超音速火焰喷涂TiB2-40Ni涂层的组织和耐磨性

通过超音速火焰喷涂技术在Q235钢基体表面喷涂TiB₂-40Ni涂层,并对涂层的组织结构、硬度值和耐磨性进行了研究。结果表明,涂层组织致密,孔隙率为0.474%,硬度值为408±40.5 HV0.3。涂层主要由TiB₂和Ni构成。经磨粒磨损试验,TiB₂-40Ni涂层的耐磨损性能良好,磨损量为2.21±0.11 mg。     

超音速等离子喷涂ZrO2涂层的缺陷分析与力学性能

采用超音速等离子喷涂技术(SAPS)在Q235钢基体表面制备了ZrO₂涂层。利用扫描电镜(SEM)、能谱仪(EDS)、X射线衍射仪(XRD)分别对ZrO₂涂层微观形貌、物相组成、元素分布进行了检测和分析,同时利用维氏硬度计对ZrO₂涂层硬度进行了测量,分别得出了涂层、涂层与基体连接处、基体的硬度值。结果表明:利用超音速等离子喷涂技术所制备的ZrO₂涂层表面存在大量颗粒凸起和孔洞。涂层截面存在形状为“马蹄形”、“弯月形”、“椭球形”以及“不规则多边形”的孔洞和横向裂纹缺陷,孔隙率为13%。在高温作用下,涂层中Zr元素发生扩散,由涂层顶部至底部Zr元素含量上升,且基体表面出现少量Zr元素。涂层材料在喷涂过程中发生相变,由单斜相转为四方相。涂层、涂层与基体连接处、基体显微硬度分别为740.51、205.79、189.33 HV0.2,涂层与基体连接处相比于基体材料表面的显微硬度提高。     

NiCoCrAlY/Al2O3复合涂层的组织与性能

采用离子喷涂和超音速火焰喷涂技术分别制备了NiCoCrAlY/Al₂O₃耐磨复合涂层,通过SEM、显微硬度计和万能材料测试机研究了粉体和涂层的显微结构、显微硬度和结合强度。结果表明,Al₂O₃颗粒表面包覆着一层致密的NiCoCrAlY合金,涂层与基体结合良好,超音速火焰喷涂涂层的孔隙率仅为等离子喷涂涂层的1/7。超音速火焰喷涂涂层的显微硬度和结合强度均高于等离子喷涂涂层。两种方法制备的涂层的破坏属脆性断裂机理。     

等离子喷涂与超音速火焰喷涂NiCr-Cr3C2涂层组织与摩擦磨损性能研究

目的 研究等离子喷涂与超音速火焰喷涂NiCr-Cr3C2涂层的组织、力学性能和摩擦磨损性能。方法 采用等离子喷涂与超音速火焰喷涂工艺制备NiCr-Cr3C2涂层,并采用X射线衍射仪（XRD）、扫描电镜（SEM）、万能试验机、显微硬度计和高速往复摩擦磨损试验机,系统地分析了两种工艺所得涂层的物相、组织、结合强度、硬度及摩擦磨损性能。结果 两种工艺制备的NiCr-Cr3C2涂层与基体界面结合效果良好。等离子喷涂NiCr-Cr3C2涂层为层片状组织,层间可见微裂纹,孔隙率较高;超音速火焰喷涂NiCr-Cr3C2涂层组织均匀,无明显微裂纹,可见少量微小孔隙。物相分析表明,等离子喷涂涂层由NiCr、Cr3C2和Cr7C3相组成,而超音速火焰喷涂涂层由NiCr和Cr3C2相组成。超音速火焰喷涂NiCr-Cr3C2涂层的耐磨性优于等离子喷涂涂层,等离子喷涂涂层和超音速火焰喷涂涂层的稳态摩擦系数分别为0.4和0.6。随载荷升高,两种工艺制备的NiCr-Cr3C2涂层摩擦系数均显著下降。磨损后,等离子喷涂NiCr-Cr3C2涂层表面具有明显的凹痕和剥落,而超音速火焰喷涂NiCr-Cr3C2涂层磨痕表面较光滑,未见明显剥落。两种工艺制备的涂层磨损机制均为磨粒磨损和疲劳磨损。结论 超音速火焰喷涂NiCr-Cr3C2涂层较等离子喷涂涂层组织更为致密,具有更为优良的综合力学性能和耐磨性,等离子喷涂制备的NiCr-Cr3C2涂层的减摩性较好。     

等离子喷涂法制备Ti/Ti4O7+TiB2/PbO2阳极材料的性能研究

用等离子喷涂法在钛基体上喷涂一层Ti₄O₇和TiB₂的混合物作为中间过渡层,以提高钛基体的耐蚀性能、改善钛基体的导电性;然后在Ti/Ti₄O₇+TiB₂中间过渡层上电镀PbO₂活性层,从而制备出一种新型的"三明治"结构的钛阳极。实验结果表明:喷涂后的钛基体主要由TiO₂、Ti₄O₇和TiB₂三种物相组成;TiB₂的加入能够显著提高Ti/Ti₄O₇的导电性;当TiB₂含量为15%左右时,该电极材料的电化学性能达到最佳。     

常压和低压环境下反应等离子喷涂Al/Fe2O3复合材料的合成机理(英文)

反应等离子喷涂(RPS)技术被广泛用于制备不同使用需求的高性能涂层材料。基于经典的铝热反应原理,采用反应等离子喷涂技术分别在近常压和低压环境下制备了Al-Fe₂O₃涂层,通过XRD、SEM和EDS等分析方法对所制备涂层的相组成和显微结构进行了表征。阐明了Al和Fe₂O₃在加热和反应等离子喷涂过程中的反应机理。DTA分析结果表明,氩气氛下长时间热处理产物主要为Fe、Al₂O₃和FeAl相。然而,在等离子喷涂过程中,低氧分压环境导致中间产物FeAl₂O₄铁尖晶石相的生成,由于近常压等离子喷涂过程的冷却速度极快,该相可以保留在最终涂层结构中。而低压反应等离子喷涂等离子体射流飞行距离长,还原性气氛和较长的反应时间将其进一步还原为FeAl相。     

等离子喷涂WC-Ni涂层的组织结构及力学性能

采用等离子喷涂技术在不同的喷涂工艺条件下制备WC-Ni涂层。采用X射线衍射(XRD)和扫描电镜(SEM)表征和观察涂层的相结构和显微组织,同时运用压痕法对涂层的显微硬度、弹性模量和断裂韧性进行测试。结果表明,等离子喷涂工艺参数对涂层的组织结构和相结构有显著影响,等离子喷涂功率增加,粒子的熔化程度增加,适当的喷涂距离下沉积形成的涂层致密;等离子功率增加,喷涂过程中会产生WC粒子的失碳,相对于W_2C相,WC_(1-x)相的增加可以同时提高涂层的显微硬度和断裂韧性;与涂层的相组成相比,致密的组织结构对涂层显微硬度、弹性模量和断裂韧性的综合性能的提高更显著。     

Y2O3含量对大气等离子喷涂Al2O3-Y2O3复合涂层微观结构和力学性能的影响

目的 探究掺杂不同质量分数Y₂O₃对Al₂O₃-Y₂O₃复合涂层微观结构及其力学性能的影响。方法 采用大气等离子喷涂制备Al₂O₃涂层,以及Y₂O₃质量分数分别为10%、20%、30%、40%的Al₂O₃-Y₂O₃复合涂层。利用SEM、EDS对粉末以及不同涂层的形貌、组织结构、元素分布进行分析。使用XRD表征粉末和涂层的物相。使用显微硬度仪、纳米压痕测试仪和电子万能试验机对涂层的显微硬度、弹性模量以及断裂韧性等力学性能进行测试分析。结果 Al₂O₃喷涂粉末的物相由α-Al₂O₃组成,而喷涂得到的Al₂O₃涂层则由α-Al₂O     

激光熔化沉积TiB2增强TiAl基合金涂层的组织及力学性能

采用激光熔化沉积在TC4合金表面制备出不同TiB₂含量(0、10%、20%、30%，质量分数)的TiAl基合金涂层，利用XRD、OM、SEM、显微硬度计、压痕法(断裂韧性)、磨损试验机以及激光共聚焦显微镜等，系统研究了TiB₂含量对涂层微观组织与力学性能的影响。结果表明，涂层组织由底部沿厚度方向依次为平面晶、柱状晶和等轴晶，随着TiB₂含量增加，柱状晶高度逐渐降低。TiB₂/TiAl复合涂层由Ti Al合金基体相(γ+α2)以及TiB₂增强相组成，直接添加的TiB₂颗粒大多没有熔化，但直接添加的TiB₂颗粒外层与Ti Al合金熔体发生溶解反应后原位析出初生TiB₂和次生TiB₂，初生TiB₂呈块状，次生TiB₂呈短棒状和条带状。随着TiB₂含量由0增加至10%，涂层基体组织明显细化，但继续增加TiB₂含量...     

Ti对等离子喷涂Fe-Al2O3-FeAl2O4复合涂层组织与性能的影响

通过反应等离子喷涂技术制备含Ti含量不同的金属-陶瓷纳米复合涂层。并利用XRD和SEM对该涂层的物相组成、结构及形貌进行研究。结果显示,该涂层中形成了FeAl₂O₄、Fe_xAl_y、TiO₂、Fe相以及铁钛尖晶石相。对其力学性能的研究表明,随着Ti含量的增加显微硬度逐渐降低,磨损性能逐渐升高,当Ti含量为10%时,复合涂层的综合力学性能最优。     

Microstructure and Sliding Wear Performance of Plasma-Sprayed TiB2-Ni Coating Deposited from Agglomerated and Sintered Powder

This work is aimed at developing a route for the deposition of TiB₂-Ni cermet coating. The feedstock was firstly prepared by agglomeration and sintering, which was subsequently subjected to plasma spraying. The microstructures and the phase composition of the powder, as well as the sprayed coating were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy and x-ray diffraction. The microhardness (Hv) and the fracture toughness (K _IC) of the coating were evaluated. A sliding wear test was also performed on the sprayed coating by SRV^® tribo-tester using GCr15 steel as a counterpart. The results showed that the phase of sprayed TiB₂-Ni coatings consisted of TiB₂, Ni, and Ni₂₀Ti₃B₆, whose amount varied depending on the powder calcination temperature and the TiB₂ content in the powder. Both the hardness and the fracture toughness of the coating were also changed with different powders. The Ni₂₀Ti₃B₆ brittle phase was the main factor affecting the fracture toughness of coating, which also had detrimental effect on the sliding wear performance. The 60TiB₂-40Ni coating deposited from the powder calcined at 1250 °C had better sliding wear performance as it presented more dense structure, higher TiB₂ content and less retained Ni₂₀Ti₃B₆ phase in the coating.     

Influence of feedstock powder characteristics and spray processes on microstructure and properties of WC-(W,Cr)2C-Ni hardmetal coatings

The composition WC-(W,Cr)₂C-Ni (commercial designations WC-‘CrC’-Ni, WC-Cr₃C₂-Ni and WC-NiCr) is unique among the WC-based materials used for the preparation of thermally sprayed hardmetal coatings. These coatings show a significantly higher oxidation resistance and high-temperature sliding wear resistance than WC-Co and WC-CoCr coatings do. Unlike WC-Co and Cr₃C₂-NiCr, WC-(W,Cr)₂C-Ni is not a simple binary hard phase-binder metal composite as it is composed of two hard phases: WC and (W,Cr)₂C. Surprisingly this composition has been poorly investigated in the past.In this paper coating microstructures and properties obtained from five commercial feedstock powders of different origins using two different liquid-fuelled high velocity oxy-fuel (HVOF) systems (K2 and JP-5000) were investigated. Additional experiments were performed with one powder using atmospheric and vacuum plasma spraying (APS and VPS, respectively). The microstructures and phase compositions of the powders and the coatings were studied. Focus was on the appearance, composition and distribution of the (W,Cr)₂C phase which might form or might change its Cr/W ratio during the spray process. The composition of the (W,Cr)₂C phase was estimated from the lattice parameters. Hardness HV0.3 was measured for all coatings. The density, Young's modulus and abrasion wear resistance of HVOF-sprayed coatings were studied.     

Dependency of fracture toughness of plasma sprayed Al<Subscript>2</Subscript>O<Subscript>3</Subscript> coatings on lamellar structure

The fracture toughness of plasma-sprayed Al₂O₃ coatings in terms of critical strain energy release rate G _Ic was investigated using a tapered double cantilever beam (TDCB) approach. This approach makes the fracture toughness be measured only using the critical fracture load disregarding crack length during test. The Al₂O₃ coatings were deposited under different spray distances and plasma powers to clarify the effect of spray parameters on the G _Ic of the coatings. The fracture surfaces were examined using scanning electron microscope. On the basis of an idealized layer microstructure model for thermal sprayed coatings, the theoretical relationship between the cohesive fracture toughness and microstructure is proposed. The correlation between the calculated fracture toughness and observed value is examined. It was found that the fracture toughness of plasma sprayed Al₂O₃ coatings is not significantly influenced by spray distance up to 110 mm, and further increase in spray distance to 130 mm resulted in large decrease in the fracture toughness of the coatings. The G _Ic value predicted based on the proposed model using lamellar interface mean bonding ratio and the effective surface energy of bulk ceramics agreed well with the observed G _Ic data. Such agreement evidently shows that the fracture toughness of thermally sprayed ceramic coatings at the direction along coating surface is determined by lamellar interface bonding.     

Effect of Feedstock Size and its Distribution on the Properties of Detonation Sprayed Coatings

The detonation spraying is one of the most promising thermal spray variants for depositing wear and corrosion resistant coatings. The ceramic (Al₂O₃), metallic (Ni-20 wt%Cr) , and cermets (WC-12 wt%Co) powders that are commercially available were separated into coarser and finer size ranges with relatively narrow size distribution by employing centrifugal air classifier. The coatings were deposited using detonation spray technique. The effect of particle size and its distribution on the coating properties were examined. The surface roughness and porosity increased with increasing powder particle size for all the coatings consistently. The feedstock size was also found to influence the phase composition of Al₂O₃ and WC-Co coatings; however does not influence the phase composition of Ni-Cr coatings. The associated phase change and %porosity of the coatings imparted considerable variation in the coating hardness, fracture toughness, and wear properties. The fine and narrow size range WC-Co coating exhibited superior wear resistance. The coarse and narrow size distribution Al₂O₃ coating exhibited better performance under abrasion and sliding wear modes however under erosion wear mode the as-received Al₂O₃ coating exhibited better performance. In the case of metallic (Ni-Cr) coatings, the coatings deposited using coarser powder exhibited marginally lower-wear rate under abrasion and sliding wear modes. However, under erosion wear mode, the coating deposited using finer particle size exhibited considerably lower-wear rate.     

Properties of Cr3C2-NiCr cermet coating sprayed by high power plasma and high velocity oxy-fuel processes

The structure, hardness, and shear adhesion strength have been investigated for Cr₃C₂-NiCr cermet coatings sprayed onto a mild steel substrate by 200 kW high power plasma spraying (HPS) and high velocity oxy-fuel (HVOF) processes. Amorphous and supersaturated nickel phases form in both as-sprayed coatings. The hardness of the HVOF coating is higher than that of the HPS coating, because the HVOF coating contains more nonmelted Cr₃C₂ carbide particles. On heat treating at 873 K, the amorphous phase decomposes and the supersaturated nickel phase precipitates Cr₃C₂ carbides so that the hardness increases in the HPS coating. The hardness measured under a great load exhibits lower values compared with that measured with a small load because of cracks generated from the indentation. The ratio of the hardnesses measured with different loads can be regarded as an index indicating the coating ductility. The ductility of the HVOF coating is higher than that of the HPS coating. Adhesion strength of the HVOF coating was high compared with the HPS coating. The adhesion of the coatings is enhanced by heat treating at 1073 K, and that of the HVOF coating is over 350 MPa.     

The role of microstructure in the mechanism of high velocity erosion of Cr3C2-NiCr thermal spray coatings: Part 1 — As-sprayed coatings

Carbide based thermal spray coatings are routinely applied to mitigate erosion under industrial conditions. However, the mechanism of erosion response under aggressive high velocity impact conditions remains unclear. In this work Cr₃C₂-25%NiCr thermal spray coatings were eroded at an impact velocity of 150 m/s by 20-25 µm alumina grit. Coatings were deposited by High Velocity Air Fuel (HVAF) and High Velocity Oxygen Fuel (HVOF) thermal spray techniques to generate a range of coating quality spanning that applied industrially. In Part 1 of this two-part series, the mechanism of erosion as a function of coating composition and microstructure variation is discussed. The HVOF coating underwent significant in-flight dissolution of the carbide phase. The erosion response of the supersaturated NiCr matrix was characterised by brittle cracking and fracture. The HVAF coating retained a high carbide content with minimal phase dissolution. However, the rapid solidification of the matrix material made the coating prone to brittle interphase cracking during impact. On a larger scale, splat based erosion mechanisms played a significant role, especially in the HVOF coating. The mechanisms of impact response of these coatings were dependent upon the depth of erodent penetration and could not, therefore, be extrapolated from erosion testing at lower velocities.     

Effect of the increase in the entrance convergent section length of the gun nozzle on the high-velocity oxygen fuel and cold spray process

Nozzle geometry, which influences combustion gas dynamics and, therefore, sprayed particle behavior, is one of the most important parameters in the high-velocity oxygen-fuel (HVOF) thermal spray process. The nozzle geometry is also important in the cold spray method. The gas flows in the entrance convergent section of the nozzle exhibit a relatively higher temperature and are subsonic; thus, this region is most suitable for heating spray particles. In this study, numerical simulation and experiments investigated the effect of the entrance geometry of the gun nozzle on the HVOF process. The process changes inside the nozzle, as obtained by numerical simulation studies, were related to the coating properties. An Al₂O₃-40 mass% TiO₂ powder was used for the experimental studies. The change in entrance convergent section length (rather than barrel part length or total length) of the gun nozzle had a significant effect on the deposition efficiency, microstructure, and hardness. The deposition efficiency and hardness increased as this geometry increased. On the other hand, the calculated and measured particle velocity showed a slight decrease. This effect on the HVOF process will also be applied to the nozzle design for the cold spray method.     

In-situ TiB2 and Al2O3 formation by DC plasma spraying

In-situ plasma spraying (IPS) is a promising process to fabricate composite coatings with in-situ formed thermodynamically stable phases. In the present study, mechanically alloyed Al-12Si, B₂O₃ and TiO₂ powder was deposited onto an aluminum substrate using atmospheric plasma spraying (APS). It has been observed that, during the coating process, TiB₂ and Al₂O₃ are in-situ formed through the reaction between starting powders and finely dispersed in hypereutectic Al-Si matrix alloy. Also, obtained results demonstrate that in-situ reaction intensity strongly depends on spray conditions.     

Biocompatible nanostructured high-velocity oxyfuel sprayed titania coating: Deposition, characterization, and mechanical properties

Nanostructured titania (TiO₂) coatings were produced by high-velocity oxyfuel (HVOF) spraying. They were engineered as a possible candidate to replace hydroxyapatite (HA) coatings produced by thermal spray on implants. The HVOF sprayed nanostructured titania coatings exhibited mechanical properties, such as hardness and bond strength, much superior to those of HA thermal spray coatings. In addition to these characteristics, the surface of the nanostructured coatings exhibited regions with nanotextured features originating from the semimolten nanostructured feedstock particles. It is hypothesized that these regions may enhance osteoblast adhesion on the coating by creating a better interaction with adhesion proteins, such as fibronectin, which exhibit dimensions in the order of nanometers. Preliminary osteoblast cell culture demonstrated that this type of HVOF sprayed nanostructured titania coating supported osteoblast cell growth and did not negatively affect cell viability. This article was originally published inBuilding on 100 Years of Success, Proceedings of the 2006 International Thermal Spray Conference (Seattle, WA), May 15–18, 2006, B.R. Marple, M.M. Hyland, Y.-Ch. Lau, R.S. Lima, and J. Voyer, Ed., ASM International, Materials Park, OH, 2006.     

Comparison of vacuum and pressure-assisted sintering of TiB2-Ni

A relatively new generation of cermet materials, based on TiB₂-Ni, has been investigated. These borides currently are being examined for industrial applications with the aim of exploiting their excellent wear resistance. Optimization of the liquid-phase sintering process for a TilB₂-Ni composition was studied. The mechanical properties of cermet materials prepared using vacuum and pressure sintering techniques were determined. Criteria for optimal sintering conditions were established according to hardness, strength, and fracture toughness properties.