褐铁型高锰红土矿微波预处理-酸浸提取镍钴

以褐铁型高锰红土矿为研究对象,采用微波预处理-酸浸工艺提取Ni、Co。对矿样物相组成及Ni、Co、Fe、Mn等主要元素赋存状态进行X射线衍射（XRD）和电子探针（EPMA）表征,研究常压条件下硫酸浓度、浸出时间、浸出温度等因素对微波预处理矿样中Ni、Co浸出效果的影响。结果表明：矿样中镍钴品位较高但物相结构复杂,Ni主要与Mn以NiMn₃O₇?3H₂O形式赋存,Co伴生于针铁矿和碱式氧化锰中;在最优浸出条件下,即硫酸浓度300g/L、浸出时间5h、浸出温度90℃、液固比6∶1（以mL/g计）、搅拌速度280r/min,Ni、Co浸出率分别达到95.4%和97.1%,与相同浸出条件下未经微波处理的矿样相比,Ni、Co浸出率分别提高了69.4%和70.1%,实现镍钴的高效浸出;对比微波处理前后矿样XRD图谱,发现微波作用下矿物中Ni、Fe、Mn等物相结构出现明显转变,利于Ni、Co酸浸反应。     

赤泥中钠铁酸法浸出的工艺条件和机理探讨

以拜耳法赤泥为研究对象,对比分析硫酸、冰醋酸、草酸对赤泥中钠、铁浸出的影响。结果表明：硫酸对钠、铁浸出率影响较显著。增加硫酸浓度有助于提高钠的浸出率,20 ℃、1.8 mol/L 硫酸、浸出时间为30 min条件下,钠的浸出率为99.99%。增加硫酸浓度和升高温度有助于提高铁的浸出率,2.8 mol/L 硫酸、50 ℃、浸出时间为45 min时,铁的浸出率为67.93%。硫酸对赤泥中钠、铁的浸出动力学机制均符合内扩散控制模型,且铁浸出反应的表观活化能为37.50 kJ/mol。硫酸浸钠后赤泥中形成的晶型物相包括二水硫酸钙、三氧化二铁、氢氧化铝和二氧化钛,浸铁后的晶型物相主要是二水硫酸钙和二氧化钛。     

机械活化辅助浸出硫化镍矿中有价金属

随着高镍三元锂电池在新能源电动汽车领域的规模化应用,全球镍资源的需求量日益增加,绿色、高效、低成本地从硫化镍矿资源中提取镍的技术备受关注。本工作提出了机械活化辅助氧化浸出硫化镍矿的提取路径,在机械活化过程中通过改变硫化镍矿结构、增加晶体无序化程度、减小粒度和增加比表面积增加硫化镍矿的反应活性,再通过Na2S2O8氧化浸出实现了常压环境中硫化镍矿中有价金属的高效浸出。考察了机械活化和浸出过程中各因素对硫化镍精矿浸出的影响,确定了较优条件。在较优条件球磨转速613 r/min、球料比20:1、球磨时间120 min、酸浓度2 mol/L、过硫酸钠浓度0.42 mol/L、浸出时间60 min、液固比5:1、搅拌速率400 r/min和浸出温度80℃下,Ni, Co, Cu和Fe的浸出率分别达98.9%, 97.7%, 98.2%和98.7%。     

云南某金矿硫代硫酸盐浸金工艺研究

硫代硫酸盐浸金体系是一种绿色的浸金体系。本文矿样选自北衙金矿某矿段矿石,探究硫代硫酸盐浸金体系各个因素对浸出效果的影响,硫代硫酸盐浸金的最佳反应条件为:浸出时间4 h,浸出温度为40℃,硫代硫酸钠溶液0.7 mol/L的,氨水浓度取1.2 mol/L,铜离子浓度为4.0 g/L,pH 10,搅拌速度300 rpm,Na_2SO_3浓度取0.1 mol/L,金的综合浸出率为88%~89%,本文方法可为实际硫代硫酸盐浸金工艺提供借鉴。     

含汞加压浸出锌渣浮选硫精矿中分离富集有价元素的工艺研究

利用Na_2S浸出-CO_2沉淀法从浮选硫精矿中分离和富集有价金属汞和锌,并对元素硫的回收进行了研究。通过正交设计对影响浸出过程的Na_2S浓度、液固比、浸出时间和温度等因素进行优化。研究结果表明,以浓度1. 5 mol/L Na_2S溶液为浸出剂,在6∶1的液固比条件下常温浸出30 min,元素硫浸出率可达98%以上,同时有价金属锌和汞在浸出渣中的质量分数为原矿石的5倍以上,富集率高于98%。向浸出液中通入CO_2气体,充分搅拌溶液,在CO_2流量为200 m L/min、通气时间为150 min的条件下,元素硫从溶液中析出,回收率可达到97. 67%。     

难处理铅锌矿酸浸渣回收硫酸铅的工艺研究

采用氯化钠-硫酸混合溶液对铅锌矿难处理酸浸渣进行浸出,对浸出液稀释,制备硫酸铅,考察了氯化钠浓度、液固比、时间、温度和硫酸浓度等因素对酸浸渣的浸出影响和考察稀释倍数、时间等因素对沉淀硫酸铅的影响。结果表明,在氯化钠浓度为330 g/L,液固比为7∶1,时间为1.5 h,温度95℃,硫酸浓度为1 mol/L的条件下,铅的浸出率为82.1%;在浸出液稀释倍数为2.5,静置时间7 h的条件下,硫酸铅的沉淀率为93%,产品纯度为99.1%。铅的回收率为76%,比传统方法提高30%以上。     

粉煤灰酸浸提铝及其动力学

对KF为助剂焙烧活化粉煤灰酸浸提铝过程进行了研究,考察了粉煤灰焙烧活化和盐酸浸出条件对粉煤灰中铝浸出率的影响及其浸出过程动力学. 结果表明,焙烧活化优化条件为：时间1 h、温度800℃、粉煤灰与KF质量比为20:4. 浸出温度90℃、浸出时间2 h、盐酸浓度4 mol/L、液固比4 mL/g的条件下,铝提取率达到92.46%. 粉煤灰烧结产物加热酸浸过程符合收缩未反应核模型,反应级数为0.3718,反应活化能为43.49 kJ/mol,过程速率为化学反应速率控制.     

Na4Ca3(AlO2)10的合成和浸出行为

以分析纯CaCO3,Al2O3和Na2CO3为原料,在1100~1250℃合成了Na4Ca3(AlO2)10,研究了浸出时间、浸出温度、液固比及溶液中碳酸钠和氢氧化钠浓度对Na4Ca3(AlO2)10浸出性能的影响. 结果表明,在1200℃烧结30 min,可以合成纯度高于90%的Na4Ca3(AlO2)10. 当碳酸钠浓度为80 g/L、氢氧化钠浓度18 g/L时,Na4Ca3(AlO2)10在40℃浸出10 min的氧化铝浸出率达到90%以上. 当碳酸钠浓度降为30 g/L时,Na4Ca3(AlO2)10在60℃浸出15 min的氧化铝浸出率大于85%. 浸出时添加氢氧化钠有利于氧化铝浸出率的提高,氢氧化钠浓度大于5 g/L时,氧化铝浸出率可提高10%以上. Na4Ca3(AlO2)10的浸出性能优于12CaO·Al2O3和CaO·Al2O3.     

铜渣氯化烟尘中铜的湿法回收

采用盐酸搅拌浸出-N902萃取工艺回收铜渣氯化烟尘中的铜,考察了影响铜渣氯化烟尘浸出的主要因素. 结果表明,在盐酸浓度15%(w)、液固比4 mL/g、60℃的条件下浸出1 h,铜浸出率可达98.95%,铁、锌、镍浸出率分别达91.58%, 95.8%和93.66%,铅浸出率为5.96%. 盐酸浸出可实现铜与铅的有效分离. 萃取剂N902对浸出液中的铜具有较好的萃取选择性,振荡时间120 s、相比为1、N902浓度30%和pH=3.0的条件下,浸出液铜浓度由7.4 g/L降至0.11 g/L,回收率达98.51%,浸出液中Fe, Zn, Ni和Pb萃取率均不高于1.5%.     

硫脲浸出烧结灰中银的动力学

以炼铁烧结灰水浸渣为原料,在物相分析的基础上,用硫脲选择性浸取其中的银,考察了物料粒径、浸出温度、硫脲浓度、浸出时间、搅拌速度对银浸出率的影响. 结果表明,在液固体积质量比8 mL/g、原料粒径96~80 mm、浸出温度50℃、硫脲浓度22 g/L、浸出时间120 min、搅拌速度400 r/min的条件下,银浸出率接近90%. 硫脲浸出水浸渣中的银符合收缩未反应核模型,反应表观活化能为29.7 kJ/mol,反应级数近似为1,动力学限制环节为通过固体产物层的内扩散控制.     

退火对聚碳酸酯注塑制品力学及动态力学性能的影响

本文研究了聚碳酸酯（Lexan OQ2720）注塑制品退火后的力学及动态力学性能的变化。结果表明，制品的应力集中情况有明显改善，力学性能除断裂伸长率外都产生了较高提升，拉伸强度提高了14.86%，弯曲强度提高了12.7%，弯曲模量提高了21.27%，冲击强度提高了17.93%；动态力学分析结果表明，，注塑制品的内部存在应力。经退火后，注塑制品内部取向、缠结的分子链得到充分松弛，制品储能模量随温度的变化呈线性规律，内部链段的状态稳定，热变形温度得到了提高。而未退火试样的储能模量随温度变化起伏不定，内部链段的状态比较活跃。动态频率对制品中应力有一定响应能力，响应频率范围约为30-60Hz，随着频率扫描温度的升高，由于应力集中降低，频率对应力响应能力不断降低。     

Influence of the grafting topology of hydrophobic silica surfaces on the mechanical properties of silicone high consistency rubbers

Silica‐filled rubber materials exhibit stress softening and hysteresis under cyclic loadings. These phenomena are usually associated with both the Payne and Mullins effects. To better characterize these properties, five model silicas were produced and used in industrial‐like high consistency rubber (HCR) formulations: the native (hydrophilic) silica and four chemically modified silicas for which both the content of surface silanols and the nature of the grafted silicone chains differ. Silica ? polydimethylsiloxane HCR elastomer with constant silica content and optimal dispersion was tested via static (uniaxial tensile tests, cyclic and monotonic) and dynamic tests. The Payne and Mullins effects as well as the ultimate properties were evaluated as a function of particle surface treatment. It was found that the Payne amplitude decreases with the content of grafted chains, whereas the Mullins effect and ultimate strain decrease with an increase in molar mass between crosslinks. Finally, the ultimate strength is optimal as long as silica is surface treated, albeit independent of surface grafting topology. © 2015 Society of Chemical Industry     

固体催化剂力学性能研究

本文评述了固体催化剂力学性能研究的进展,介绍了催化剂强度失效和数据统计关联等力学基础,给出了固体催化剂力学研究体系。并指出催化剂力学研究的目标是形成催化剂填充床力学可靠性模型。     

硬质多孔聚氨酯脲抛光垫材料的制备及性能研究

采用浇注机浇注的方法制备了可作为抛光垫材料使用的硬质多孔聚氨酯脲弹性体,借助万能拉力机、DMA、DSC等手段对材料性能进行表征。实验结果表明:调整硬段含量在一定范围时,可获得不同性能、多种抛光需求的抛光垫;与2,4–TDI相比,2,6–TDI的增加有助于与MOCA形成规整的硬段结晶,阻尼峰向高温处移动,但由于产物是完全线性结构,材料的储能模量反而有所降低;KEL值(能量损耗因子)用于表征材料的抛光性能时,少量的交联有助于获得较好的抛光效果。     

Mechanical properties and viscoelastic behavior of basalt fiber‐reinforced polypropylene

In the present article, a series of commercial‐grade polypropylenes (PP) filled with different contents of short basalt fibers were studied. This composite material presented deterioration of both mechanical characteristics, for example, stress and strain at yield with increasing of the fiber content. On the other hand, the impact strength was fourfold higher than that of unfilled PP. A poor adhesion between the PP matrix and the basalt fibers was detected. This is why interfacial interactions were promoted by the adding of poly(propylene‐g‐maleic anhydride) (PP‐g‐MA). It was observed that the tensile properties of the obtained materials and their impact strengths increased significantly with increasing of the amount of PP‐g‐MA in the blend. The adhesion improvement was confirmed by scanning electron microscopy as well. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy was applied to assess if any chemical interactions in the system PP/PP‐g‐MA/basalt fibers exist. Dynamic mechanical thermal analysis data showed an increase of the storage modulus with increasing fiber content. The conclusion was made that the modification of the PP matrix led to a higher stiffness but its value remained constant, irrespective of the PP‐g‐MA content. With increasing fiber content, damping in the β‐region decreased, but increase of the coupling agent content restored its value back to that of PP. The loss modulus spectra presented a strong influence of fiber content on the α‐relaxation process of PP. The position of the peaks of the above‐mentioned relaxation processes are discussed as well. © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 74: 523–531, 1999     

TPI结晶性对DCP硫化TPI胶料性能的影响

研究了反式-1,4-聚异戊二烯（TPI）结晶性对不同用量过氧化二异丙苯（DCP）硫化的TPI性能的影响。结果表明,拉伸前后TPI试样的XRD曲线上结晶峰有明显不同。TPI预拉伸冷冻试样的拉伸性能与冷冻前后原始试样的差异明显。随着DCP用量的增加,500mm/min和50mm/min拉伸速率下测得的拉伸强度之间的差异变得越来越小;同一压缩率时,试样的压缩强度不断降低。在tanδ-温度曲线上,随着交联密度的提高,TPI低温损耗峰的tanδ值不断增大,而其高温损耗峰的tanδ值呈下降趋势。     

聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯／不饱和聚氨酯共聚物的力学性能

报道了ＰＭＭＡ／ＵＳＰＵ共聚物的力学性能。研究结果表明，ＵＳＰＵ对ＰＭＭＡ具人显著的增韧必增强作用。共聚物的模量－组成关系符合Ｄａｖｉｅｓ模型，表明共聚物中ＰＭＭＡ相和ＵＳＰＵ相之间呈互为连续的形态。     

The Effect of Epoxidized Sunflower Oil on the Miscibility of Plasticized PVC/NBR Blends

Blends of plasticized poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) with several ratios of nitrile rubber (NBR) were studied. The effects of epoxidized sunflower oil (ESO) in combination with di-(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP) in the PVC blends on the tensile strength, elongation, hardness, and dynamical mechanical analysis (DMA) were studied. The modulus and hardness results revealed that the addition of ESO to the blend favors the miscibility of PVC and NBR. The PVC/NBR/(DEHP-ESO) blends behave as a compatible system as is evident from the single T _g observed in DMA. The moderate level broadening of the T _g zone in blends is due to the presence of ESO in the plasticizer system. Blends of plasticized PVC and nitrile rubber showed promising properties. The ESO is suitable to partially replace DEHP in PVC/NBR blends.     

The effect of fiber concentration on mechanical and thermal properties of fiber‐reinforced polypropylene composites

A novel composite material consisting of polypropylene (PP) fibers in a random poly(propylene‐co‐ethylene) (PPE) matrix was prepared and its properties were evaluated. The thermal and mechanical properties of PP–PPE composites were studied by dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) with reference to the fiber concentration. Although, by increasing PP fiber concentration in PPE, no significant difference was found in melting and crystallization temperatures of the PPE, the storage, and the tensile and flexural modulus of the composites increased linearly with fiber concentrations up to 50%, 1.5, 1.0, 1.3 GPa, respectively, which was approximately four times higher than that for the pure PPE. There is a shift in glass transition temperature of the composite with increasing fiber concentration in the composite and the damping peak became flatter, which indicates the effectiveness of fiber–matrix interaction. A higher concentration of long fibers (>50% w/w) resulted in fiber packing problems, difficulty in dispersion, and an increase in void content, which led to a reduction in modulus. Cox–Krenchel and Haplin–Tsai equations were used to predict tensile modulus of random fiber‐reinforced composites. A Cole–Cole analysis was performed to understand the phase behavior of the composites. A master curve was constructed based on time–temperature superposition (TTS) by using data over the temperature range from −50 to 90°C, which allowed for the prediction of very long and short time behavior of the composite. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 96: 2260–2272, 2005     

聚丙烯／铁复合材料的制备及力学性能研究

应用磨盘型力化学反应器对大颗粒铁和聚丙烯颗粒进行共碾磨制备复合粉体，研究了经过不同碾磨次数的PP／Fe复合粉体压成型复合材料的力学性能和动态力学性能。冲击断面的SEM形貌和Fe能谱的面分布研究结果表明，碾磨使Fe与PP形成紧密结合并呈微粒状均匀地分布在PP基体中，大幅度提高材料的抗冲强度、损耗模量和内耗。