Locality in structured peer-to-peer networks

Distributed hash tables (DHTs), used in a number of structured peer-to-peer (P2P) systems, provide efficient mechanisms for resource placement and location. A key distinguishing feature of current DHT systems, such as Chord, Pastry, CAN and Tapestry, is the way they handle locality in the underlying network. Topology-based node identifier assignment, proximity routing, and proximity neighbor selection are examples of heuristics used to minimize message delays in the underlying network. While these heuristics are sometimes effective, they all rely on a single global overlay that may install the key of a popular object at a node far from most of the nodes accessing it. Furthermore, a response to a lookup message does not contain any locality information about the nodes holding a copy of the object. We address these issues in Plethora, a novel two-level overlay P2P network. A local overlay in Plethora acts as a locality-aware cache for the global overlay, grouping nodes close together in the underlying network. Local overlays are constructed by exploiting the organization of the Internet into autonomous systems (ASs). We present a detailed experimental study that demonstrates performance gains in response time of up to 60% compared to a single global Pastry overlay. We also present efficient distributed algorithms for maintaining local overlays in the presence of node arrivals and departures.     

Psu: a novel low-latency constant-degree overlay network

Many structured peer-to-peer (P2P) systems supported by distributed hash table (DHT) schemas have been proposed recently to improve the scalability of distributed virtual application systems. By organizing the peers based on interconnection topologies, existing proposed schemas are purely based on the logical relationship without knowledge of the physical networks. In this paper, we propose a new structured DHT schema, which receives routing information not just from virtual neighbors in P2P overlay network, but also from nearby physical neighbors. The average degree of our model is 5, the diameter is logarithmic. The simulation shows that our model achieves shorter query path length, higher clustering, and better robustness than other overlay networks which have the same level of degree and diameter.     

Psu: a novel low-latency constant-degree overlay network

Many structured peer-to-peer (P2P) systems supported by distributed hash table (DHT) schemas have been proposed recently to improve the scalability of distributed virtual application systems. By organizing the peers based on interconnection topologies, existing proposed schemas are purely based on the logical relationship without knowledge of the physical networks. In this paper, we propose a new structured DHT schema, which receives routing information not just from virtual neighbors in P2P overlay network, but also from nearby physical neighbors. The average degree of our model is 5, the diameter is logarithmic. The simulation shows that our model achieves shorter query path length, higher clustering, and better robustness than other overlay networks which have the same level of degree and diameter.     

A scalable interest-oriented peer-to-peer pub/sub network

There has been a big challenge in structured peer-to-peer overlay network research area. Generally, a structured overlay network involves nodes evenly or based on their resource availabilities, and gathers nodes?? resources to achieve some bigger tasks. The challenge here is to gather resources based on nodes?? interests, and only interested nodes are involved in a certain task. Toward this challenge, we propose a new scheme to a peer-to-peer publish/subscribe network. Publish/subscribe represents a new paradigm for distributed content delivery. It provides an alternative to address-based communication due to its ability to decouple communication between the source and the destination. We propose a Bloom filter based mapping scheme to map IDs to nodes?? interests in addition to new interest proximity metric to forward events and to build nodes?? routing tables. We also propose a new approach called ??shared interest approach?? for network discovery. To evaluate the algorithms proposed in this work, we conducted simulations in both static and dynamic settings, and found a low false positive rate. We also discuss about a well-known application called Twitter, and show how our scheme would work in a real environment.     

一种令P2P覆盖网络拓扑相关的通用方法

利用分布式哈希表,有结构的对等(peer-to-peer,简称P2P)网络具备了较短的路由长度和较好的扩展性.然而,由此产生了覆盖网络和物理网络之间的不匹配问题,它严重阻碍了在大规模环境下建立有效的对等网络.提出一种通用的、协议无关的方法来解决该问题.该方法基于节点交换机制,通过发现并实施有利于覆盖网络和物理网络匹配的节点交换来降低网络时延、提高性能.实验表明,该方法在明显降低了覆盖网络的平均时延的同时,也保证了额外开销可控.此外,若与其他协议相关的方法相结合,系统性能还可以得到进一步提高.     

结构化P2P中覆盖网络拓扑匹配的研究

结构化P2P系统构建虚拟的应用层覆盖网络,使得路由更有目的性。然而覆盖网络的随机构建,使其与实际物理网络极不匹配,路由在实际物理网络要走不少弯路,浪费时间而且可能造成路由失败,并造成物理网络中大量不必要的数据流量。文中提出算法试图在一定程度上解决该问题。经实验证明,此算法使覆盖网络与物理网络在一定程度上相匹配,较大的提高了路由效率。     

Applying Peer-to-Peer Techniques to Grid Replica Location Services

Peer-to-peer systems offer attractive system management properties, including the ability of components that join the network to self-organize; scalability up to tens of thousands of members; the ability of the network to automatically repair its topology after node failures; and techniques for maintaining redundant information to improve reliability and load balancing. We investigate applying peer-to-peer techniques to Grid services that are oriented toward resource discovery. In particular, we apply the Chord structured peer-to-peer overlay network to the Globus Replica Location Service, which allows registration and discovery of data replicas. We describe the design and performance of a Peer-to-Peer Replica Location Service (P-RLS) that uses the Chord algorithm to self-organize P-RLS servers and exploits the Chord overlay network to replicate P-RLS mappings adaptively. We present performance measurements and simulation results for the P-RLS system. We also discuss outstanding issues for applying peer-to-peer techniques to Grid resource discovery services.     

Dealing with network partitions in structured overlay networks

Structured overlay networks form a major class of peer-to-peer systems, which are touted for their abilities to scale, tolerate failures, and self-manage. Any long-lived Internet-scale distributed system is destined to face network partitions. Although the problem of network partitions and mergers is highly related to fault-tolerance and self-management in large-scale systems, it has hardly been studied in the context of structured peer-to-peer systems. These systems have mainly been studied under churn (frequent joins/failures), which as a side effect solves the problem of network partitions, as it is similar to massive node failures. Yet, the crucial aspect of network mergers has been ignored. In fact, it has been claimed that ring-based structured overlay networks, which constitute the majority of the structured overlays, are intrinsically ill-suited for merging rings. In this paper, we present an algorithm for merging multiple similar ring-based overlays when the underlying network merges. We examine the solution in dynamic conditions, showing how our solution is resilient to churn during the merger, something widely believed to be difficult or impossible. We evaluate the algorithm for various scenarios and show that even when falsely detecting a merger, the algorithm quickly terminates and does not clutter the network with many messages. The algorithm is flexible as the tradeoff between message complexity and time complexity can be adjusted by a parameter.     

A cross-layer approach for partition detection at overlay layer for structured P2P in MANETs

Due to limited radio range and mobility of nodes in mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs), the network partitioning and merging could occur frequently. When structured peer-to-peer (P2P) overlays are running over MANETs, then network partition in the physical network can also cause network partition at the overlay layer. Existing approaches for structured P2P overlay over MANETs do not detect network partition at the overlay layer. This paper proposes a cross-layer approach to detect network partition at the overlay layer for structured P2P overlay over MANETs. Simulation results show that the proposed approach is highly effective and efficient in terms of routing overhead, success ratio and false-negative ratio.     

Dynamic Load Sharing in Peer-to-Peer Systems: When Some Peers Are More Equal than Others

Object caching and replication are the primary mechanisms for addressing load balancing in peer-to-peer systems. In structured P2P networks, object popularity is an important challenge because it can adversely impact both the request and forwarding loads in the network. To balance loads across P2P networks, the authors propose a method for dynamically updating routing tables to balance the load induced by forwarding traffic in the neighborhood of nodes holding popular objects.     

Socially aware microcloud service overlay optimization in community networks

Community networks are a growing network cooperation effort by citizens to build and maintain Internet infrastructure in regions that are not available. Adding that, to bring cloud services to community networks (CNs), microclouds were started as an edge cloud computing model where members cooperate using resources. Therefore, enhancing routing for services in CNs is an attractive paradigm that benefits the infrastructure. The problem is the growing consumption of resources for disseminating messages in the CN environment. This is because the services that build their overlay networks are oblivious to the underlying workload patterns that arise from social cooperation in CNs. In this paper, we propose Select in Community Networks (SELECTinCN), which enhances the overlay creation for pub/sub systems over peer-to-peer (P2P) networks. Moreover, SELECTinCN includes social information based on cooperation within CNs by exploiting the social aspects of the community of practice. Our work organizes the peers in a ring topology and provides an adaptive P2P connection establishment algorithm, where each peer identifies the number of connections needed based on the social structure and user availability. This allows us to propagate messages using a reduced number of hops, thus providing an efficient heuristic to an NP-hard problem that maps the workload graph to the structured P2P overlays resulting in a number of messages close to the theoretical minimum. Experiments show that, by using social network information, SELECTinCN reduces the number of relay nodes by up to 89% using the community of practice information versus the state-of-the-art pub/sub notification systems given as baseline.     

Tree-Based Index Overlay in Hybrid Peer-to-Peer Systems

Hybrid Peer-to-Peer(P2P) systems that construct overlay networks structured among superpeers have great potential in that they can give the benefits such as scalability,search speed and network traffic,taking advantages of superpeer-based and the structured P2P systems.In this article,we enhance keyword search in hybrid P2P systems by constructing a tree-based index overlay among directory nodes that maintain indices,according to the load and popularity of a keyword.The mathematical analysis shows that t...     

H-P2PSIP: Interconnection of P2PSIP domains for global multimedia services based on a hierarchical DHT overlay network

The IETF P2PSIP WG is currently standardising a protocol for distributed multimedia services combining the media session functionality of SIP and the decentralised distribution and localisation of resources in peer-to-peer networks. The current P2PSIP scenarios only consider the infrastructure for the connectivity inside a single domain. This paper proposes an extension of the current work to a hierarchical multi-domain scenario: a two level hierarchical peer-to-peer overlay architecture for the interconnection of different P2PSIP domains. The purpose is the creation of a global decentralised multimedia services in enterprises, ISPs or community networks. We present a study of the routing performance and routing state in the particular case of a two-level distributed hash table hierarchy that uses Kademlia. The study is supported by an analytical model and its validation by a peer-to-peer simulator.     

Direction-aware resource discovery in large-scale distributed computing environments

As a system scales up, the peer-to-peer (P2P) approach is attractive to distributed computing environments, such as Grids and Clouds, due to the amount of resources increased. The major issue in large-scale distributed systems is to prevent the phenomenon of a communication bottleneck or a single point of failure. Conventional approaches may not be able to apply directly to such environments due to restricted queries and varied resource characteristics. Alternatively, a fully decentralized resource discovery service based on an unstructured overlay, which relies only on the information of resource attributes and characteristics, may be a feasible solution. One major challenge of such service is to locate desired and suitable resources without the global knowledge of distributed sharing resources. As a consequence, the more nodes the resource discovery service involves, the higher the network overhead incurs. In this paper, we proposed a direction-aware strategy which can alleviate the network traffic among unstructured information systems for distributed resource discovery service. Experimental results have demonstrated that the proposed approach achieves higher success rate at low cost and higher scalability.     

Building Efficient Overlays

Peer-to-peer (P2P) and Grid computing systems have emerged as popular models aiming at further utilizing Internet information and resources, complementing the available client–server services. However, the mechanism of peers randomly choosing logical neighbors without any knowledge about underlying physical topology can cause a serious topology mismatch problems between the overlay network and the physical underlying network. The topology mismatch problem brings a great stress in the Internet infrastructure and greatly limits the performance gain from various search or routing techniques in P2P and Grid systems. Aiming at alleviating the mismatch problem and reducing the unnecessary traffic, we have proposed two approaches, adaptive overlay topology optimization (AOTO) and location-aware topology matching (LTM) techniques, to reduce the total traffic cost and average query response time. Both AOTO and LTM are scalable and completely distributed in the sense that they do not require any global knowledge of the whole overlay network when each node is optimizing the organization of its logical neighbors. This paper shows the effectiveness of AOTO and LTM and compares the performance of these two approaches through simulation studies.     

层次式Chord：物理拓扑感知的结构化对等网

本文针对对等网由于逻辑网络和物理网络的拓扑结构不匹配导致物理路由效率低下的问题，在结构化P2P网络Chord的基础上，提出一种层次式Chord模型。模拟实验表明，该模型能够有效提高物理路由的效率，并保持良好的逻辑路由效率和较低的维护代价。     

Efficient Skyline Computation in Structured Peer-to-Peer Systems

An increasing number of large-scale applications exploit peer-to-peer network architecture to provide highly scalable and flexible services. Among these applications, data management in peer-to-peer systems is one of the interesting domains. In this paper, we investigate the multidimensional skyline computation problem on a structured peer-to-peer network. In order to achieve low communication cost and quick response time, we utilize the iMinMax(theta ) method to transform high-dimensional data to one-dimensional value and distribute the data in a structured peer-to-peer network called BATON. Thereafter, we propose a progressive algorithm with adaptive filter technique for efficient skyline computation in this environment. We further discuss some optimization techniques for the algorithm, and summarize the key principles of our algorithm into a query routing protocol with detailed analysis. Finally, we conduct an extensive experimental evaluation to demonstrate the efficiency of our approach.     

结构化P2P系统中覆盖图拓扑匹配的研究

在结构化P2P系统中,建立逻辑覆盖图时并没有考虑实际物理层的拓扑结构,这将导致覆盖图与底层物理图的严重不匹配,从而使得覆盖图上相邻节点的延迟远远大于其物理图中的延迟,并在Internet中造成大量不必要的流量。该文提出了一个拓扑匹配算法,通过模拟仿真实验证明,该算法能在很大程度上解决不匹配问题,并使拉伸系数大大减小。     

基于语义网的节点关联的P2P搜索

分布式的无组织性的Peer-to—Peer（P2P）网络信息检索和查找系统由于不需要集中的目录管理和数据存储最近成为研究的热门。提出了一个高效的能增加搜索概率的P2P搜索算法,它的关键是把提供数据的节点聚合在一起组成一个关联网络。节点的关系由关联度来决定。     

A cross-layer middleware for context-aware cooperative application on mobile ad hoc peer-to-peer network

Mobile ad hoc peer-to-peer (P2P) applications become popular for providing the file sharing, voice communicating, and video streaming services due to entertainments and disaster recovery. However, both the topology of wireless network and the overlay of P2P network are dynamic, so the middleware is proposed to integrate such architectures of service-oriented applications. Therefore, we propose context-aware cooperative application (CACA) to overcome the frequent churn and high mobility problems. CACA proposes a cross-layer middleware to integrate DHT-based lookup, anycast query, and P2P delivery via the IPv6 routing header. Through anycast query, the response delay can be shortened and the query duplication can be minimized. Via IPv6 routing header, the delivery efficiency can be improved. Through the cross-layer design, the finger table in overlay layer is combined with the routing table in network layer to heighten proximity. The simulation results demonstrate that CACA has the outstanding performances of short download delay, high playback continuity, and low signaling overhead in mobile ad hoc network.