improved resistance to fatigue crack growth in a laser-annealed specimen. For alloys with similar strength, IN 718 alloy trapped a huge amount of hydrogen in the matrix showing a less susceptibility to hydrogen-enhanced fatigue crack growth in comparison with the maraging steel. Additionally, fatigue-fractured appearance near crack initiation sites reveals quasi-cleavage fracture in embrittled specimens.     

15Mn钢在3.5%氯化钠水溶液中的腐蚀疲劳

研究了不同组织状态的15Mn钢在3.5％氯化钠水溶液中的疲劳裂纹扩展行为,测定了裂尖区的平均氢含量和裂纹闭合力,发现外部条件(力学及环境)和材料的显微组织对腐蚀疲劳有重要影响。结合断口和裂纹走向观察,提出了15Mn钢腐蚀疲劳断裂的复合机制和断裂机制图。     

The effects of hydrogen on fatigue crack growth behaviour of Ti-6Al-4V and Ti-4.5Al-3V-2Mo-2Fe alloys

The fatigue crack growth rates (FCGRs) of Ti-6Al-4V and Ti-4.5Al-3V-2Mo-2Fe alloys were determined in gaseous hydrogen, air, and a soft vacuum. In hydrogen and at a stress ratio of 0.1, the deflected crack path associated with the localized brittle fracture of the α-phase could account for the reduced FCGR of Ti-6Al-4V. At a higher stress ratio of 0.5, hydrogen embrittlement enhanced cracking and alleviated the effect of crack deflections in Ti-6Al-4V specimens, resulting in the FCGR in hydrogen similar to that in air. In contrast, the FCGR of Ti-4.5Al-3V-2Mo-2Fe was insensitive to both the environment and stress ratio.     

LOW CYCLE FATIGUE BEHAVIOR OF AZ91HP ALLOY IN AS HIGH PRESSURE DIE CASTING

1. IntroductionDue to comparable strength and price, and lower density, magnesium alloys are replacing aluminum alloys as construction materials, especially ill automobile illdustry. N()wadays, the amount of magnesium for die-casting, 70% of which will be using ill the c;trproduction, is increasing with an average rate of 15% in the world, 30% in Nortll Anleri(.aand 60% in Europe[1--5] each year.Ogarevic and Stephensl6] indicated that a significant amount of stress--life (S-N) 1behavior data…     

Gaseous hydrogen embrittlement of T-250 laser welds

The tensile properties of laser-welded T-250 maraging steel are measured, with attention paid to the influence of strain rate and gaseous hydrogen on the fracture behavior of welded specimens. Post-weld heat treatments are performed on laser-welded specimens to obtain underaged (WU), peak-aged (WP), and overaged (WO) specimens. Hydrogen embrittlement (HE) affects the tensile fracture behavior of the welded specimens; HE changes not only the fracture mode but also the fracture location. Without the influence of hydrogen, the fracture location is at the softest region, the weld metal (WM), and the fracture appearance reveals a ductile dimple fracture. For welds sensitive to HE, the fracture is initiated at the heat-affected zone (HAZ) with coarse grain size, and the associated fracture surface exhibits intergranular and quasi-cleavage fractures that are brittle in nature. In addition, the HAZ with coarse grain size is more prone to HE, as compared to other regions in the welded specimens. The WU specimens are susceptible to HE in air under a low strain rate, while the WP specimens are only susceptible to gaseous hydrogen embrittlement (GHE). However, the WO specimens are immune to GHE and insensitive to strain rate.     

Fatigue crack growth behavior of heat affected zone in P92 steel weldment

In this study, the effect of microstructure on fatigue crack growth behavior of HAZ was investigated using newly developed P92 steel weldment. Fatigue crack growth rates of the fusion line and fusion line+2 mm in HAZ were found to be faster than that of welds or base metal, while fatigue crack growth rate of the fusion line+1 mm was the slowest. The fracture appearance of the fusion line and fusion line+2 mm revealed mainly transgranular, cleavage-like faceted fracture surfaces and the fusion line+1 mm showed quasi-cleavage fractures with scattered dimples, which increased resistance to fatigue crack growth.     

S690高强钢腐蚀疲劳裂纹扩展行为拘束效应

S690高强钢由于其良好的综合力学性能广泛用于海洋平台中. 海洋平台结构易产生腐蚀疲劳失效,海水腐蚀、循环载荷和结构本身的拘束水平对裂纹扩展有重要的影响. 通过空气中和海水环境中的S690高强钢疲劳裂纹扩展试验,结合显微断口分析,研究了拘束水平对S690高强钢腐蚀疲劳裂纹扩展行为的影响. 结果表明,在阳极溶解和氢致开裂的共同作用下,海水环境对S690高强钢疲劳裂纹扩展具有明显的加速作用. 同时随着裂纹的不断扩展,拘束水平对S690高强钢腐蚀疲劳裂纹的影响不断增加,且裂纹扩展速率与裂纹扩展前后的拘束水平增量和结构本身的拘束水平均密切相关.     

Mechanical degradation of API X65 pipeline steel by exposure to hydrogen gas

Hydrogen-induced degradations have generally been investigated through the ex situ testing of cathodically hydrogen-charged specimens. However, the cathodic charging cannot realize damage accumulation by gaseous hydrogen in transportation pipelines. Thus, we designed an ampule specimen which enables an in situ tensile test containing gaseous hydrogen. Ampule specimens made of API (American Petroleum Institute) X65 pipeline steel showed significant reductions of 3.4 % and 4.1 %, respectively, in their ultimate tensile strength and fracture strain after exposure to 20 MPa of hydrogen gas. The resulting fracture surface showed quasi-cleavage perpendicular to the loading direction and a fracture thickness close to the initial wall thickness, significantly different from the complex dimples and highly reduced fracture thickness by shear deformations in nitrogen gas and air environments.     

AZ31镁合金及其TIG焊接接头断裂机理研究

对AZ31镁合金及其焊接接头进行拉伸、冲击和疲劳试验,分析了镁合金的断裂机理及疲劳裂纹扩展方向.母材拉伸试验结果表明,试样几乎没有缩颈,抗拉强度为236.29 MPa;焊接接头的抗拉强度为185.68 MPa,拉伸断裂从焊接接头焊趾部位启裂,抗拉强度为母材的78%.冲击试验在-80～340 ℃进行,结果表明,在较低温度下AZ31镁合金冲击韧性较小,断口为准解理形貌的脆性断裂;随着温度的增加,断裂形式由准解理+韧窝形貌的混合断裂过渡为韧性断裂;在常温下焊缝中心的冲击韧性比母材的高,但热影响区的冲击韧性较差.AZ31B镁合金母材的疲劳强度为66.72 MPa,对接接头的疲劳强度为39.00 MPa;母材疲劳断口由解理台阶组成,为脆性断裂;焊接接头疲劳断口由解理和准解理台阶组成,为脆性断裂.     

Mechanical properties of 422 stainless steel repaired via wire feed laser welding

Abstract

Laser welding with filler wire additions could be used in restoration of components that are of high cost or sometimes difficult to procure, such as steam turbine blades in fossil fuel power plants. In the present work, machined V groove specimens were employed to simulate laser repair of Carpenter 636 stainless steel (SS), which has a similar composition to a blade material, type 422 SS. Before repair welding, a heat treatment procedure including solution and temper treatments of the specimens was carried out according to the mechanical and microstructural analyses of a used blade after 20 years service at about 540° C. Tensile, impact, and fatigue crack growth tests of weld repairs using 410 SS filler wire were conducted. The weld repairs exhibited an impact toughness similar to that of the base metal and a lower fatigue crack growth rate than the base metal. However, the lower hardness associated with 410 SS filler metal led to tensile fracture in the weld metal of repaired specimens. Accordingly, the use of 410 SS filler metal for repair welding type 422 SS components should be limited to regions under low stress.     

Effect of electron beam surface hardening on fatigue crack growth rate in AISI 4340 steel

This paper studies the effect of electron beam (EB) surface hardening on the fatigue crack growth rate in AISI 4340 steel. The heat treatment conditions were varied to consider the influence of microstructure and residual stress. The results show that increasing the EB heat input increases the compressive residual stress in the hardened layer. Thus EB surface-hardening treatment improves the fatigue crack growth resistance. This effect increases with increasing EB heat input but disappears as the ΔK value increases. The fracture mechanism of the hardened layer is intergranular fracture, while that of the base material is transgranular quasi-cleavage.     

CO_3~(2-)-HCO_3~-溶液中X80管线钢焊接接头的应力腐蚀开裂分析

采用慢应变速率试验(SSRT)、扫描电镜(SEM)观察研究了国产X80管线钢焊接接头在0.5mol/LNa2CO3 1mol/LNaHCO3溶液中的应力腐蚀开裂(SCC)敏感性。结果表明,拉伸试样全部断裂在焊缝或热影响区。在所研究的电位区间,拉伸试样随着外加电位正向增加,断面收缩率、断裂时间和断后伸长率增加,而断口部位的裂纹平均扩展速率减小,SCC敏感性降低。试样断口形貌在阴极电位条件下呈准解理断裂,在自腐蚀电位和阳极电位条件下,焊缝试样断口主要是韧性断裂。应力腐蚀机理可以用阳极溶解理论和氢致破裂来解释。     

涡轮机叶片早期断裂原因分析

采用金相、扫描电镜等手段分析了某企业 1Cr13钢涡轮机叶片过早断裂原因。结果表明,在裂纹起始部位,断口以沿晶断裂为主,间或少量穿晶解理或准解理。综合考虑送检叶片的介质条件和应力条件,认为其过早断裂系应力腐蚀所致。应力腐蚀裂纹形成后,除裂纹继续以应力腐蚀方式扩展外,还将叠加有疲劳扩展的成分。晶粒粗大提高了 1Cr13钢对应力腐蚀的敏感性,同时降低了材料的疲劳性能。     

DZ125高温合金断裂特征

对DZ125定向凝固高温合金的室温、高温拉伸,高温低周、高周疲劳,以及疲劳/蠕变交互断裂特征进行了研究。结果表明:DZ125合金室温、高温拉伸断口具有类解理断裂、韧窝断裂和沿枝晶断裂的混合特征,断裂机制为中心微孔聚集型断裂;高温低周疲劳断裂断口与主应力方向垂直;高温高周疲劳断裂断口疲劳裂纹扩展第一阶段表现为类解理小平面和平行锯齿状断裂特征。低周/蠕变交互断裂特征与相同条件下低周疲劳断口主要存在3方面差异:疲劳扩展区面积明显减小;断口上的撕裂棱线较多且相互连接;断口上氧化严重,特别是在疲劳扩展区,存在明显的致密氧化层。     

Assessment of the crack growth characteristics at the low corrosion fatigue limit of an A106 Gr b steel pipe weld

In the area of heavy construction, welding processes are vital in the production and maintenance of pipelines and power plants. The fusion welding process generates formidable welding residual stresses and metallurgical change, which increase the crack driving force and reduce the resistance of brittle fracture as well as environmental fracture. This is a serious problem with many alloys as well as A106 Gr B steel pipe. This pipe, used in petrochemical and heavy chemical plants, either degrades due to corrosive environments, e.g., chlorides and sulfides, and/or becomes damaged during service due to the various corrosion damage mechanisms. Thus, in this study, the sulfide corrosion fatigue strength of multi-pass welded A106 Gr B steel pipe was evaluated in a 5.0 wt.% NaCl solution that was saturated with H2S gas at room temperature on the basis of NACE TM 0177-90. The crack growth characteristics of the welded pipe were then assessed at the low limit of sulfide corrosion fatigue strength, which was previously obtained from the sulfide corrosion fatigue (SCF) tests. From the results, in terms of the SCF, all the specimens failed at the heat-affected zone, where a high welding residual stress distributes. It was found that the fatigue crack grew at the low corrosion fatigue limit (σ _{SCFun-notched}), which was 32 % (160MPa) of the ultimate tensile strength (502MPa) of the welded specimens.     

Fatigue crack growth and fracture toughness properties of 304 stainless steel pipe for LNG transmission

The fatigue crack growth rate and fracture toughness tests of type 304 stainless steel were studied over a temperature range of −162°C to room temperature. Girth weld metal specimens were fabricated using a combination of gas-tungsten-arc-welding and shielded-metal-arc-welding. The seam weld metal was made with submerged arc welding. Fatigue crack growth rate tests were conducted using compact tension specimens in accordance with ASTM E647. Fracture toughness was evaluated through CTOD tests with three point bend specimens. The CTOD values were affected by crack orientation with respect to the rolling direction, but orientation had no influence on fatigue crack growth rates. The fatigue crack growth rates and the CTOD values decreased with decreasing test temperature.