Joint estimation of symbol timing and carrier frequency offset of OFDM signals over fast time-varying multipath channels

In this paper, we present a novel joint algorithm to estimate the symbol timing and carrier frequency offsets of wireless orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) signals. To jointly estimate synchronization parameters using the maximum likelihood (ML) criterion, researchers have derived conventional models only from additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) or single-path fading channels. We develop a general ML estimation algorithm that can accurately calculate symbol timing and carrier frequency offsets over a fast time-varying multipath channel. To reduce overall estimation complexity, the proposed scheme consists of two estimation stages: coarse and fine synchronizations. A low complexity coarse synchronization based on the least-squares (LS) method can rapidly estimate the rough symbol timing and carrier frequency offsets over a fast time-varying multipath channel. The subsequent ML fine synchronization can then obtain accurate final results based on the previous coarse synchronization. Simulations demonstrate that the coarse-to-fine method provides a good tradeoff between estimation accuracy and computational complexity.     

协同中继系统同步算法研究

该文考虑了协同中继系统中的多时偏和多频偏估计问题,提出了一种基于恒幅零自相关基础序列的同步序列,进而提出了相应的多时偏和多频偏估计算法,相关的定时与频偏估计算法只需要做简单的自相关和互相关运算就可以获得良好的估计性能。仿真结果表明,所提出的同步序列和同步算法在协同中继系统中可以取得满意的系统性能。     

Statistical approximation based fine frequency synchronization for OFDM systems

The paper proposes a novel approach for fine frequency synchronization of OFDM syn- chronization systems in multi-path channels. Maximum Likelihood (ML) function of frequency offsets including integral and decimal parts in frequency domain is developed according to the law of great number to eliminate the noise impact of the signal. When the timing delay close to the actual time, the proposed function produces a deep valley indicating frequency offset when large Valley-Square- Error (VSE) appears. Coarse timing offset can also be detected when function’s Valley-Square-Error (VSE) is maximized. Simulation results shows that the proposed algorithm gives very robust estimation of frequency offset, and a coarse timing offset estimation.     

一种基于导频设计的MIMO-OFDM载波频偏估计方法

在多输入多输出-正交频分复用(MIMO-OFDM)系统中载频同步是个关键问题.考虑在该类系统中,存在着多个不同的载波频偏这个具有普遍适应性的模型,为了估计多个不同的频偏,提出了一种导频设计方案－子波段方法,将多个频偏的估计问题转换为一组单个频偏估计问题,从而降低了复杂度,同时可以有效地抑制载波间干扰和天线间干扰,提高载波频偏估计性能.     

MIMO OFDM系统中同步和信道的联合估计

提出了一种MIMO OFDM系统的定时恢复、频率同步和信道估计的联合算法。为了减少算法的复杂度，算法分两步完成：首先利用接收信号的自相关函数进行粗同步和信道估计，得到时延和频偏的粗估计，然后在粗估计基础上采用最大似然准则进行精确的同步和信道估计。仿真结果表明，该算法能够达到很好的效果，系统误码率接近已知信道响应时的情况。     

一种改进的LTE系统下行同步算法

LTE(Long Term Evolution)系统中,作为小区搜索的第一步,符号定时算法需要具备很强的鲁棒性。为了进一步增强现有符号同步算法的抗频偏性能,提出了一种优化的符号同步算法。该算法一方面保持已有分段相关同步算法的优点,同时考虑结合预频偏处理来进行符号定时与粗频偏的联合估计,再将多个相关运算集做叠加处理。理论分析和仿真实验结果表明,在多径信道下,所提算法在完成符号定时和粗频偏估计的同时,大大提高了系统抗频偏性能。     

Robust and Accurate Frequency and Timing Synchronization Using Chirp Signals

We propose a new robust and accurate synchronization procedure using a training sequence composed of chirp signals. We use a new integer frequency estimation algorithm and propose a new combination of a known fractional frequency offset estimation algorithm and timing synchronization algorithm. The training sequence is composed of one up and two down chirp symbols, also known as Newman phases. The integer frequency offset estimation algorithm uses the effect of timing and frequency offsets on the matched filter outputs of the chirp signals. Autocorrelation and reversed autocorrelation are used to acquire the timing instant and the fractional frequency offset. We present the complete timing and frequency synchronization procedure and study the output signals of the autocorrelation and reversed autocorrelation algorithms. Finally, we check the performance of the synchronization procedure via Monte Carlo simulation in several multipath channels. Our algorithms are accurate and more robust compared to previously published state-of-the art algorithms.      

基于DF-OFDM协作通信系统中的时间与频率同步

针对基于OFDM的协作通信系统,主要研究了解码转发(DF)协议下的时间与载波频率同步技术.设计了一种新的训练序列结构,它能在一个OFDM符号的长度下同时实现多个时间偏移与载波频率偏移的估计.通过相关类型的算法得到时间偏移估计,同时通过基于子空间分解的算法得到载波频率估计.调整训练序列的结构能够使得系统的误差最小,从而获得最优的系统性能.     

Joint Frequency and Symbol Synchronization Schemes for an OFDM System

This paper proposes two multi-stage joint symbol timing and carrier frequency synchronization schemes for an orthogonal frequency division multiplex (OFDM) system. Simultaneous estimation of symbol timing and frequency offset is derived from the maximum likelihood (ML) principle, assuming a cyclic prefix (guard interval) is inserted in each OFDM symbol. One of the proposed algorithms derives an initial frequency estimate in the first stage that reduces the frequency uncertainty to only two or three sub-carrier spacings. The timing information and a finer frequency estimate that has a resolution of a sub-carrier spacing are obtained in the second stage. The third stage provides an estimation for the residual fractional frequency error. The other algorithm bypasses the first stage for one can use the second stage alone to search for the timing and frequency offsets. However, the computing complexity of the second stage is higher than that of the first stage, thus the three-stage algorithm is a preferred choice unless the frequency uncertainty is small. Simulation results show that both algorithms yield excellent performance not only in white Gaussian channels but also in multipath fading channels.     

Low complexity joint estimation of synchronization impairments in sparse channel for MIMO–OFDM system

Low complexity joint estimation of synchronization impairments and channel in a single-user MIMO–OFDM system is presented in this paper. Based on a system model that takes into account the effects of synchronization impairments such as carrier frequency offset, sampling frequency offset, and symbol timing error, and channel, a Maximum Likelihood (ML) algorithm for the joint estimation is proposed. To reduce the complexity of ML grid search, the number of received signal samples used for estimation need to be reduced. The conventional channel estimation techniques using Least-Squares (LS) or Maximum a posteriori (MAP) methods fail for the reduced sample under-determined system, which results in poor performance of the joint estimator. The proposed ML algorithm uses Compressed Sensing (CS) based channel estimation method in a sparse fading scenario, where the received samples used for estimation are less than that required for an LS or MAP based estimation. The performance of the estimation method is studied through numerical simulations, and it is observed that CS based joint estimator performs better than LS and MAP based joint estimator.     

多径衰落信道下的OFDM时频联合同步算法

符号定时和载波频率偏差将严重影响OFDM系统的性能。基于具有重复结构的CAZAC序列,提出了一种仅利用一个CAZAC符号实现符号定时、整数倍频偏与小数倍频偏估计的同步算法。这种算法在完成粗定时同步的同时得到整数倍频偏估计,然后根据整数倍频偏估计值对定时估计进行修正,最后完成小数倍频偏估计。分析与仿真结果表明,该算法相对经典算法,不但提高了传输效率,还显著改善了OFDM系统的定时与频偏估计性能,相比CAZAC序列算法,提升了多径信道下的同步性能。     

Joint Estimation of Doubly Selective Channels and Carrier Frequency Offsets in High Mobility MIMO-OFDMA Uplink

In this paper, we address the joint estimation of doubly selective channels (DSCs) and carrier frequency offsets (CFOs) in multiple input multiple output orthogonal frequency division multiple access uplink with highly mobile users. Since the channel coefficients are rapidly varying over time and the base station has to perform the estimation task from the received composite signal, the exact solution to this joint estimation problem requires multidimensional search which is computationally intensive. We propose an iterative technique for the joint estimation of DSCs and CFOs based on space alternating generalized expectation maximization algorithm which will decompose the multidimensional optimization to many one dimensional searches. The proposed method works even in the presence of residual timing offsets and it does not require the knowledge of channel statistics at the receiver. Convergence properties of the proposed algorithm in terms of rate matrix is studied and analytically proved that the proposed joint estimation algorithm converges. Simulation studies illustrate that the proposed technique offers good performance even at very high mobile speeds.

     

UFMC-MIMO系统中一种干扰消除算法

通用滤波多载波(UFMC)作为5G最具潜力的候选波形之一,它的优势在于比正交频分复用(OFDM)具有更低的带外泄露,且发送时不需要添加循环前缀(CP),还能与多输入多输出(MIMO)系统良好地兼容。然而现有对UFMC的研究多数停留在单输入单输出(SISO)系统,已不能满足5G及未来通信系统的需要,因此对UFMC-MIMO系统的研究具有重要意义。本文提出一种利用Walsh码设计的特殊训练结构对UFMC-MIMO系统进行定时同步的算法,首先对各信道进行定时同步,再对经过定时同步后的信号作频偏估计得到各发送天线与接收天线的频偏估计值,最后在时域对信号进行频偏补偿,从而达到降低或消除定时频偏对信号传输的影响。本文基于2×2的UFMC-MIMO系统进行仿真,结果表明该算法能够有效降低信号误符号率和显著提升系统的抗干扰性能。     

SER performance evaluation and optimization of OFDM system with residual frequency and timing offsets from imperfect synchronization

This paper deals with the effects of residual timing and frequency offsets on the symbol error rate (SER) performance of an orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) system. The synchronization of an OFDM system generally consists of a coarse frequency and timing acquisition stage and a refine stage. Due to the presence of Gaussian noise, channel distortions and implementation losses of synchronization and equalization algorithms, residual frequency and timing offsets always exist for an OFDM receiver. The residual frequency and timing offsets are proven to be Gaussian distributed, with their corresponding variances determined. The reception process of an OFDM signal with frequency and timing offsets is analyzed. A closed-form analytical result on the SER of an OFDM system with residual synchronization errors is derived. Computer simulations and analyses show that the frequency and timing offsets affect the OFDM subcarriers differently. With this observation, a new technique is proposed to minimize the SER of the OFDM systems by adjusting the distribution of transmission power among the subcarriers.     

Timing recovery for OFDM transmission

Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) is an effective modulation technique for high-rate and high-speed transmission over frequency selective fading channels. However, OFDM systems can be extremely sensitive and vulnerable to synchronization errors. In this paper, we present a scheme for performing timing recovery that includes symbol synchronization and sampling clock synchronization in OFDM systems. The scheme is based on pilot subcarriers. In the scheme, we use a path time delay estimation method to improve the accuracy of the correlation-based symbol synchronization methods, and use a delay-locked loop (DLL) to do the sampling clock synchronization. It is shown that by using this scheme, the mean square values of the symbol timing estimation error can be decreased by several orders of magnitude compared to the common correlation methods in both the AWGN and multipath fading channels. In addition, the scheme can track the symbol timing drift caused by the sampling clock frequency offsets     

一种OFDM系统同步参数盲估计方法

首先提出一种扩大周期平稳信号循环周期的方法，然后在此基础上提出一种基于信号周期平稳特性的盲同步参数快速估计算法，最后通过分析算法获得一种可以估计非整数倍样点周期时延和扩大频偏估计范围的方法，从而实现整个OFDM基带带宽范围内的频偏估计。理论分析和仿真结果表明，该算法仅用很少的OFDM符号就可以实现同步参数的估计、有好的抗噪特性、衰落信道适应性和高的估计精度。     

联合旋转平均周期图和解调软信息的载波同步方法

针对短突发信号的载波同步问题,该文提出联合旋转平均周期图和解调软信息的载波估计算法。该算法首先对导频信息旋转不同频偏,利用平均周期图法进行载波粗估计,然后以解调软信息的最大均方软输出为准则,采用分步式搜索进一步进行载波细估计。仿真结果表明该联合算法在导频开销较小的条件下,误码性能接近最佳相干解调性能,且复杂度较低,频偏估计范围可以达到50%的符号速率。当误比特率为10-2 ~ 10-4时,信噪比损失在0.3 dB内。     

一种新的SC-FDE系统粗定时同步算法

定时同步是单载波频域均衡(SC-FDE)系统的一项关键技术,其中的粗定时同步算法决定着同步收敛速度,由Schmidl和Cox提出的传统算法中出现的测度峰值平台影响着粗同步的精度与速度。通过训练符号格式的重新设计,利用其中4个相同部分良好的相关特性,提出了一种基于特殊训练符号的粗同步算法。仿真结果表明,在高斯白噪声信道和多径衰落信道条件下,新算法定时偏差估计的方差和均值接近于理论值,粗定时同步能够精确地完成,较好解决了测度峰值平台问题。     

一种改进的GFDM时频同步算法

针对广义频分复用( GFDM)系统对符号定时同步要求较高的问题,提出了一种新的基于前缀码的同步算法。在接收端,在获取粗略定时信息的基础上,利用前缀码前后两部分的相位差实现载波频偏估计,并对接收序列的频率偏移进行纠正,然后通过纠正后序列与已知发射前缀的互相关函数实现精确的符号定时估计。由于该前缀码具有共轭对称的特性,使其避免了“平顶效应”的出现。结合5G中低时延高可靠场景,在频率选择性信道中对其进行仿真,并通过均方误差对其性能进行了评估。理论分析及仿真结果表明,该算法相对于原算法具有更好的定时同步性能和更低的复杂度,提升了GFDM系统的整体性能。     

一种新的定时和频偏联合估计算法

提出了一种新的正交频分复用(OFDM)系统定时和频率同步联合算法.该算法仅需要一个训练符号就可以完成定时和频偏估计,额外开销量小,定时和频率同步的实现均在时域进行,简化了同步实现的复杂度.由于使用自相关处理,定时同步对频率偏差具有较强的鲁棒性.与以往的定时同步算法相比,该算法避免了定时平台和多峰值的出现,即使在非常低的信噪比下,其定时测度都是一个尖脉冲.仿真结果表明,该算法能快速地实现定时和频率同步.