两级序批式MBR膜污染控制方法研究

针对MBR在实际应用过程中存在的同步脱氮除磷效果不佳、膜污染严重等问题,提出两级序批式MBR工艺,对该工艺的膜污染影响因素及控制方法进行了试验研究.结果表明,在MBR中保持适宜的污泥质量浓度对于膜污染的控制有重要的作用,当污泥质量浓度稳定在6～7g·L~(-1)时,膜比流量基本稳定,随着污泥质量浓度的增加,膜比流量逐步降低,当污泥质量浓度超过10g·L~(-1)以后,膜比流量直线下降;投加PAC至1 g·L~(-1)可以增加污泥粒径,减少大分子有机物在膜表面沉积,从而有助于延缓膜污染;序批式间歇运行与空曝相结合的运行方式可以有效降低泥饼层污染及凝胶层污染,使系统在更高膜通量下运行,而膜污染速率却远低于连续流单级好氧MBR系统.     

膜生物反应器处理生活污水临界通量的研究

利用“通量阶式递增法”对临界通量进行了测定,得出MBR的3个水动力学操作区:超临界区、临界区和次临界区;在MLSS的质量浓度为6 000 mg/L、曝气量为0.5 m3/h的条件下,膜组件的临界通量区域为10.68～13.86 L/(m2.h),据此确定组件的次临界通量为12 L/(m2.h)。在此基础上研究了次临界通量下的运行特性,试验表明,次临界通量下的膜污染过程具有明显的两阶段特征:第一阶段的TMP呈平缓直线上升,第二阶段的TMP呈剧烈直线上升。     

Experimental study on application of the boundary layer theory for estimating steady aeration intensity of precoated dynamic membrane bioreactors

This paper introduced an approach that used precoated dynamic membrane (PDM) formed from powder activated carbon (PAC) on common terylene filter cloth instead of the conventional MF/UF membrane to build a membrane bioreactor (MBR) for wastewater treatment. The influence of aeration intensity for the PDM stability and the performance of the precoated dynamic membrane bioreactor (PDMBR) for treating municipal wastewater were investigated. The results of the rheological behavior of activated sludge in MBR showed that this liquor was approximated to Newtonian fluid while MLSS was less than 8100 mg/L. From the view of the mechanism of PDM formation process, when the thickness of laminar flow boundary layer was equal to that of PDM, PDMBR would run steadily, and this aeration intensity was defined as steady aeration intensity (172 L/h), which was estimated through using the boundary layer theory in the Newtonian hydrodynamics. In order to confirm the validity of theoretical calculation according to the flat membrane boundary layer theory, transmembrane pressure and treatment performance were observed when aeration intensity by gradual regulation began with oxygen supply aeration intensity (3–5 mg/L), increased up to theoretical calculation results, then till PDM detached. During PDMBR steadily running (31 days), effluent COD was less than 12.5 mg/L and its average removal efficiency was 97.5%, NH₄⁺–N was less than 5.3 mg/L and its average removal efficiency was 76.1%, while the transmembrane pressure just increased to 27 KPa. The results indicated that this operational mode could enhance the stability of PDMBR. During the late period, aeration intensity in practice in the range of 190–200 L/h was obtained. The experimental results concluded that application of the boundary layer theory in aeration intensity theoretical calculation was valid.     

Fouling control in activated sludge submerged hollow fiber membrane bioreactors

The goal of this study is to determine the impact of various operating factors on membrane fouling in activated sludge membrane bioreactor (MBR) process, typically used for water reclamation. In this process, ultrafiltration (UF) and microfiltration (MF) hollow fiber membranes, submerged in the bioreactor, provided a solid—liquid separation by replacing gravity settling. Activated sludge from a food wastewater treatment plant was inoculated to purify synthetic wastewater consisting of glucose and (NH₄)₂SO₄ as a source of carbon and nitrogen, respectively. The results clearly showed that membrane fouling, defined as permeate flux decline due to accumulation of substances within membrane pores and/or onto membrane surface, was greatly influenced by membrane type and module configuration. It was also found that the rate and extent of permeate flux decline increased with increasing suction pressure (or initial operating flux) and with decreasing air-scouring rate. The mixed liquor suspended solids (MLSS) concentrations, however, exhibited very little influence on permeate flux for the range of 3600-8400 mg/L. Another important finding of this investigation was that non-continuous membrane operation significantly improved membrane productivity. This observation can be explained by the enhanced back transport of foulants under pressure relaxation. During non-suction periods, the foulants not irreversibly attached to the membrane surface, diffused away from the membrane surface because of concentration gradient. Furthermore, the effectiveness of air scouring was greatly enhanced in the absence of transmembrane suction pressure, resulting in higher removal of foulants accumulated on the membrane surface. The use of intermittent suction operation may not be economically feasible at large-scale, but it may offer an effective fouling control means for small-scale MBR processes treating wastewaters with high fouling potential.     

膜生物反应器中膜污染影响因素的研究进展

文章综述了膜生物反应器(MBR)运行过程中膜污染影响因素的研究现状和进展。膜污染会导致膜通量下降、系统运行成本增加等问题,是限制MBR进一步发展的瓶颈。从膜元件固有性质、膜分离操作条件以及活性污泥混合液性状等3个方面,分析了影响膜污染发展的主要因素,论述了各因素与膜污染的具体关系。各因素之间互相作用,直接或间接影响膜污染,其中膜材质、膜孔径、膜通量、曝气量、污泥组分、粒径分布(PSD)、胞外聚合物(EPS)、溶解性微生物产物(SMP)等为重要影响因素。     

Short-term fouling propensity and flux behavior in an osmotic membrane bioreactor for wastewater treatment

The short-term fouling behavior of forward osmosis (FO) membrane in an osmotic membrane bioreactor (OMBR) was investigated, using NaCl or MgCl₂ as the draw solutions. The effect of membrane orientation, mixed liquor suspended solids (MLSS) concentration and draw solution (DS) osmotic pressure on water flux and membrane fouling behaviors was examined, along with the effects of simulated elevated salinity on sludge properties and on membrane fouling. Water flux and membrane fouling were not significantly affected by both MLSS concentration (4.91–12.60 g/L) and osmotic pressure (3.0–15.0 MPa), but were severely affected by elevated salinity, due to changes in activated sludge properties, in particular the increase in extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) and sludge hydrophobicity. MgCl₂ as the DS showed more significant influence on activated sludge properties and membrane fouling than NaCl but gave rise to lower salt accumulation. Analyses of the membrane foulants showed that small sludge floc/particles and EPS (in particular, proteins) were enriched in the fouling layer. UPLC–MS/MS analyses of the proteins showed that hydrophobic proteins were the main cause of membrane fouling.     

Effects of the sludge reduction system in MBR on the membrane permeability

For the sludge volume reduction, gravity thickening and mechanical thickening processes have been mainly applied. However, these processes usually cause several problems such as large footprint, low thickening efficiency, etc. To solve these problems, a sludge reduction system using submerged membrane in a reactor with excess sludge from a biological nutrient removal (BNR) system was investigated. Both lab and pilot scale experiments for sludge reduction were carried out. The hydraulic retention time (HRT) was in a range of 4.5-6.7 days during the experimental period. A flat-sheet membrane with a mean pore size of 0.08 µm was used and operated at a flux range of 7-20 L/m²·h.During the experimental period, concentrations of BOD and SS were maintained less than 8 mg/L, 3 mg/L, respectively, which indicated the high quality of treated wastewater. While extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) were lowest at a coagulant concentration of 15 ppm, soluble microbial product (SMP) concentrations did not have any correlation with coagulant concentrations. The critical flux was observed in a range of 18-24 L/m²·h.These results suggested that the sludge reduction system using membrane bioreactor (MBR) could be applied as one of suitable processes to overcome problems of conventional processes such as gravity and mechanical thickening.     

A Review of Membrane Fouling in MBRs: Characteristics and Role of Sludge Cake Formed on Membrane Surfaces

Abstract

Membrane bioreactor (MBR) has been deemed to be a promising technology for wastewater treatment and reclamation; however, the MBR filtration performance inevitably decreases with filtration time attributed to the deposition of soluble and particulate materials onto and into the membrane under the interactions between activated sludge components and the membrane. Cake layer formation on membrane surfaces has been a major challenge in the operation of MBRs under supra-critical flux operation, and/or caused by uneven distribution of aeration intensities, etc.; however, it was argued that a thin cake layer might improve filtration operation by some researchers. This paper provides a critical review on the formation mechanisms, properties, the role of sludge cake in membrane filtration, and the corresponding strategies of controlling cake fouling in MBRs. Drawbacks and benefits of the formation of sludge cake were also discussed in order to better understand the characteristics and role of sludge cake formation in MBRs.     

Flat-plate submerged membrane bioreactor for the treatment of higher-load graywater

Graywater treatment has been the focus when topics of decentralized treatment systems are discussed. In this paper, the treatment of higher-load graywater, a mixture of washing machine and kitchen sink wastewater, was investigated. A 10 L lab-scale submerged membrane bioreactor (subMBR) was operated with a flat-plate membrane for 87 days. Permeate was intermittently withdrawn at constant transmembrane pressure (TMP) induced by water level difference and without pump requirement. The pollutants' removal and membrane behavior were monitored. The COD removal was around 96% and a permeate COD of about 26 mg L^− 1 was obtained. The total linear alkylbenzene sulfonate (LAS) removal achieved was > 99%, indicative of its non-inhibited degradation even at influent concentration of 30.8 mg L^− 1. The subMBR was operated at almost stable and constant flux of 0.22 m³ m^− 2 d^− 1 at a mean HRT of 13.6 h.     

Experiment and calculation of filtration processes in an external-loop airlift ceramic membrane bioreactor

Air sparging is recognized as an effective way to increase permeate flux in membrane filtration processes. The application of air sparging with an external-loop airlift ceramic membrane bioreactor was studied at different gas flow rates, biomass concentrations and suction pressures. A 180% increase in permeate flux was obtained while filtering a 2 g/L activated sludge wastewater suspension with the airlift cross-flow operation for U_g=0.21 m/s. The mechanism of flux enhancement in the case of slug flow in tubular membrane was discussed. The region near the gas slug was divided into three different zones: falling film zone, wake zone and remaining liquid slug zone. Air sparging significantly lowered cake thickness and consequently cake resistances for the wake region and the falling film region. A novel model combining hydrodynamic of gas-liquid two-phase flow and cake resistance was developed to simulate the process. The model was validated with experimental data with an error of 8.3%.     

电极超滤膜生物反应器处理阴离子表面活性剂废水

化妆品生产过程中产生大量的阴离子表面活性剂废水,具有有机物浓度高和易产生泡沫的特点,影响普通超滤膜生物反应器（UMBR）的处理效果和稳定运行。采用自制的电极超滤膜生物反应器（EMBR）处理阴离子表面活性剂废水,考察电流强度对EMBR污染物处理效果和活性污泥性质的影响,探索膜污染的机理。结果表明：与UMBR相比,在电场能的作用下,EMBR滤饼层的有机物含量较低,跨膜压差（TMP）降低50%左右,膜污染较轻。当电流强度为10 mA时,COD去除率和微生物活性最高,分别为97.92%和41.6 mg/（g TSS·h）;滤饼层有机物含量最低,PN、PS和HA的浓度分别为5.6、8.02、0.85 mg/L。较低的电流强度即可促进微生物活性和污染物去除率的提高,有效控制膜污染。     

电极超滤膜生物反应器处理阴离子表面活性剂废水

化妆品生产过程中产生大量的阴离子表面活性剂废水,具有有机物浓度高和易产生泡沫的特点,影响普通超滤膜生物反应器（UMBR）的处理效果和稳定运行。采用自制的电极超滤膜生物反应器（EMBR）处理阴离子表面活性剂废水,考察电流强度对EMBR污染物处理效果和活性污泥性质的影响,探索膜污染的机理。结果表明：与UMBR相比,在电场能的作用下,EMBR滤饼层的有机物含量较低,跨膜压差（TMP）降低50%左右,膜污染较轻。当电流强度为10 mA时,COD去除率和微生物活性最高,分别为97.92%和41.6 mg/（g TSS·h）;滤饼层有机物含量最低,PN、PS和HA的浓度分别为5.6、8.02、0.85 mg/L。较低的电流强度即可促进微生物活性和污染物去除率的提高,有效控制膜污染。     

曝气方式对陶瓷膜分离过程的影响

在膜分离中引入曝气可有效减轻浓差极化和膜污染,提高膜过程分离效率.文中采用实验对比验证和气液二相流理论计算的方法,研究了曝气方式对膜分离过程的影响.实验结果表明:采用导流板仅在膜通道曝气过程的曝气量为250 L/h时,可维持平均压力增长率为40 Pa/min,能有效控制膜污染;继续增大曝气量,曝气方式对膜污染控制效果的...     

Coupling sequencing batch airlift reactor (SBAR) and membrane filtration: Influence of nitrate removal on sludge characteristics, effluent quality and filterability

This study investigates the sludge and effluent characteristics of a new process of coupling an aerobic granular sludge bioreactor with a membrane filtration. The effluent and mixed liquor of sequencing batch airlift reactor (SBAR) were analyzed at various aeration shear stresses when fed with high nitrate containing wastewater. The presence of nitrate nitrogen and aerobic/anoxic condition was able to improve the sludge characteristics in terms of biomass retention, density and settling ability in SBAR. MLSS and SVI could reach 9 g/L and 44 mL/g respectively at the aeration rate of 0.6 cm/s. The presence of nitrate and the denitrification process could minimize the fouling potential. The membrane fouling can be better correlated to SBAR sludge characteristics than biomass concentration. The high aeration rate in the reactor increased the fouling resistance due to production of large MW soluble microbial products (30-50 kDa). The soluble fraction of SBAR effluent contained mainly hydrophilic substances when nitrate is present in the wastewater.     

正渗透膜生物反应器膜过滤特性研究

以氯化钠为驱动溶质,采用正渗透膜生物反应器处理模拟生活污水,系统地考察了各因素对正渗透膜过滤性能的影响。结果表明,随着驱动液浓度增加,水通量和反向盐通量也随之增加;正渗透膜活性层朝向驱动液时(AL-DS)的水通量和反向盐通量较活性层朝向原料液(AL-FS)时大;水通量和反向盐通量与错流速率正相关,在错流速率较低时增加不明显;随着活性污泥浓度增加,水通量呈下降趋势,而反向盐通量呈上升趋势。     

Nitrification and sludge characteristics in a submerged membrane bioreactor on synthetic inorganic wastewater

A submerged membrane bioreactor (SMBR) treating ammonia-bearing synthetic inorganic wastewater withoutsludge purge was studied in respect to nitrification and microbial parameters over a period of 210 days. The reactor was operated at a hydraulic retention time (HRT) of 24 h, and the NH_4-N volumetric loading rate increased from 0.18 to 1.30 kg NH₄⁺-N m⁻³d⁻¹ by increasing influent NH₄⁺-N from 180 mg/l⁻¹ to 1300 mg/l⁻¹. With the exception of a short period after the failure of pH control, the NH₄⁺-N⁺ removal rate, was constantly above 99%. Due to the influent characteristics and the interception of the membrane module, the mixed liquor suspended solids (MLSS) varied from 3000 to 5000 mg/l⁻¹ and the nitrifying bacteria were dominant in the SMBR. The numbers of ammonia oxidizers and nitrite oxidizers in the mixed liquor increased from 0.9×10⁸ ml⁻¹ and 1.0×10⁸ ml to 1.6×10⁸ ml⁻¹ and 9×10⁸ ml⁻¹ respectively, and the specific nitrification rate from 0.27 to 0.56 g NH₄⁺-N g⁻¹ SS⁻¹ d⁻¹. An increasing occurrence of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) around microbial clusters with operation time was clearly observed on scanning electron micrographs (SEM). The pressure difference of the membrane module was not over 0.01 mPa over the whole operation period. Present results show that SMBR can be operated efficiently and stably as a high-rate nitrifying technology.     

重力出流式膜生物反应器污泥浓度的优化控制

采用重力出流式膜生物反应器(Membrane Bioreactor, MBR)工艺对生活污水进行了实验研究. 重力出流式MBR是利用液位水头重力驱动出水,整个系统结构紧凑,操作简便. 结果表明,随着污泥浓度增大(3.9~18.4 g/L),同样的曝气强度对膜表面滤饼层的剪切能力降低,膜通量下降;污泥粘度从5.4 mPa×s上升到680 mPa×s,相应的污泥中的传氧系数与清水中的传氧系数之比a从0.89降到0.10. 因此,从提高膜通量、氧传递速率和降低能耗的角度出发,将MBR的污泥浓度控制在适当范围是非常必要的. 此外,当污泥浓度大于4.8 g/L,污泥浓度的提高对有机物的去除、硝化以及反硝化速率的提高没有明显的贡献. 因此,从MBR的处理能力和运行能耗的双重影响确定MBR的最佳处理污泥浓度值为4~6 g/L,在该浓度区间,生物反应器系统对冲击负荷有较好的抵御能力,同时系统的运行能耗也较低.     

Sludge filterability and dewaterability in a membrane bioreactor for municipal wastewater treatment

The physical properties of excess sludge wasted from a large pilot scale membrane bioreactor (MBR) have been routinely monitored over almost two years. A statistical analysis highlighted the significant impact of temperature on the capillary suction time and sludge filterability, due to the increase of organic matter in the liquid phase. Suspended solids have resulted to be the most important component affecting sludge filterability, although the impact of colloids and solutes increased when temperature decrease, thus confirming the generally worse characteristics of sludge in such conditions. Conditioning and dewatering test have been performed on a pilot scale fixed volume recessed plate filter press. Six different chemicals were used for sludge pre-conditioning and, for each additive, three dosages were tested in the range 5-25 g_polymer kgMLSS^− 1. After about sixty filtration trials at three different pressure values (7, 11 and 15 bar), the kind of polymer seem to be the most important factor influencing the final cake-dryness, with less evident impact for dosage and operational pressure. Finally, when performed on the aerobically digested excess sludge wasted from a conventional activated sludge plant, the filtration tests show no differences with the MBR sludge.     

Critical flux in cross-flow ultrafiltration of protein solutions

The effect of solute size relative to membrane pore size on the critical flux during the ultrafiltration of protein solutions was investigated using the constant pressure method. Hydrophilic regenerated cellulose membranes with a cut-off of 10, 30 and 100 kg mol⁻¹, model proteins and skimmed milk solutions were used. The critical flux mainly increased with the pore size of the ultrafiltration membrane. The lowest critical fluxes, 40-50 L m⁻²h⁻¹, were obtained with the retentive 10 kg mol⁻¹ cut-off membrane. This membrane had a very low permeability and, thus, the critical fluxes were achieved at high transmembrane pressures (TMP): 1.7-2.3 bar. With the 100 kg mol⁻¹ cut-off membrane critical fluxes were obtained at 0.2 bar TMP, which were around 100 L m⁻² h⁻¹, slightly declining with increasing protein molar mass. In skimmed milk experiments the permeate flux decreased when the protein molecules were enzymatically split to peptides. A critical flux for skimmed milk solution could not be found unless the protein concentration was diluted to 0.3-w% or lower. The results with model proteins were then compared to those obtained with skimmed milk resulting in β-lactoglobulin being the worst foulant.     

直接接触式膜蒸馏过程的膜曝气强化

针对直接接触式膜蒸馏（direct contact membrane distillation,DCMD）过程存在的膜通量小及膜污染问题,设计了一种新型结构的膜蒸馏组件。以蔗糖溶液为处理液,考察了膜组件装填密度Φ、膜曝气量q、蔗糖浓度c与温度T₀对DCMD过程的影响。结果表明：随着Φ、q的增加,DCMD过程的膜通量先增大,后逐渐降低,Φ、q均存在最优值;随着c的增加,膜通量逐渐降低;随着T₀的增加,膜通量增大;对c为30%（mass）的蔗糖溶液进行DCMD法处理330 min时,膜曝气可使DCMD的初始膜通量J_initial提升24.7%、膜通量衰减率ΔJ降低55.0%,维持高膜通量的连续运行时间t₀延长4倍。主要原因是膜曝气强化了DCMD过程的传热传质,进而强化过程的分离性能;有效控制了DCMD过程的浓差极化,进而延缓过程的膜污染进程。研究结果有利于推进DCMD的工程化应用。