CO2跨临界冷热联供循环性能分析

以CO2跨临界循环冷热联供系统为研究对象,通过理论计算分析了传热窄点温差约束下系统供热温度、供冷温度、制热系数（COPh）和制冷系数（COPc）随压缩机排气压强、气体冷却器出口工质温度和蒸发温度的变化规律。结果表明：供热温度随压缩机排气压强和气体冷却器出口工质温度的提高而升高,随蒸发温度的提高而降低;供冷温度只随蒸发温度变化;COPh和COPc随气体冷却器出口工质温度的提高而减小,随蒸发温度的提高而增大;当气体冷却器出口工质温度为30~40 ℃时,随压缩机排气压强的增大,COP减小,当气体冷却器出口工质温度为45 ℃时,COP先增大后减小;在考察工况下,当蒸发温度为-25 ℃、气体冷却器出口温度为45 ℃时,循环系统在压缩机排气压强为14 MPa可以达到最大供热温度120.65 ℃、最低供冷温度-15 ℃,此时系统COP为2.94。     

基于混合吸附剂的解吸温度对吸附式制冷系统性能影响的实验研究

搭建了混合吸附剂吸附性能实验装置和混合吸附剂吸附式制冷系统实验台。通过实验研究,发现当质量比例为10∶3时,4A分子筛和铝条的混合吸附剂获得最佳吸附性能。同时对该混合吸附剂吸附制冷在不同解吸温度下的制冷性能进行了实验研究。结果表明:解吸温度从74.0℃逐渐升高到98.0℃时,蒸发温度随解吸温度的升高而降低,当解吸温度为98.0℃,蒸发温度最低为10.7℃;解吸温度从74.0℃逐渐升高到98.0℃时,系统制冷量与解吸温度成正比关系,解吸温度为98.0℃时,系统制冷效果最好,系统制冷量最大达到305 W。     

不同热转化条件下秸秆灰的熔融特性研究

生物质灰熔融特性的影响因素众多,为了系统地研究生物质灰在不同热转化条件下的熔融特性,以小麦秸秆为例,系统研究了反应温度、热解气氛、O₂体积分数等变量对麦秆灰熔融特征温度的影响规律,探究了麦秆灰的熔融特性。结果表明：随着热解温度升高,灰熔融特征温度升高,这是因为温度升高,碱金属随之挥发,而碱金属含量越低,熔融温度越高;随着气化温度升高,软化温度、半球温度、流动温度变化都不明显,但变形温度明显升高。温度的改变会造成麦秆灰残余矿物质的变化,低温物质转变为高温物质,熔融特征温度进而发生变化。反应气氛改变,麦秆灰的熔融特征温度也会发生变化。在O₂体积分数为6%～18%时,灰熔融特征温度并无明显变化。     

单井地热采暖系统岩石温度特性模拟研究

建立了单井地热采暖取热及热恢复过程的数学模型,利用该模型重点分析了岩石温度的恢复特征。结果表明：在同一深度条件下,距离井壁越近,岩石温度恢复率越大,温度恢复程度越高;岩石温度恢复并不是一个均匀平稳的过程,在开始恢复后60 d左右,距井中心0.1 m处温度恢复率就已经达到85%,100 d左右达到90%;随着换热进行,岩石温度逐年降低,出口温度和取热功率也随之逐年降低。第一个采暖季平均采出水温度为295.87 K,取热功率为724.80 kW,第二个采暖季平均采出均温度为295.18 K,取热功率为696.49 kW。     

温度波动对质子交换膜燃料电池的影响

为了研究温度波动对质子交换膜燃料电池性能的影响,文章提出了一种新的温度计算模型——温度波动模型。将温度波动模型通过自定义函数导入计算流体动力学软件(Fluent)上进行仿真计算,并建立燃料电池试验测试系统,对工作温度为60℃,进气温度分别为43,50,55℃的电池性能进行测试。通过对Fluent模型、温度波动模型和试验值的比较发现:随着进气温度的升高,温度波动趋于平缓,燃料电池的性能逐渐增强;温度波动模型能够较准确地预测燃料电池的性能,尤其在进气温度为43℃、电流密度为1.088 A/cm2时,其误差比Fluent模型减少30%。     

燃气透平废热利用实例

本文简单介绍透平废气的特点和透平废热利用实例。一、燃气透平废气特点燃气透平是在1300～1500℃的温度范围内工作的热机,其废气温度很高,如透平入口温度为1300℃,则废气温度为650℃,如入口温度为1000℃,则废气温度为470℃。燃气透平废气压力通常高达数百毫米汞     

采用喷水降温螺杆压缩机的水蒸气热泵性能研究

为拓宽水蒸气热泵在余热回收中的工作温区,降低水蒸气压缩机的排气温度,对采用喷水降温螺杆压缩机的水蒸气热泵系统及其主要部件建立热力学模型,研究了螺杆压缩机喷水温度,及最佳喷水温度下蒸发温度、冷凝温度对系统性能的影响。结果表明:喷水可以有效降低压缩机排气温度,喷水温度在73～87℃之间可保证压缩机运行在报警温度之下;压缩机耗功和冷凝器放热量随喷水温度的升高先增加后降低,在喷水温度为80℃时系统性能系数(EER)最佳;最佳喷水温度下,蒸发温度提高,蒸发器吸热量、压缩机耗功、冷凝器放热量及EER增大,压缩机压比降低;冷凝温度提高,压缩机耗功、压比增大,冷凝器放热量和EER降低。     

R410A低温喷液式热泵机组高出水温度的制热运行试验研究

为了验证喷液冷却空气源热泵低温适应高出水温度制热的可靠性,探究热泵高出水温度制热的运行特性,以R410A为制冷剂,在2℃、-10℃、-20℃的环境温度下开展喷液冷却空气源热泵样机45℃、50℃、55℃、60℃变出水温度的试验测试。结果表明：压缩机排气温度和热泵功耗随出水温度的升高而升高,制热量和COP值随出水温度的升高而降低,环境温度降低热泵制热性能下降;环境温度为-20℃、出水温度为55℃工况（循环温差大于75℃）的压缩机排气温度为115.2℃,低于R410A的排温上限125℃,COP值为1.275,喷液冷却空气源热泵具有低温适应高出水制热的安全可靠性。     

660MW超超临界机组不同炉型高温再热器管壁温度分布规律研究

为了解塔式锅炉高温再热器分布规律,并与型锅炉做比较,以国内已投运的几大锅炉厂生产的设计再热蒸汽温度为623 ℃的Π型锅炉和ALSTOM公司生产的塔式锅炉为研究对象,比较了两种炉型下的高温再热器管壁温度的分布规律。研究表明：Π型锅炉高温再热器管壁温度呈现“M”型分布,塔式锅炉的管壁温度呈现出“Π”型分布;同等蒸汽温度水平下,塔式锅炉高温再热器最高点温度比Π型锅炉要低,660 MW负荷下塔式锅炉A、B侧的再热蒸汽温度分别为620.3和619.3 ℃,同时再热器管壁温度最高点温度值为626.3 ℃,比Π型锅炉低12.7~18.1 ℃,提高了再热器管材的安全裕量。     

焦炉直行温度数学模型

建立了一组燃烧室为对象的焦炉直行温度数学模型,目的是仿真推焦计划等因素对焦炉直行温度的影响,为焦炉直行温度的优化设定提供理论依据。     

A study of a greenhouse concept on conventional biogas systems for enhancing biogas yield in winter months

A new concept is introduced of using a greenhouse for enhancing the biogas yield from a conventional biogas system in the winter months. If a conventional biogas system is glazed, the trapped solar energy can be used to raise the temperature of the slurry which normally goes low enough to reduce the gas yield appreciably. Numerical calculations have been performed corresponding to the meteorological data on a typical winter day, i.e. 19 January 1981, at New Delhi (India). A comparative study of the performances of conventional and solar-assisted biogas plants using the concept of a greenhouse indicates that the ambient temperature of the slurry can be raised from 18°C to about 37°C, the optimal temperature for anaerobic fermentation.     

Effect of PVC greenhouse in increasing the biogas production in temperate cold climatic conditions

This paper presents an investigation on a new concept of greenhouse coupled biogas plant for enhancing the biogas yield during winter months when the slurry temperature decreases considerably. Using this concept, two of the biogas units (having a capacity of 8 m³ and 85 m³, respectively) at Masoodpur Village (near New Delhi), were experimented upon in January 1984. Continuous observations for about 1 week, 1 yr after installation of the greenhouse over the biogas units, have indicated that the biogas yield has increased by almost 100%. Subsequently, an analytical model has also been developed to validate the experimental observations and to predict the thermal performance of biogas plants, with and without greenhouse, under any climatic conditions. It has been observed from a comparative study of the conventional and the solar-assisted greenhouse coupled biogas plant that the temperature of the slurry can be raised from 20°C (in the conventional plant) to nearly 35°C, the optimal temperature for anaerobic fermentation.     

Performance evaluation of bio-hydrogen and bio-methane cogeneration from corn stover over a range of initial pH and temperature

Temperature and pH are key factors that have significant effects on the anaerobic fermentation process. Hence, in this study, a combined bio-hydrogen and bio-methane production process over a range of initial pH and temperature was evaluated. Corn stover was taken as substrate, bio-hydrogen and bio-methane yield, biogas composition and energy conversion efficiency were analyzed. Results showed that the highest hydrogen yield of 69.02 ± 1.75 mL/g VS was obtained with fermentation conditions at initial pH 8 and 35 °C, and the highest methane yield of 249.36 ± 9.81 mL/g VS was obtained from the photofermentation effluent at initial pH 6 and 30 °C. Highest hydrogen and methane contents in the produced biogas were 14.42% and 46.46%, respectively. Furthermore, the highest energy conversion efficiency of 48.83% was obtained with fermentation condition at pH 6 and 30 °C.     

Dry anaerobic fermentation of agricultural residues

The dry anaerobic fermentation plays an important role in the field of bioengineering, especially in the production of energy (biogas) and organic fertilizer. Meanwhile the pollution effect of the solid wastes are decreased. Dry anaerobic fermentations of different organic solid wastes were studied. These included cotton stalks, treated cotton stalks, corn stalks, rice straw, and water hyacinth. The effect of the initial solid concentration, temperature, starter, and buffer additives on dry anaerobic fermentation on biogas production rate and yield has been studied.     

大型海藻发酵生产甲烷技术研究

大型海藻发酵生产甲烷属生物质能,是一种碳中性的清洁能源,是重要的海洋生物碳汇。不同种类的藻类发酵产甲烷的潜力是不一样的,其中巨藻含有丰富的甲烷成分,但其自然资源量有限,而人工养殖依然是一个难题,如何持续不断地提供原材料是巨藻生物质能源开发中亟待解决的问题。海藻发酵产甲烷是多种微生物联合作用的结果,从整体上可划分为产甲烷菌群和不产甲烷菌群,它们相互依赖又相互制约,产甲烷菌利用不产甲烷菌的代谢产物H2、CO2等最终合成甲烷。海藻发酵过程的微生物要求具有一定的耐盐性,大体可以利用沼气发酵微生物经过定向培养和筛选而获得。多数人支持将沼气发酵过程分为水解液化、酸化和甲烷化三个阶段的理论,而甲烷形成途径包括菌种间H2的转移和由乙酸产生甲烷。甲烷发酵的影响因素包括原料的预处理、原料的成分和颗粒大小以及接种物、发酵温度、发酵料液pH值、接种率及接种物中对发酵菌活性有影响的物质等,甲烷产率最大化的最主要前提是反应条件要达到最优化。我国在海藻大规模养殖方面具有先天的自然条件及技术和人力优势,为海藻生物质能源开发提供了巨大的潜力,但在技术上还有待突破,特别是在接种物培养、甲烷产率控制等一些特定环节上还需加强研究。     

玉米苞皮沼气发酵潜力的研究

本实验以玉米苞皮为原料,采用批量发酵工艺,进行发酵产沼气实验,实验结果表明,玉米苞皮是一种较好的沼气发酵原料,其沼气发酵潜力为506mL／gTS,612mL/gVS。     

勿忘我花杆发酵产沼气潜力的实验研究

为研究勿忘我花杆的产沼气潜力和特性,实验设计对照组（120 mL接种物）和实验组（120 mL接种物 + 27 g勿忘我花杆）,在30℃恒温条件下,采用全混合批量式发酵工艺,进行厌氧发酵产沼气的实验。结果表明,实验组沼气发酵历时36 d,净产气量为1 650 mL,计算得出勿忘我花杆的产气潜力为359 mL/(g•TS),393 mL/(g•VS)。     

链霉素菌渣中温厌氧发酵产沼气性能研究

为实现链霉素菌渣的无害化、资源化利用,文章以链霉素菌渣为原料,在菌渣含固率为2%,温度为30±2℃的条件下进行60 d的厌氧发酵试验。试验结果表明:链霉素菌渣的累积产气量为18.20 L,中温产气能力为364.07 mL/g;在稳定产气阶段,发酵液的氨氮、VFAs含量均维持在较低水平,pH值大于7.0;厌氧发酵结束后,发酵液的VS去除率达64.32%;以金黄色葡萄球菌作为指示菌,在厌氧发酵后的沼液中未检测到链霉素残留。     

Evaluation of the biogas potential of mucilage formed in the Marmara Sea

The mucilage, which emerged as a result of increasing global warming and the deterioration of marine ecosystem balances, has taken the Marmara Sea under its influence. Mucilage appears in some periods and there is not much information about its bioenergy production potential. In this study, the biogas and biohydrogen production potential was determined when mucilage collected from the coasts is used as a substrate. Different S/X ratios were evaluated for biogas production. The highest biogas production was observed as 682 ml/g VS at the S/X ratio of 2. Dark fermentation was carried out using mixed Clostridium sp. to produce biohydrogen. As a result of fermentation, a maximum biohydrogen yield of 117 ml H₂/g VS hydrogen was obtained. In terms of both biogas and hydrogen results, the bioenergy potentials of the mucilage sample taken from the surface were determined to be higher than the bottom sediment.     

沼气发酵猪粪管理系统对温室气体排放的影响

基于生命周期清单分析以及清洁发展机制,引入"碳足迹"概念,对我国散养猪以及规模化养猪场引入沼气发酵系统后猪粪管理系统温室气体排放及减排进行了估算。农户散养猪粪处理系统中,12 m3沼气池厌氧发酵过程碳足迹为223.40 kg CO2e/a,沼气代替原煤燃烧减少444.33 kg CO2e/a温室气体,沼气发酵净减少220.93 kg CO2e/a温室气体,我国散养生猪产生的猪粪以此沼气池发酵可减少温室气体20 984.62 Gg CO2e/a;分析运行规模约1 000 m3大型沼气工程的碳足迹,保守估计为2 835.32 t CO2e/a,运行沼气工程替代煤炭以及减少猪粪排放的温室气体共约2 914.23 t CO2e/a,故沼气工程年减少温室气体78.91 t CO2e,该项目共可减排1 578.20 t CO2e。在猪粪管理系统中采用沼气发酵系统可以更好地促进温室气体减排的进行。