镍基高温合金多叶片定向凝固过程数值模拟

建立了基于Monte Carlo法的射线追踪模型,并用来动态处理定向凝固抽拉过程中多叶片间以及叶片与加热炉间的辐射换热过程.模型中考虑了抽拉速度、加热炉几何尺寸等影响,研究了2种抽拉速度下的温度分布.得到的温度采样点冷却曲线与实际冷却曲线进行了对比并得到了较好的结果.多叶片条件下,冷却区叶片靠近炉壁的温度低于同一水平线上靠近炉腔中心部分的温度.抽拉速度为7.0 mm/min时等温线的斜率高于抽拉速度为4.5 mm/min时的斜率.炉腔的几何尺寸对凝固过程温度分布有重要影响.     

铸件三维凝固模拟新技术

建立了应用有限元法进行复杂铸件凝固数值模拟的数学模型，讨论了铸件／铸型等效边界条件、结晶潜热处理及确定缩孔缩松预测判据临界值的新方法，从而使计算时间和内存节省７０％～９０％，提高了计算和预测精度，模拟预测结果与实际结果基本一致．     

高温合金环形锻件微观组织演变模拟

高温合金微观组织演变对实际锻造生产中工艺优化和质量控制具有十分重要的意义。以GH169材料环形锻件热锻成形为例,初步制定锻件的锻造工艺,在刚粘塑性有限元基础上,进行环形锻件轧制过程的综合模拟,预测了零件成形后的晶粒大小,并与理化分析结果进行比较,验证模拟结果的正确性。     

铸钢件熔模精密铸造凝固过程数值模拟

熔模精密铸造在现代铸造行业所占比重越来越大,采用计算机数值模拟的方法模拟熔模精密铸造凝固过程,预测铸造过程可能产生的缺陷,有助于改进以“试错法”为主的传统的工艺设计方式,能够有效的缩短生产周期,节约成本,对于铸造企业来说具有重要的意义。建立了熔模精密铸造凝固过程数值模拟的物理数学模型,采用自行开发的软件模拟了熔模铸钢件的凝固过程,对缩孔缺陷进行了预测,并且将该软件的模拟结果与实际结果进行了对比。     

镍基高温合金叶片熔模铸造工艺的数值模拟

采用有限元分析软件ProCAST模拟了K438合金液在熔模铸造工艺中的充型凝固过程,分析了两种浇注系统(方案1,冒口和横浇道均采用10 mm的网格,而叶片整体采用4 mm的网格进行划分;方案2,冒口、横浇道、直浇道和压头均采用10 mm的网格,而叶片整体采用4 mm的网格进行划分)的固相率分布、凝固时间分布和凝固过程中叶片所产生缺陷的严重程度。模拟结果表明:两套浇铸系统的设计方案都比较合理,方案2的整体凝固速度快于方案1,方案2的缩松严重程度少于方案1。     

熔模铸造不锈钢叶轮铸件的充型及凝固过程模拟分析

针对不锈钢叶轮铸件在熔模铸造过程中存在的缩松、缩孔及浇不足等缺陷,以ProCast软件为平台,对叶轮的充型凝固过程进行了数值模拟,研究了艺参数的优化对减少铸件缺陷的影响规律.结果表明,合适的浇注速度及加强散热能力可以显著减少铸件产生缺陷的几率.     

高温合金定向凝固数值模拟研究进展

高温合金定向凝固过程中存在着传热、流动、传质的宏观传输,凝固收缩、补缩,溶质再分配、迁移,晶粒生长和熔化等行为共同作用下的多相共存、多物理场耦合作用、跨尺度的复杂过程,导致复杂形状叶片铸件中频繁出现杂晶、雀斑、小角度晶界、条纹晶等缺陷。由于过程的不透明以及合金的高成本,发展数值模拟技术对深入认识高温合金定向凝固过程的机理、建立精准有效的控制方法具有重要意义。综述了近年来在镍基高温合金定向凝固数值模拟领域相关的研究进展,并对其应用进行了展望。     

基于ProCAST的叶轮熔模铸造凝固过程数值模拟

运用ProCAST铸造模拟软件对某型叶轮铸造工艺过程进行了数值模拟,分析了在温度场下型壳初始温度对铸件缺陷的影响和在应力场下浇注温度、浇注速度对铸件有效应力的影响,并进行了相关的实验验证.结果表明:当型壳预热温度达到400℃时,可以消除叶轮内部的缩孔、缩松缺陷;适当地增加浇注温度,可以降低铸件的有效应力,得到质量良好的铸件.     

铸件凝固过程几何模拟的缩孔缩松预测方法

以预测缩孔缩松判据Ｇ／√Ｒ为基础，经过转换、推导，得出适合于几何模拟的新判据（ｄＭ／ｄＬ），√Ｍ，并编制了预测缩孔缩松的几何模拟软件，这种预测方法操作简单，计算迅速，可对铸件工艺图上指定部位进行预测，与模数法设计铸造工艺相辅相成。     

第二代定向凝固镍基高温合金的微观结构研究

采用真空感应熔炼和定向凝固重熔铸造技术,制备了与第一代单晶合金蠕变性能相当的第二代定向高温合金.进行热处理后,测试了合金力学性能,并利用扫描电镜观察了合金微观结构.研究结果表明,合金的高温持久性能与其微观结构关系紧密.由于Re的加入,使合金枝晶杆γ′相尺寸细小而稳定,因而导致高温持久性能随着Re含量的增加而大幅度提高.     

凝固微观组织的多层次模拟

通过引入溶质再分配、溶质扩散、界面能各向异性和界面曲率,构建了描述合金凝固微观组织形态演变的元胞自动机模型.在介观和微观尺度上的模拟结果表明,该模型可有效地解决微观组织形成的多尺度问题.模拟结果清晰地再现了与实测结果相一致的枝晶形态和生长现象.根据分形理论采用分维定量比较了模拟结果和实验结果,两者的计盒维数分别为1.703和1.694,阐述了分维定量表征枝晶形貌的物理含义.模拟结果表明熔体过冷度和树枝晶的计盒维数呈近似抛物线关系.     

Optimization of investment casting process for K477 superalloy aero-engine turbine nozzle by simulation and experiment

In order to reduce the shrinkage porosity of nickel-based superalloy castings in the investment casting process, the effects of different gating systems on mold filling, solidification process, and prediction of shrinkage porosity of aero-engine turbine nozzle castings were investigated by simulation and experimental methods. Results show that the design of the vertical runner would cause greater turbulence of the melt in the riser during the mold filling process, and the outer runner is not necessary. With the decrease in number of runners, the hot spot moves down towards the casting, and the shrinkage and porosity defects are formed in the casting below the riser. In the original designs, a certain tendency of shrinkage and porosity defect is found in the vanes, inner rings, and outer rings of the castings by both simulation prediction and experiment. Finally, based on the processing optimization, the aero-engine turbine nozzle casting with no shrinkage and porosity defects is obtained.

     

Progress on modeling and simulation of directional solidification of superalloy turbine blade casting

Directional solidified turbine blades of Ni-based superalloy are widely used as key parts of the gas turbine engines.The mechanical properties of the blade are greatly influenced by the final microstructure and the grain orientation determined directly by the grain selector geometry of the casting.In this paper,mathematical models were proposed for three dimensional simulation of the grain growth and microstructure evolution in directional solidification of turbine blade casting.Ray-tracing method was applied to calculate the temperature variation of the blade.Based on the thermo model of heat transfer,the competitive grain growth within the starter block and the spiral of the grain selector,the grain growth in the blade and the microstructure evolution were simulated via a modified Cellular Automaton method.Validation experiments were carried out,and the measured results were compared quantitatively with the predicted results.The simulated cooling curves and microstructures corresponded well with the experimental results.The proposed models could be used to predict the grain morphology and the competitive grain evolution during directional solidification.     

Multiscale modelling and simulation of single crystal superalloy turbine blade casting during directional solidification process

As the key parts of an aero-engine,single crystal（SX）superalloy turbine blades have been the focus of much attention.However,casting defects often occur during the manufacturing process of the SX turbine blades.Modeling and simulation technology can help to optimize the manufacturing process of SX blades.Multiscale coupled models were proposed and used to simulate the physical phenomena occurring during the directional solidification（DS）process.Coupled with heat transfer（macroscale）and grain growth（meso-scale）,3D dendritic grain growth was calculated to show the competitive grain growth at micro-scale.SX grain selection behavior was studied by the simulation and experiments.The results show that the geometrical structure and technical parameters had strong influences on the grain selection effectiveness.Based on the coupled models,heat transfer,grain growth and microstructure evolution of a complex hollow SX blade were simulated.Both the simulated and experimental results show that the stray grain occurred at the platform of the SX blade when a constant withdrawal rate was used in manufacturing process.In order to avoid the formation of the stray crystal,the multi-scale coupled models and the withdrawal rate optimized technique were applied to the same SX turbine blade.The modeling results indicated that the optimized variable withdrawal rate can achieve SX blade castings with no stray grains,which was also proved by the experiments.     

Numerical simulation of dendrite growth in Ni-based superalloy casting during directional solidification process

An understanding of dendrite growth is required in order to improve the properties of castings. For this reason, cellular automaton?finite difference (CA?FD) method was used to investigate the dendrite growth during directional solidification (DS) process. The solute diffusion model combined with macro temperature field model was established for predicting the dendrite growth behavior. Model validation was performed by the DS experiment, and the cooling curves and grain structures obtained by the experiment presented a reasonable agreement with the simulation results. The competitive growth of dendrites was also simulated by the proposed model, and the competitive behavior of dendrites with different misalignment angles was also discussed in detail. Subsequently, 3D dendrites growth was also investigated by experiment and simulation, and both were in good accordance. The influence on dendrites growth of initial nucleus was investigated by three simulation cases, and the results showed that the initial nuclei just had an effect on the initial growth stage of columnar dendrites, but had little influence on the final dendritic morphology and the primary dendrite arm spacing.     

镍基高温合金U720Li的熔化和凝固过程原位观察

本文采用高温激光共聚焦显微镜（HT-CLSM）和差热分析（DTA）研究了U720Li镍基高温合金的熔化和凝固行为。HT-CLSM熔化过程原位观察表明,升温至1122 ℃时在部分(γ + γ′)共晶颗粒前沿发生了初熔,但温度超过1173 ℃时该熔池才开始迅速扩大;升温至1195 ℃时枝晶干处开始出现离散的斑点状熔池,且该熔池随温度的升高缓慢扩大;升温至1235 ℃时(γ + γ′)共晶开始熔化且随温度的升高该熔池向枝晶干迅速扩展,最终在1333 ℃枝晶完全熔化。HT-CLSM凝固过程原位观察表明,降温至1315 ℃时熔体开始形核凝固,并在1180 ℃左右凝固结束;固相转化速率随温度的降低先缓慢增加,再迅速增加到最大值,然后迅速降低并在凝固后期基本为零。DTA分析表明,铸锭中γ′相开始发生溶解的温度约为1047 ℃,铸锭完全熔化的温度约为1362 ℃。将HT-CLSM原位观察结果与本文及我们前期的DTA分析结果进行对比,发现前者的测试结果较后者低30 ℃左右。     

Hot tearing in polycrystalline Ni-based IN738LC superalloy: Influence of Zr content

Zirconium is always present in Ni base superalloys as it enhances their creep properties. In the present study, the influence of very small Zr additions, 100–400 ppm, i.e. 0.01–0.04 wt.%, on hot tearing of IN738LC superalloy is experimentally investigated using dedicated turbine blade castings. Although the Zr content remains very small, it has a strong effect on hot tearing tendency. Microstructure of hot tear in as-cast samples reveal that grain size and secondary dendrite arm spacing have no significant effect on hot tearing. On the other hand eutectic phase volume fraction and its dispersion or spreading along grain boundaries drastically affect the hot tearing propensity and strongly increase with increasing amounts of Zr. Hence grain coalescence becomes impossible at grain boundaries covered with eutectic phase films. With increasing Zr content, gain coalescence between two distinct grains with no interdendritic phase requires more undercooling. Coalescence is retarded and occurs deeper in the mush zone, i.e. at lower temperatures resulting in a higher sensitivity to hot tearing. Finally, it is shown that a reduction of Zr content to 0.02 wt.% is required to fully suppress hot tearing in polycrystalline IN738LC blades.     

Effect of solidification parameters on the microstructures of a single crystal Ni-based superalloy AM3

A single crystal Ni-based superalloy AM3 was processed at withdraw rates of 3.5, 10, 50, 100, 200, and 500 μm·s-1, respectively.The as-cast microstructures and solidification segregation ratio were characterized with various withdraw rates.The shape and size of carbide microstructures were determined.As expected, the primary and secondary dendrite arm spacings (PDAS and SDAS) decrease with the increase of withdraw rate.The highest volume fraction of eutectic γ/γ' is observed at the 100 μm·s-1 withdraw rate.The volume fraction of eutectic γ/γ' does not appear to be a strong function of the withdraw rate.With increasing withdraw rate, interface morphologies change in the sequence of planar, cellular, and dendrite.There is a general refinement of the microstructure as the withdraw rate increases.EPMA analysis showed that withdraw rate does not have obvious influence on the segregation of elements.     

Effect of Zr on solidification and microstructure of a Ni-based superalloy with high Al and Ti contents

The total content of Al and Ti in advanced Ni-based wrought superalloys is up to 7.5wt.%,which makes it easier to form harmful nonequilibrium eutectic(γ+γ′)andηphase.It has been reported that the addition of certain amount of Zr can modify precipitation of the nonequilibrium phases obviously,but the mechanism is still controversial.The effect of Zr ranging from<0.0006wt.%to 0.150wt.%on solidification behavior,segregation and microstructure of a Ni-based superalloy with high Al and Ti contents was investigated,eliminating the interferences of C and B.Results show that increase in Zr content significantly promotes the formation of eutectic(γ+γ′),ηand Zr-rich phase in the interdendritic region.Besides the Zr-rich phase,Zr dissolves slightly in the eutecticγ′and obviously in theηphase.An interesting phenomenon is discovered that the Zr addition significantly increases the area fraction of liquid pools and enlarges the forming range ofγdendrites,which suggests that Zr markedly retards the solidification.Zr affects the eutectic(γ+γ′)andηformation mainly due to the retard of solidification and dissolution of Zr in them.The retard of solidification obviously increases the residual liquid fraction and undercooling.Zr can serve as a forming element for the eutectic(γ+γ′)andηphase,and the obvious dissolution of Zr inηphase significantly decreases the critical concentration of Ti for its precipitation.