搅拌头偏置对铝镁异种合金搅拌摩擦焊焊缝成形的影响

采用不同的搅拌头偏置位置对AZ31B镁合金和6061铝合金进行搅拌摩擦焊对接试验,探究搅拌头偏置位置对铝镁异种合金搅拌摩擦焊焊缝成形的影响。对比了不同搅拌头偏置所获得的焊缝外观成形和断口成分能谱,实验结果表明,搅拌头偏置铝1 mm所获得焊缝表面成形质量要优于搅拌头置中和偏置镁1 mm所得的焊缝,焊接过程中金属间化合物大量连续的生成是造成接头断裂的主要原因。     

AZ31B镁合金搅拌摩擦焊焊接工艺研究

采用搅拌摩擦焊对AZ31B镁合金板材进行了焊接试验,研究了搅拌头旋转速度、焊接速度和搅拌头轴肩下压量对焊接接头成形质量的影响。结果表明,搅拌头转速过快或焊接速度过慢时,焊缝会出现局部过热甚至熔化现象;反之,当搅拌头转速不够或焊接速度过快时,材料不能充分流动,会形成隧道型缺陷或表面沟槽。当搅拌头轴肩下压量过小时,焊缝内部组织疏松或出现孔洞、隧道型缺陷,焊缝表面出现沟槽,甚至使焊缝金属液外溢;搅拌头轴肩下压量过大,会造成摩擦力及搅拌头前移阻力增大、焊缝凹陷及出现飞边。当搅拌头转速为1200～1500r／min、焊速为30～60mm／min,搅拌头轴肩下压量为1．5～2．0mm时,可得表面成形良好、内部无孔洞和隧道的焊缝。     

关于铝合金薄板高速搅拌摩擦焊接搅拌头的新型设计

搅拌摩擦焊是新能源汽车电芯制造中代替传统激光焊接的关键方法。高速搅拌摩擦焊是提升电芯生产效率的关键工艺,科学的搅拌头尺寸参数设计方法可以有效减少高焊速条件下飞边沟槽缺陷,并提升电芯生产的合格率。基于对高焊速搅拌摩擦焊搅拌头的设计的理解,设计包括轴肩半径、轴肩摩擦系数、轴肩内凹角、轴针上半径、轴针下半径和轴针长度在内的高焊速搅拌头尺寸参数研究系统。针对铝合金薄板工业生产中质量需求,设计焊后焊缝质量评价指标。在考虑焊缝飞边大小、沟槽深浅以及左右材料交互比例的基础上,分析不同搅拌头参数影响下的焊接质量变化,获得搅拌头尺寸参数变化对焊接质量的影响规律,获得高焊速条件下的铝合金薄板搅拌摩擦焊搅拌头的最优设计。     

铝合金液冷冷板窄台阶搭接搅拌摩擦焊工艺研究

文中研究了铝合金液冷冷板窄台阶搭接搅拌摩擦焊工艺。冷板基底材料为6063 铝合金,盖板材料为3A21 铝合金。设计了窄搭接搅拌头,减小了轴肩宽度和焊接压力,增加了接头焊接时材料的流动性,针对不同焊深窄台阶冷板进行了窄搭接焊接工艺试验。研究表明,通过优化搅拌头形貌尺寸和工艺参数能够实现4-2（焊缝深度–台阶宽度,mm）、6-4 和9-6 的窄搭接搅拌摩擦焊焊接,焊接过程中进行定位预焊能有效避免产生焊缝S 型曲线,前进侧为6063 或3A21 时均能形成良好的焊缝。     

搅拌摩擦焊超声振动系统的设计与分析

针对传统搅拌摩擦焊技术在焊接时出现的焊缝不均匀、焊缝质量差等缺陷,提出将超声振动系统与传统搅拌摩擦焊相结合,设计了超声辅助搅拌摩擦焊系统。在搅拌头传振杆上开出若干斜槽,使纵向振动在搅拌头传振杆中传播时出现扭转分量,实现振动模式之间的转换。利用Solid Works软件对超声振动系统进行实体建模,并用ANSYS Workbench软件对不同参数下超声振动系统的振动形态进行分析与对比。研究结果表明,通过改变搅拌头传振杆上狭缝的宽度和倾斜角,可以改善搅拌头的振动形态,进而改善焊接质量。     

温度对搅拌摩擦焊接接头摩擦磨损性能的影响

通过对搅拌摩擦焊过程中铝合金板上各特征点在不同焊接参数的温度变化规律的检测,研究搅拌摩擦焊接参数对焊接过程温度场的影响,搅拌摩擦焊焊接接头的摩擦磨损行为,以及搅拌摩擦焊接头的摩擦磨损性能随温度的变化趋势。结果表明:在搅拌头旋转速度一定时,各特征点的温度峰值会随焊接速度的增加而降低,在焊接速度一定时,特征点的温度峰值会随搅拌头旋转速度的增加而升高;搅拌摩擦焊接头磨损表面呈现轻微的疲劳磨损特征,无明显的表层剥落开裂迹象;试样的磨损量与接头区域的焊缝成型有密切关系,而焊缝的成型质量与温度场的分布有密切联系,试验表明温度场梯度越小,磨损量越小。     

搅拌摩擦焊多平面搅拌头对材料流动行为的影响

与传统熔化焊相比,搅拌摩擦焊(Frictionstirwelding, FSW)因温度梯度较小,可以减少焊接裂纹和残余变形,是一种极具前途的铝合金固相焊接方法。相同焊接工艺参数下,搅拌头是影响焊接热输入和材料流动的主要因素之一,决定焊缝的组织与性能。基于固体力学有限元法和A7N01铝合金材料本构方程,建立基于Deform软件搅拌摩擦焊刚黏塑性仿真模型,并通过焊接试验的测温曲线和试验缺陷完成了模型验证,对比分析了圆台、三平面、四平面搅拌头平面对搅拌摩擦焊稳态焊接阶段的温度场、峰值温度曲线和材料流动行为的影响。结果表明,多平面搅拌头的焊接热输入高于圆台搅拌头,在材料塑性流动范围、流动均匀性和有效焊缝等指标方面优于圆台搅拌头。搅拌头的平面特征在材料流动过程中能够起到明显的挤压作用,从而细化焊缝区的晶粒,提高焊接接头的力学性能。基于仿真和试验结果分析,揭示了焊接犁沟缺陷的成因,并提出了预防措施。     

铝合金搅拌摩擦焊技术研究

论述了搅拌摩擦焊的焊接方法、工艺过程和基本原理；通过大量的工艺参数优化，解决了焊缝中的孔洞问题，使ＬＦ６板材搅拌摩擦焊的焊缝达到与母材等强，ＬＹ１２焊后未经热处理，连接强度接近母材的８０（。由金相分析可以看出，搅拌摩擦焊属于固相连接，焊缝晶粒细小，无气孔、夹杂、裂纹等焊接缺陷。初步应力测试发现，搅拌摩擦焊焊缝比熔焊焊缝的残余应力低。试验研究结果表明，搅拌摩擦焊焊接过程稳定可靠，焊接接头性能良好，具有广泛的应用前景。     

焊接参数对搅拌摩擦焊焊缝形貌的影响

研究了搅拌摩擦焊工艺参数对LY12铝合金焊缝形貌的影响。研究结果表明：采用左螺纹圆柱搅拌头进行焊接时,形成的焊核关于搅拌针中心不对称,回撤边塑性金属迁移程度大于前进边;搅拌头旋转速度和轴肩下压量相同时,增大焊接速度可使回撤边塑性金属向上迁移程度减弱,使焊核宽度及焊核中心偏向回撤边距离减小;搅拌头旋转速度和焊接速度相同时,增大轴肩下压量可使焊核宽度和焊核中心偏向回撤边的距离增大,使回撤边塑性金属向上迁移程度先增大后减小。     

2524-T3铆接接头与搅拌摩擦焊接接头疲劳性能对比研究

通过2524-T3铝合金的搅拌摩擦焊接头疲劳性能对比试验,得到了母材、FSW对接接头、铆钉连接接头的疲劳S-N曲线。试验表明,搅拌摩擦焊的疲劳裂纹大多数起源于焊缝底部;2524-T3材料薄板的疲劳性能略好于厚板的疲劳性能;搅拌摩擦焊接头疲劳性能要明显好于铆接接头疲劳性能。拟合得到了各种不同厚度,不同应力比下的S-N曲线公式,为搅拌摩擦焊技术应用于飞机结构积累了相关数据。     

The effects of casting and forging processes on joint properties in friction-welded AISI 1050 and AISI 304 steels

The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of investment casting and forging process on the microstructure and mechanical properties of friction weldments, AISI 1050–AISI 304. A continuous-drive friction welding device with the automatic control ability of friction time and forging pressure was designed and constructed. Factorial design of experiments was performed to join investment cast AISI 1050 steels and forged AISI 1050 steels with AISI 304 austenitic stainless steel with respect to the optimized process parameters. The joint performance was evaluated by tensile and hardness tests performed parallel and perpendicular to the weld interface. Microstructure of forged parts under friction welding was examined using optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and energy-dispersive spectroscopy. Results of microstructural studies were compared with those of friction welding of investment cast parts. The results reveal that a recrystallized region or a mechanically mixed layer was formed on the AISI 304 side near the weld interface, depending on friction time and friction pressure. Friction welding of forged parts always exhibited higher tensile strength, lower hardness, and more upset than the cast parts.     

Examination of wear debris produced using a four-ball machine

The original aim of this work was to identify characteristic wear debris from systems which scuff. The wear debris was identified but could not be considered characteristic as similar debris has been observed in delamination wear. During the metallographic examination of scuffed surfaces, a featureless white layer both on and below the surface was observed. This white layer was similar to adiabatic shear bands. It is suggested that the white layer is a form of microscopic friction weld between asperities. This implies that scuffing is a result of hot welding rather than cold welding, as accepted at present. The tests showed that the trapping and subsequent adhesion of wear debris onto the contact surfaces is a negligible factor in the overall wear process in this system.     

铝基复合材料─不锈钢摩擦焊焊接接头显微组织的电镜研究

利用电子显微镜技术系统地观察了铝基复合材料（ＭＭＣ）与奥氏体不锈钢之间摩擦焊焊接接头中的显微组织变化规律。发现强度较高的奥氏体不锈钢在焊接过程中发生了明显的塑性变形，焊接界面附近不同部位变形机制和特征不同，变形方式主要是形成形变孪晶、滑移带和位错亚结构。首次在透射电镜（ＴＥＭ）下观察到了一个由微晶氧化物组成的过渡层组织。     

静轴肩摩擦搅拌焊温度场仿真分析与参数优化

为了解决非刚性支撑条件下传统搅拌头易陷入被焊接板材而导致焊接失败的问题,设计研发了静轴肩焊接结构。通过建立有限元仿真计算模型,并使用热红外成像仪对焊接表面温度进行实时监测,分析不同工艺参数下静轴肩摩擦搅拌焊焊接过程中的温度场变化情况。使用设计研发的静轴肩摩擦搅拌焊进行现场试验并对完成焊接表面无缺陷的焊缝与母材进行拉伸试验对比,检测其焊缝机械强度,并对断口进行微观组织分析。结果表明：在使用静轴肩搅拌头焊接过程中,产热量主要来源于搅拌针轴肩的摩擦生热和搅拌针端部的摩擦生热,搅拌针的侧面摩擦生热和静轴肩的摩擦生热占比较小;对产热量影响较大的是主轴压力和主轴转速,C轴转速对产热量影响不大;在主轴压力为2940～3430 N,主轴转速为1000 r/min,C轴转速为0.05 r/min的工艺参数下,完成焊接的焊缝表面光滑无飞边,内部无沟槽隧道缺陷,焊缝抗拉性能达到母材的71.5%左右;焊缝断口存在分层现象,靠近焊接表面的上层呈脆性断裂特性,下层呈延性断裂特性,与母材相比,焊缝试样的延伸率和抗拉强度均有所降低。     

搅拌摩擦焊工具的研究现状

搅拌焊工具技术是搅拌摩擦焊工艺最重要的因素。搅拌焊工具主要由肩部和焊针组成，焊接薄板时，旋转的肩部和工件之间摩擦产生的热量是主要热源，而随着板厚的增加，更多的热量必须靠旋转的焊针和工件摩擦产生。焊接工具的主要作用是保证连接区材料产生足够的塑性变形，并控制焊针周围塑性体的流动，形成优质的焊接接头。     

热处理对TC11/LF6异种金属摩擦焊质量的影响

对TC11/LF6钛铝异种金属进行了连续驱动摩擦焊接工艺及其焊后热处理工艺的研究,观察了热处理前后焊接接头焊合区微观组织并测定了试样力学性能。研究结果表明：未经热处理的焊接接头晶粒较为粗大,有明显的晶间化合物产生,接头显微硬度较高;经280℃退火1h后,焊接接头晶粒均匀细化,焊接界面产生较薄的不连续扩散层;热处理后接头晶粒明显细化,抗弯强度提高10.7%,显微硬度下降38%。通过组织和力学性能综合分析,得到最优化的TC11/LF6连续驱动摩擦焊接工艺参数。     

Ultrasonic thermometry for friction stir spot welding

This investigation presents the feasibility of ultrasonic temperature measurement of friction stir spot welding (FSSW). FSSW is an automated solid state joining process. Thermal profiles of the weld zone are crucial for implementing informed process changes to improve weld quality. Ultrasonics present a novel and non-invasive method of monitoring changes in temperature.Ultrasonic time of flight (TOF) measurement method is used to calculate the temperature of Al 6061 as it is heated. Comparisons of the ultrasonic temperature calculations with thermocouple readings confirm the accuracy of the ultrasonic system. The ultrasonic signal is then recorded during spot welding and processed. The results show that ultrasonic technology is a feasible method of monitoring the heating and cooling profiles of the weld zone during welding. The paper also discusses challenges presented by the system as well as recommendations for its future implementation in the friction stir welding manufacturing industry.     

Automatic seam-tracking of friction stir welded T-joints

In this research, a method for implementing automatic seam-tracking for friction stir welding, referred to hear as WeaveTrack, is presented. In this extrumum-seeking control technique, the tool weaves back and forth during welding to maintain the location where axial force is greatest, which is shown to be the center of the weld. Results demonstrate the effectiveness of this technique in tracking both known and unknown weld seams. Comparisons of tensile test results of weaved and nonweaved welds, and findings in related literature, indicate that weaving’s impact on weld quality could be positive. Finally, methods for incorporating WeaveTrack seam-tracking into existing friction stir welding control systems (such as load control) are discussed.     

搅拌摩擦焊工艺参数对LY12铝合金焊缝金属流动形态的影响

采用铝箔作为标示材料,研究了旋转速度、焊接速度、下压量等工艺参数对LY12铝合金搅拌摩擦焊焊缝金属流动形态的影响.结果表明:焊缝金属的流动形态由4个特征区域组成,即水平流动区、紊流区、"洋葱环"区和刚塑性迁移区;搅拌摩擦焊的焊缝关于中心不对称,返回边标示材料的变形程度比前进边的大;随着旋转速度的提高,金属在焊缝厚度方向向上的迁移量先增大后减小;随着焊接速度的提高,金属向上迁移的最大位移减小;增大下压量,有利于金属的流动和焊缝致密度的提高.     

Polyethylene friction stir welding parameter optimization and temperature characterization

The use of friction stir welding (FSW) to join thermoplastics has proven to produce strong welds with good surface quality when compared to conventional welding methods. In this study, a Teflon stationary shoulder was developed to weld 3-mm-thick plates of high molecular weight polyethylene in butt-joint configuration. Different sets of welding parameters were chosen and tested to evaluate their effect on the weld strength. Also, in order to increase joint performance, the temperature generated during welding was measured. For that purpose, thermocouples were located underneath of the weld nugget surface to measure the generated frictional heat for different tool diameters and parameters. Tool diameter and rotational and welding speeds are the most influential parameters regarding the welding temperature; however, all the input parameters had statistically significant effect on the weld quality. Unlike FSW in metals, using this tool, the heat is generated mainly by surface contact of the rotating probe and copper sleeve than the base material. The strongest welded joint was able to withstand 97% of the force that is necessary to fracture the base material, without using an external heating source.