共沉淀法合成掺钕钇铝石榴石纳米粉体的研究

掺钕钇铝石榴石(Nd:YAG)多晶透明陶瓷具有良好的化学稳定性、光学性能和耐高温性能,是一种很有前途的激光工作物质.以Al(NO3)·9H2O,Y2O3,Nd2O3,(NH4)2SO4和NH4HCO3为原料,正硅酸乙酯为添加剂,采用共沉淀法制备出分散均匀、团聚程度轻、YAG立方晶相的Nd:YAG纳米前驱体粉末,采用TG/DTA,XRD,FT-IR和TEM等测试手段对Nd:YAG陶瓷材料进行表征.研究结果表明:前驱体粉末在800℃时为无定型态,当温度达到900℃时析出大量的晶体YAlO3(YAP)和少量的YAlO3(YAP),当温度达到1100℃时就全部转化为立方晶相;前驱体纳米粉末中存在轻微的团聚,主要是在1100℃高温时晶粒发生了生长,连接在一起,但是作为团聚整体而言,颗粒分布比较均匀.     

共沉淀法合成钇铝石榴石纳米粉体及透明陶瓷的制备

以硝酸铝[Al(NO3)3·H2O]和硝酸钇[Y(NO3)3·6H2O]为原料、以碳酸氢铵[NH4HCO3]为沉淀剂,硫酸铵[(NH4)2SO4]为分散剂,用共沉淀法合成钇铝石榴石(yttrium aluminum garnet,YAG)纳米粉体.用X射线衍射仪、红外光谱仪、热分析仪和场发射扫描电镜等测试手段对YAG前驱体和煅烧后的粉体进行表征.结果表明:前驱体经过1 000℃煅烧5h后已完全转变成纯立方相YAG,所得的粉体分散性好、无团聚、形状近似球形、平均颗粒尺寸约为100 nm.以该YAG粉体为原料,正硅酸乙酯[Si(OC2H5)4,TEOS]为添加剂,用真空烧结技术在1 700～1 800℃煅烧20h制备YAG透明陶瓷.YAG陶瓷样品的平均晶粒尺寸为10 μm,存在少量气孔相和杂质相.为了提高YAG陶瓷的透过率,需要进一步优化陶瓷的制备工艺.     

共沉淀法合成YAG：Ce纳米粉体

通过在NH4HCO3溶液中滴加Ce（NO3）3、A1（NO3）3和Y（NO3）3的混合溶液,共沉淀生成YAG：Ce的碳酸盐前驱体,对YAG前驱体在不同温度下进行灼烧,并采用IR、XRD和TEM等测试手段对粉体进行表征。结果表明,在1100℃下煅烧YAG前驱体,得到无YAP、YAM中间相的出现纯YAG晶相,所得粉体晶粒直径为20～50nm,具有较好的分散性。同时,荧光测试表明Ce：YAG粉体具有良好的发光性能。     

均相沉淀法制备掺钕钇铝石榴石纳米粉末的研究

掺钕钇铝石榴石（Nd：YAG）多晶透明陶瓷具有容易制造、成本低、光学性能好、热导率高等优点,是一种很有前途的激光工作物质。以AI（N03）·9H2O,Y2O3,Nd2O3,（NH4）2SO4和尿素为原料,正硅酸乙酯为添加剂,采用均相沉淀法制备出分散均匀、纯YAG立方晶相的Nd：YAG纳米前驱体粉末。采用XRD、FT-IR、TEM等测试手段对前驱体粉末进行表征。研究结果表明：Nd：YAG前驱体粉末在800℃时为无定型态,当温度达到890℃时析出大量的中间相YAlO3（Y=AP）和少量的Y3Al5O5（YAG）,当温度达到1000℃时就全部转化为YAG立方晶相。     

化学共沉淀法制备Yb:YAG纳米粉体的研究

以碳酸氢铵或氨水为沉淀剂,采用化学共沉淀法制备Yb:YAG透明陶瓷纳米粉体,利用扫描电镜、X射线衍射对粉体的形貌和物相结构进行表征。研究表明:以碳酸氢铵为沉淀剂制备的前驱体在1 200℃煅烧后可制得无杂质的YAG(Y3Al5O12)粉体,以氨水为沉淀剂制备的前驱体在1 200℃煅烧后制得的YAG粉体中有杂质相YAM(Y4Al2O9);以碳酸氢铵为沉淀剂制备的YAG粉体的分散性好,碳酸氢铵溶液与母盐溶液中铝离子浓度最佳配比为10∶1,粉体粒度在100~250 nm。     

均相法和共沉淀法制备Nd：YAG透明陶瓷的对比研究

以Al(NO3)3·9H2O、Y2O3、Nd2O3、尿素和NH4HCO3为主要原料,分别采用均相法和共沉淀法制备了Nd:YAG纳米粉体和透明陶瓷。对比研究了两种方法的粉体的制备工艺,物相,形貌和陶瓷的透过率、形貌。结果发现,均相法制备的前驱体疏松,1200℃煅烧时先形成YAP相,后形成纯相粉体。共沉淀法制备的前驱体较硬,1000℃锻烧直接形成纯相粉体。最后,两种方法制备的陶瓷素坯经真空烧结、处理后,在1064 nm的透过率达80%。共沉淀法条件温和,易于得到纯相YAG,更适合于工业化开发。     

热处理温度对钇铝石榴石(Y3Al5O12)析晶的影响

透明YAG多晶陶瓷具有优良的光学、机械与化学性能,逐渐成为新一代固体激光基质材料.分散均匀、团聚轻、超细颗粒的纳米前驱体粉末有利于制备出高度透明的激光陶瓷.以Y2O3,Al(NO3)3·9H2O和柠檬酸为原料,采用柠檬酸-凝胶法和低温自蔓延燃烧反应相结合制备出黑色粉末,经1100℃烧结出YAG纳米前驱体粉末.采用TG-DTA,XRD,FT-IR和TEM测试手段对YAG前驱体粉末进行表征,采用谢莱公式计算出不同烧结温度下晶粒尺寸.研究结果表明:随热处理温度升高,晶粒平均尺寸增加,标准偏差以小幅度增加,晶粒尺寸分布曲线保持一致,晶格参数减小.随热处理时间增加,晶粒主要以晶界扩散形式线性长大.纳米晶粒表面原子呈不规则分布,导致晶格参数增加,前驱体颗粒由单个晶粒所构成.     

光固化3D打印钇铝石榴石透明陶瓷及其微结构调控

成型是钇铝石榴石(YAG)透明陶瓷研制的关键环节,对透明陶瓷的致密化过程及其力学、热学和光学性能有重要影响。本工作围绕YAG透明陶瓷的基于数字光处理(DLP)技术的光固化3D打印成型,系统地开展了YAG陶瓷浆料的研制、陶瓷生坯的构筑及坯体脱脂和烧结工艺研究。采用流变仪分析了固含量对陶瓷浆料流变特性的影响,借助分析曝光参数对单层陶瓷膜特性的影响,确立了最佳的光固化工艺参数。结合TG–DTA分析,对陶瓷坯体脱脂制度进行了精准控制。采用真空高温烧结工艺制备得到高致密YAG透明陶瓷,讨论了固含量、烧结温度等工艺参数对YAG透明陶瓷微结构演变及光学质量的影响,基于DLP光固化成型技术成功制备出可见光透过率高达82.9%的高性能YAG透明陶瓷。     

顺序共沉淀法制备Nd:YAG陶瓷

以NH4Al(SO4)2·12H2O、Y2O3、Nd2O3为原料,NH4 HCO3为沉淀剂,采用顺序共沉淀法制备Nd:YAG粉体.并研究了碳酸氢铵浓度对粉体性能的影响,研究结果表明:较佳的碳酸氢铵浓度为1.0 mol/L.制得的粉体颗粒尺寸小,粒度分布窄,分散性好,具有良好的烧结活性,在1800℃真空烧结15 h制备了Nd:YAG透明陶瓷,其近红外波段的透过率为78％.断面和表面形貌显示陶瓷晶粒尺寸均匀,晶界清晰,结晶性好,瓷体致密,平均晶粒尺寸约为15 μm.     

溶剂热法合成YAG晶粒的形成过程

钇铝石榴石(Y3Al5O12,YAG)透明陶瓷因其优异的光学性能和制备工艺方面的优势而成为极具潜力的激光材料。性能优良的YAG微粉有利于制备高性能YAG陶瓷。利用铝和钇的硝酸盐为起始原料制备反应前驱物,用乙醇作溶剂,在280℃保温4h下合成了球形YAG晶粒。在溶剂热反应过程中,溶剂中反应前驱物通过溶解、脱水、析晶及生长的过程直接形成YAG晶粒,无中间相形成,晶粒平均尺寸约为80nm,且尺寸分布均匀,晶粒间基本无团聚。     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates Attract Stink Bugs and Tachinid Parasitoids

Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Pentatomidae), called the brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), is a newly invasive species in the eastern USA that is rapidly spreading from the original point of establishment in Allentown, PA. In its native range, the BMSB is reportedly attracted to methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate, the male-produced pheromone of another pentatomid common in eastern Asia, Plautia stali Scott. In North America, Thyanta spp. are the only pentatomids known to produce methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate [the (E,Z,Z)-isomer] as part of their pheromones. Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates were field-tested in Maryland to monitor the spread of the BMSB and to explore the possibility that Thyanta spp. are an alternate host for parasitic tachinid flies that use stink bug pheromones as host-finding kairomones. Here we report the first captures of adult and nymph BMSBs in traps baited with methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate in central Maryland and present data verifying that the tachinid, Euclytia flava (Townsend), exploits methyl (E,Z,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate as a kairomone. We also report the unexpected finding that various isomers of methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate attract Acrosternum hilare (Say), although this bug apparently does not produce methyl decatrienoates. Other stink bugs and tachinids native to North America were also attracted to methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates. These data indicate there are Heteroptera in North America in addition to Thyanta spp. that probably use methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates as pheromones. The evidence that some pentatomids exploit the pheromones of other true bugs as kairomones to find food or to congregate as a passive defense against tachinid parasitism is discussed.     

2007～2008年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2007年7月～2008年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2007～2008年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况.按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯·硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和聚酯树脂、环氧树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍.     

2005～2006年国外塑料工业进展

收集了2005年7月～2006年6月国外塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2005—2006年国外塑料工业的发展情况。提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂生产量以及各国塑料制品的进出口情况。作为对比,介绍了中国塑料的生产情况。按通用热塑性树脂（聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂）、工程塑料（聚酰胺、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚）、通用热固性树脂（酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和树脂、环氧树脂）、特种工程塑料（聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮）的品种顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的扩展作了详细的介绍。