CuO-ZnO/Al_2O_3双功能催化剂上纤维素催化液化:焙烧温度的影响

采用共沉淀法制备了一系列不同焙烧温度用于超临界甲醇中催化液化纤维素的CuO-ZnO/Al2O3催化剂。运用XRD、TG/DTG、BET和H2-TPR等手段对催化剂进行表征与分析,考察了焙烧温度对CuO-ZnO/Al2O3催化剂结构及催化性能的影响。结果表明,500℃焙烧下的催化剂,热分解较为完全,CuO、ZnO和Zn Al2O4之间相互作用良好且结构稳定,反应活性较高。当焙烧温度<500℃,催化剂结晶效果差,稳定性差,导致催化剂活性低;当焙烧温度>500℃时,CuO因为高温发生团聚,生成的大量尖晶石Zn Al2O4使催化剂组分相互作用削弱。在300℃、60 mg微晶纤维素,60 mg催化剂,3 m L甲醇反应60 min条件下进行液化试验及重复性研究,500℃焙烧催化剂表现出良好的活性和稳定性。     

CuO-ZnO/Al_2O_3双功能催化剂上纤维素催化液化:焙烧温度的影响

采用共沉淀法制备了一系列不同焙烧温度用于超临界甲醇中催化液化纤维素的CuO-ZnO/Al2O3催化剂。运用XRD、TG/DTG、BET和H2-TPR等手段对催化剂进行表征与分析,考察了焙烧温度对CuO-ZnO/Al2O3催化剂结构及催化性能的影响。结果表明,500℃焙烧下的催化剂,热分解较为完全,CuO、ZnO和Zn Al2O4之间相互作用良好且结构稳定,反应活性较高。当焙烧温度500℃,催化剂结晶效果差,稳定性差,导致催化剂活性低;当焙烧温度500℃时,CuO因为高温发生团聚,生成的大量尖晶石Zn Al2O4使催化剂组分相互作用削弱。在300℃、60 mg微晶纤维素,60 mg催化剂,3 m L甲醇反应60 min条件下进行液化试验及重复性研究,500℃焙烧催化剂表现出良好的活性和稳定性。     

甲醇水蒸汽转化制氢Cu1Zn1Al3.2催化剂研究

采用浸渍法制备了一系列CuxZnyAlz催化剂,考察了催化剂焙烧温度和组成对甲醇水蒸汽转化制氢反应性能的影响, 用TG-DTA、XRD和SEM等方法对催化剂性能进行了表征.结果表明:400℃焙烧、Cu/Zn/Al配比(摩尔)为1:1:3.2时,制备的Cu1Zn1Al3.2催化剂具有良好催化性能;Cu1Zn1Al3.2催化剂较为适宜的反应工艺条件为:反应温度240～250℃,水/醇比1.1～1.3,液体质量空速1～2 h-1;甲醇转化率达到100%,二氧化碳选择性大于97%.本研究制备的Cu1Zn1Al3.2催化剂中CuO 含量仅为24.53%(质量),约为通常共沉淀法制备的Cu/Zn/Al催化剂的CuO 含量的50%,但Cu1Zn1Al3.2催化剂对甲醇水蒸汽转化制氢反应性能与共沉淀法相当.为甲醇水蒸汽转化制氢技术用于燃料电池用氢和中小规模制氢过程提供依据.     

焙烧温度对苯甲酸加氢用Mn/Zn/Al催化剂性能的影响

采用共沉淀法制备了Mn/Zn/Al系列催化剂,考察了焙烧温度对苯甲酸加氢制备苯甲醛反应中催化剂性能的影响,采用DSC-TGA、BET、XRD和H₂-TPD等手段对催化剂进行表征,并与催化剂活性和苯甲醛选择性关联。研究表明,焙烧温度对Mn/Zn/Al催化剂性能影响显著,影响了催化剂对H₂的吸附能力及比表面积。经500 ℃焙烧处理的催化剂苯甲酸转化率为92.1%,苯甲醛选择性达89.3%,此时,活性组分分散较好,催化剂对H₂的吸附强度适中,吸附量较大,催化剂活性较高。随着焙烧温度增加,MnO分散度下降,催化剂比表面积相应降低,苯甲醛选择性下降。     

CO2对CuO/ZnO/Al2O3催化剂前体老化及催化性能的影响

采用并流共沉淀法制备CuO/ZnO/Al2O3甲醇合成催化剂前体,在通入CO2条件下老化,采用XRD、FT-IR、DTG、H2-TPR、XPS等表征手段对制备的前体及焙烧后的催化剂进行表征,研究不同CO2通入量对前体晶相转变、微观结构及其焙烧后催化性能的影响。研究结果表明,老化阶段通入CO2后,沉淀母液的pH值趋于7,产生CO32?离子,进而影响Zn2+的沉淀,促进Cu2+进入Zn5(CO3)2(OH)6晶格中取代Zn2+形成绿铜锌矿(Zn,Cu)5(CO3)2(OH)6物相,有助于增强焙烧后催化剂的Cu-Zn之间协同作用,增加活性组分Cu分散度。CO2通入量为40 mL/min时,制备的催化剂在浆态床合成甲醇过程中表现出良好的催化活性和稳定性,甲醇时空收率（STY）达到301.78 g/(kg?h),失活率仅为0.15%/d,与未通入CO2辅助老化制备的催化剂相比,时空收率提高了9.72%,平均失活率降低了33.33%。     

基于生物模板制备二氧化碳加氢反应的Cu/ZnO催化剂

采用油菜花粉作为生物模板制备了具有多层次孔结构的ZnO,再通过浸渍还原法将Cu负载于ZnO上制备了具有不同结构的Cu/ZnO负载型催化剂（bio-CZ-500）,研究发现在500℃条件下焙烧制备的bio-CZ-500催化剂在CO₂加氢反应中经过100 h测试活性几乎不变,同时甲醇选择性高达81%。相比之下,无生物模板制备的Cu/ZnO催化剂显示出较低甲醇选择性（50%）,且催化剂在12 h内快速失活。通过透射电镜、扫描电镜、氮气吸脱附、红外光谱、X射线衍射、X射线光电子能谱、接触角测试、程序升温等表征技术揭示了bio-CZ-500催化剂具有多级孔碳结构、丰富的Cu-ZnO活性界面和较高的水接触角。催化剂的弱亲水性加快了副产物水的扩散,促进了中间体分解制甲醇,同时抑制了铜颗粒的烧结失活,从而提高甲醇的选择性与催化剂的稳定性。该工作为制备高效稳定的Cu基工业催化剂提供了新方法。     

共沉淀法制备CO2合成甲醇铜基催化剂的性能研究

以铜基CO合成甲醇催化剂为基础,通过调整催化剂组成、沉淀剂种类、沉淀方式、沉淀条件、陈化时间及焙烧温度等制备铜基CO2合成甲醇催化剂。利用固定床反应器考证催化剂合成条件对CO2合成甲醇铜基催化剂活性、选择性的影响规律。采用组分间均匀分散的共沉淀法在Cu/Zn(χ/χ)=l、Al2O3为10%(ω)、Na2CO3为沉淀剂、75℃、pH=8条件下沉淀并陈化2 h,350℃焙烧4 h的催化剂性能最佳,CO2转化率为20.13%,甲醇选择性为31.25%。     

甲醇水蒸汽重整制氢催化剂制备的研究

针对燃料电池用氢制备用于甲醇水蒸汽重整制氢的Cu/Zn/Al系列催化剂,研究催化剂组成、制备方法对催化剂性能的影响。利用热分析和X射线衍射等分析手段对催化剂前驱体和焙烧后催化剂样品进行分析和表征。结果表明,铜基催化剂对甲醇水蒸汽重整制氢反应有较好的活性和选择性,合适的组成是Cu、Zn和Al的原子质量百分比为45∶45∶10和47.5∶47.5∶5,210 ℃反应转化率达到100%;并流共沉淀法和热分解法制备的催化剂都具有较好的催化性能。     

Al改性Cu/ZnO催化剂催化苯胺制备二甲基苯胺

通过沉积沉淀法对Al改性Cu/ZnO催化剂进行研究,并利用XRD、BET、NH₃-TPD等对催化剂进行表征。同时对苯胺和甲醇N-甲基化反应制备N,N-二甲基苯胺(N,N-DMA)进行研究,对沉积沉淀法制备的催化剂进行了焙烧条件考察及对N-甲基化反应进行工艺条件优化。结果表明,在拟薄水铝石为铝源、Cu/Zn/Al摩尔比为1:3:1、焙烧温度为400 ℃,焙烧时间为3 h,反应温度为250 ℃,反应压力为1.5 MPa,进料空速为0.3 h^_-1,氮气流量为150 mL/min,苯胺与甲醇摩尔比为为1:7时,苯胺N-甲基化反应效果最佳,苯胺转化率达99.8%,N,N-DMA选择性达92.8%,催化剂进行了720 h稳定性实验,苯胺转化率稳定在99%以上,N,N-DMA选择性稳定在90%以上,催化剂稳定性较好。     

Cu/Bi/Al2O3催化剂制备及表征

在室温到 5 0℃范围内及不同的焙烧条件下采用共沉淀法和浸渍法制备Cu/Al2 O3催化剂和Cu/Bi/Al2 O3催化剂 ,并对催化剂进行了XRD、FT -IR表征。     

Polymorphism of LiGa5O8 and of LiGa5O8-MgGa2O4Solid Solutions

High-temperature X-ray diffraction and differential thermal analyses showed that LiGa₅O₈ exists in two polymorphs related by the first-order transition at 1138°±3°C of the low-temperature simple-cubic form, space group (probably) O⁷, to the high-temperature spinel (fcc) form, space group O _h ⁷. The transition is rapid, and the high-temperature form in pure LiGa₅O₈ could not be quenched to room temperature under the conditions used. However, the high-temperature polymorph can be quenched under equilibrium conditions when 40 mol% or more MgGa₂O₄ is present. The subsolidus equilibrium relations in the system MgGa₂O₄-LiGa₅O₈ are discussed.     

Magnetoresistance of CuxCo1-xFe2O4 Ferrites

Magnetoresistance measurements (Δ/R) were carried out on Cu _x Co_{1- x} Fe₂O₄ samples with x =1, 0.75, 0.50, 0.25 and cobalt ferrite in the range of magnetic intensity (H) from 1.0 to 4.5 kG. Linear plots were obtained between log (Δ/R) and log H for all compositions except that of cobalt ferrite. The values of n at x =0.5 do not agree with the results of some authors. The discrepancy may be attributed to the value of magnetic field intensity at which such measurements were carried out. The similarity of features of n and μ_D with composition leads us to believe that the magnetoresistance may arise from the scattering of conduction electrons by localized electrons involving the s-d exchange interaction.     

Sintering of Si3N4-Y2O3-Al2O3

Sintering kinetics of the system Si₃N4-Y2O₃-Al₂O3 were determined from measurements of the linear shrinkage of pressed disks sintered isothermally at 1500° to 1700°C. Amorphous and crystalline Si₃N₄ were studied with additions of 4 to 17 wt% Y₂O₃ and 4 wt% A1₂O₃. Sintering occurs by a liquid-phase mechanism in which the kinetics exhibit the three stages predicted by Kingery's model. However, the rates during the second stage of the process are higher for all compositions than predicted by the model. X-ray data show the presence of several transient phases which, with sufficient heating, disappear leaving mixtures of β ' -Si₃N₄ and glass or β '-Si₃N₄, α '-Si₃N₄, and glass. The compositions and amounts of the residual glassy phases are estimated.     

Effects of metal-support interactions on the hydrogenation of CO over PdSiO2 and PdLa2O3

A study of CO hydrogenation over $\text{Pd}\text{SiO}{}_2$ and $\text{Pd}\text{La}{}_2\text{O}{}_3$ has been carried out for the purpose of identifying the effects of Pd dispersion, Pd morphology, and support composition on the catalytic activity of supported Pd. The specific activity of each catalyst for methanol and methane synthesis was determined from microreactor studies carried out at a fixed set of reaction conditions. Palladium dispersion was measured by H₂O₂ titration, and the morphology of the Pd crystallites, as expressed by the distribution of Pd(100) and Pd(111) planes, was determined from in situ infrared spectra of adsorbed CO. The crystallite morphology of the $\text{Pd}\text{SiO}{}_2$ catalysts is the same, independent of Pd weight loading: 90% of the surface is comprised of Pd(100) planes and 10% of the surface is comprised of Pd(111) planes. By contrast, the crystallite morphology of the $\text{Pd}\text{La}{}_2\text{O}{}_3$ catalysts changes with Pd loading. Primarily Pd(100) planes are exposed at low-weight loadings while Pd(111) planes are exposed at high-weight loadings. The Pd dispersion has little effect on the methanol turnover frequency over both $\text{Pd}\text{SiO}{}_2$ and $\text{Pd}\text{La}{}_2\text{O}{}_3$, for dispersions between 10 and 20%. On the other hand, the methane turnover frequency is independent of Pd dispersion over $\text{Pd}\text{SiO}{}_2$, but increases with decreasing dispersion over $\text{Pd}\text{La}{}_2\text{O}{}_3$. It is further observed that the Pd morphology influences the specific activity of $\text{Pd}\text{La}{}_2\text{O}{}_3$ for methanol synthesis: Pd(100) is nearly threefold more active than Pd(111). For a fixed morphology, the specific methanol synthesis activity of $\text{Pd}\text{La}{}_2\text{O}{}_3$ is a factor of 7.5 greater than that of $\text{Pd}\text{SiO}{}_2$.     

Wet Milling of Fe/Al/Al2O3 and Fe2O3/Al/Al2O3 Powder Mixtures

Wet milling of Al₂O₃-aluminide alloy (3A) precursor powders in acetone has been investigated by milling Fe/Al/Al₂O₃ and Fe₂O₃/Al/Al₂O₃ powder mixtures. The influence of the milling process on the physical and chemical properties of the milled powders has been studied. Particle refinement and homogenization were found not to play a dominant role, whereas plastic deformation of the metal particles leads to the formation of dislocations and a highly disarranged polycrystalline structure. Although no chemical reactions among the powder components in Fe₂O₃/Al/Al₂O₃ powder mixtures were observed, the formation of a nanocrystalline, ordered intermetallic FeAl phase in Fe/Al/Al₂O₃ powder mixtures caused by mechanical alloying was detected. Chemical reactions of Fe and Al particle surfaces with the atmosphere and the milling media lead to the formation of highly porous hydroxides on the particle surfaces. Hence the specific surface area of the powders increases, while the powder density decreases during milling. The fraction of Fe oxidized during milling was determined to be 0.13. The fraction of Al oxidized during milling strongly depends on the metal content of the powder mixture. It ranges between 0.4 and 0.8.     

Expansive properties of the mixture C4ASH12 − 2CS III. Effects of temperature and restraint

The effects of temperature and restraint upon the hydration and the expansion of $\text{C}{}_4\text{A}\text{S}\text{H}{}_{12}\text{? 2}\text{C}\text{S}$ mixture compacts in different contact solutions have been investigated. Temperatures above 20°C do apparently hinder the formation of an impervious felt-like layer of ettringite around the $\text{C}{}_4\text{A}\text{S}\text{H}{}_{12}$ particles, thus greatly reducing the retarding effect of the lime. An uniaxial restraint of 1 Kg/cm² is enough to reduce sensibly the expansions which remain however high (about 100%). The results can be satisfactorily interpreted by the reaction and expansion mechanism hypothesized in our previous papers.     

Raman Study of Glasses of Ba2TiSi2O8 and Ba2TiGe2O8

Raman spectra are reported for fresnoite (Ba₂Ti(Si,Ge)₂O₈ glasses, and comparison is made between the Raman spectra of the corresponding crystalline powders and glasses of Ba₂TiSi₂O₈ and Ba₂TiGe₂O₈. The Ba₂TiGe₂O₈ glass spectra show correspondence with the Ba₂TiGe₂O₈ crystalline Raman spectra; the v _s(Ge–O–Ge) mode occurs at 518 cm⁻¹ in the glass and at 521 cm⁻¹ in the crystalline material. Five-fold coordinated titanium is the majority species present in the Ba₂TiGe₂O₈ glass as revealed by a strong band at 824 cm⁻¹ in the I glass spectrum. The Ba₂TiSi₂O₈ glass spectra are similar to the Ba₂TiSi₂O₈ crystalline spectrum; the strongest band is found at 836 cm⁻¹ in the I glass spectrum. Through comparison with the previous Raman data of other titania silicate glasses, we conclude that the Ba₂TiSi₂O₈ glass has a structure similar to the crystalline phase.     

Preparation and properties of poly(Nε,Nε-dicarboxymethyl-l-lysine)

A new ampholytic homopolypeptide, $\text{poly}\text{(N}{}^{\mathrm{\epsilon }}\text{,N}{}^{\mathrm{\epsilon }}\text{-}\text{dicarboxy-methyl-}\text{l}\text{-lysine}\text{)}$, which has one tertiary amino and two carboxyl groups in the side chain has been derived from a hydrochloride salt of poly(L-lysine). The polymer in aqueous solution seems to be in the coil form with locally extended structure (LES) at neutral pH. In both the acidic and alkaline regions, the molar ellipticity of the polymer changes as a result of change in net charge on the side chain. The conformational changes may be from the coil with LES to other coiled forms. 5–7 M NaClO₄ and 80% aqueous methanol induce the α-helix in the polymer at neutral pH. Divalent cations, Cu²⁺ and Ca²⁺, do not induce any remarkably ordered structures such as α-helix or β-structure in the polymer in aqueous solution at any pH. Ultraviolet absorption studies show an absorption peak of the polymer-Cu²⁺ complex near 240 nm. Dependence of the peak intensity on pH at various q values ($\text{q =}\text{[}\text{Cu}{}^{\mathrm{2+}}\text{]}\text{[}\text{residue}\text{]}$) indicates the two steps of the complex formation. At q less than 0.64, the formation is described only with the first step. An average coordination number for Cu²⁺ at the first step was calculated to be about 2 by the method of Mandel and Leyte. The association constant of Cu²⁺ with the residue at the step was determined from the absorption data to be far smaller than that for the Cu²⁺-EDTA complex. The second step of the formation occurs in the case of large q but the absorption data for the second step cannot be obtained exactly due to precipitation.