GA_3和CPPU对‘紫金早生’葡萄果实品质的影响

本文以5年生‘紫金早生’葡萄为试验材料,研究花前和盛花期赤霉素(GA_3)处理及花后GA_3和氯吡苯脲(CPPU)复配使用对‘紫金早生’果穗拉长、无核果率、果实膨大及其他果实品质的影响。结果表明:花前10 d采用100 mg/L GA_3处理花穗,能有效的增加果穗长度,疏松果穗,而对果实品质无负面影响;盛花期采用50 mg/L GA_3处理花穗是果实无核化最佳处理方式;花后15 d,GA_3 100 mg/L﹢CPPU 2.5 mg/L复配使用,降低了果实可溶性固形物含量和着色,但促进果实膨大和增加果实硬度效果最好。     

芸苔素内酯对酿酒葡萄果穗拉长及果实品质的影响

本文研究芸苔素内酯(BR)对酿酒葡萄果穗拉长及果实品质的影响。以‘蛇龙珠’和‘白玉霓’为试材,开花前10 d,设置3种BR使用浓度和两种使用方式,分析果实外观和内在品质指标。结果表明:BR处理可拉长果穗长度,在‘蛇龙珠’上,0.04 mg/L喷花穗处理可使果穗长度增加13.3%;在‘白玉霓’葡萄上,0.06 mg/L喷花穗处理的果穗长度增加了15.3%。同时,BR处理可增加果穗松散度,但不同品种对BR的敏感性不同,‘蛇龙珠’对BR较敏感,0.04 mg/L喷花穗的穗质量、百粒质量及横纵径,分别提高了14.1%、10.1%、10.2%和16.7%,而0.04mg/L、0.06mg/L蘸花穗处理则可降低‘蛇龙珠’果实外观品质指标;‘白玉霓’在0.04 mg/L蘸花穗和喷花穗时均有较高的果实外观品质指标。同时,BR处理可有效增加‘蛇龙珠’和‘白玉霓’果实的总糖含量,0.04 mg/L喷花穗分别增加了8.6%和12%,但可滴定酸也相应升高。     

上海地区‘阳光玫瑰’花果管理及配套栽培技术

以上海地区设施栽培‘阳光玫瑰’葡萄为研究对象,对其花穗整形、植物生长调节剂的规范使用、果穗长度和留粒数等进行调查,确定了花果管理的技术规范,即在始花期将花穗留存穗尖4 cm;在落花后1～3 d内用25 mg/L GA_3+2 mg/L CPPU进行保果处理;花后一周果粒黄豆大小时进行疏粒,留粒数50粒左右;落花后13～15 d内用25 mg/L GA_3进行果实膨大处理。成熟时果穗质量为600 g左右,粒质量为12 g,可溶性固形物可达到18%以上,具有良好的风味和较高的商品率。同时,总结‘阳光玫瑰’葡萄的关键栽培环节,包括病虫害防治、土肥水管理等的技术要点和注意事项。     

植物生长调节剂对‘沪培1号’果实品质的影响

以6年生避雨栽培的‘沪培1号’葡萄为试材,开展植物生长调节剂处理对果实品质的影响试验。结果表明:不同种类的植物生长调节剂都有促进葡萄增大作用,其中CPPU和TDZ对果实增大效果更明显,但果实可溶性固形物含量明显下降。从处理次数比较,用植物生长调节剂对‘沪培1号’进行一次处理效果不理想,需要进行两次处理;两次处理综合比较,适宜模式为:在盛花末期用30 mg/L GA3蘸果穗,间隔15 d再用100 mg/L GA3蘸果穗,所得果实品质最好。     

植物生长调节剂对阳光玫瑰葡萄膨大及果实品质的影响初探

阳光玫瑰是一个集大粒、绿色、优质、抗病、耐贮运的优良品种,综合性状极好。本试验用不同浓度的GA3和CPPU对阳光玫瑰葡萄的膨大和果实品质进行初步试验。结果表明,用50 mg/L GA3+2 mg/L CPPU处理加上配套的栽培技术,果穗质量、粒质量、可溶性固形物含量、果形指数等综合性状表现较佳。     

四川地区‘巨峰’葡萄二季无核果生产技术研究

为了探讨四川地区‘巨峰’葡萄二季无核果生产技术,利用矮壮素、缩节胺、烯效唑和PBO对植株进行处理,以促进枝条花芽分化,再利用GA_3、6-BA、CPPU、SM等药剂不同配方进行无核诱导和幼果膨大,筛选适宜的二季无核果生产最佳条件。结果表明,‘巨峰’葡萄在7叶摘心后用500～1000 mg/L的矮壮素对植株进行叶面喷施处理2次,使二季枝条花芽分化率平均达83.28%～90%,显著或极显著高于缩节胺、烯效唑和PBO处理。在花前3～5 d用50 mg/L GA_3+100 mg/L SM+50 mg/L 6-BA溶液浸蘸二季花穗进行无核诱导,花后6～8 d用50 mg/L GA_3+5 mg/L CPPU溶液浸蘸果穗进行膨大处理,葡萄无核果率可达96.67%,可溶性固形物含量为17.6%,可滴定酸61.6 mmol/kg,单粒重11.01 g,品质优良,且成熟期比有核二季果大幅提前。     

植物生长调节剂对夏黑葡萄冬果膨大及品质的影响

本试验以3年生夏黑葡萄为试材,研究了不同处理时间、不同浓度和不同植物生长调节剂组合处理对夏黑葡萄冬果膨大及品质的影响。结果表明,对夏黑冬果进行药剂膨大处理,从果实综合性状来看,盛花期使用50 mg/L GA3,花后5 d用50 mg/L GA3+益果灵2 mg/L,花后10 d用50 mg/L GA3+益果灵3 mg/L进行蘸穗处理膨大效果较好,果实品质与对照差异不显著,且副效应较小,百粒果质量740.46 g,可溶性固形物为17.6%,可溶性总糖为166.12 g/L。     

花前GA3处理对夏黑葡萄果穗生长的影响

以夏黑葡萄为试材,于开花前20 d,使用不同浓度赤霉素(GA3)处理,结合盛花期50 mg/L GA3和花后2周用50 mg/L GA3+5 mg/L CPPU处理,研究了花前不同浓度GA3处理对夏黑葡萄穗轴长度、果穗长度和穗梗长度以及果实品质的影响。结果表明,15 mg/L GA3处理果穗拉长效果最为显著,其穗轴长度增长为对照的140.9%。使用不同浓度GA3处理对果实纵横径、单果质量、可溶性固形物含量均无显著影响,但增加了可滴定酸的含量。     

GA3和CPPU对凉玉葡萄果实品质的影响

本试验以凉玉葡萄为材料,于盛花期使用不同浓度(25mg/L,50mg/L)的赤霉素处理,结合盛花后11d用50mg/L GA3+5mg/L CPPU处理,研究了不同组合处理对凉玉葡萄无核率和果实品质的影响.结果表明,盛花期用50mg/L GA3结合盛花后11d用50mg/L GA3+5mg/L CPPU处理的无核率最高,达100%;且单果最重,为5.05g;果形指数是1.59;但果实可溶性固形物含量最低,仅为15.78%.而盛花期25mg/L GA3结合盛花后11d清水处理的可溶性固形物含量最高,为18.45%.但从GA3和CPPU对凉玉葡萄处理后的综合性状看来,以盛花期50mg/L GA3且盛花后11d 50mg/L GA3+5mg/L CPPU的处理效果较适宜.     

生长调节剂对阳光玫瑰葡萄果实品质的影响

以4年生阳光玫瑰葡萄为试材,研究不同浓度的赤霉素(GA_3)、吡效隆(CPPU)和噻苯隆(TDZ)对其果实膨大和品质的影响。结果表明:盛花期和花后12 d使用不同浓度的赤霉素、吡效隆和噻苯隆进行处理,显著促进了果实膨大,提高了果品的商品性,但增加了穗梗、果梗直径,降低了可溶性固形物含量,对果皮着色有一定影响。综合来看,阳光玫瑰葡萄在盛花期用50 mg/L GA_3,在花后12 d应用50 mg/L GA_3+3mg/L TDZ处理膨大效果最好。     

吡效隆和赤霉素对红双味葡萄果实膨大及品质的影响

以四川地区栽培的红双味葡萄为试材,在盛花期进行一次处理,研究不同浓度毗效隆(CPPU)和赤霉素(GA3)对其果实膨大和品质的影响.结果表明:经药剂处理后红双味葡萄果拉大小和品质都发生了一定程度的变化,各处理都能使其果粒得到显著膨大.从综合性状来看,红双味葡萄药剂处理的最佳浓度为CPPU l0mg/L + GA3 100m/L.     

红高葡萄一次无核化处理技术研究

本文以红高葡萄品种为材料,在不同时期用不同浓度赤霉素(GA3)和吡效隆(CPPU)一次处理,研究其对果实发育的影响.结果表明,各处理都使红高葡萄的无核率提高;GA3和CPPU混合使用此单独使用GA3的效果要好;其中在盛花期使用GA325mg/L+CPPU10mg/L一次处理无核率达100%.综合看来,一次处理的最佳方案为GA325mg/L+CPPU7.5～10mg/L在盛花期至盛花期后4d处理.     

GA3GA4＋7对诱导巨峰葡萄产生无核及果实发育的影响

GA3与GA4 7采用2种不同浓度，在花前10d、ld和蛊花期对巨峰(Kyoho)葡萄进行无核处理，花后10d以GA3和CCPU以3种浓度组配进行膨大处理。各处理都使巨峰葡萄的无核率大幅度提高。用GA3处理比用GA4 7处理更有利于巨峰葡萄产生无核果。GA3花前1d处理对其产生的无核效应明显大于花前10d和蛊花期的处理；以花前1dGA312．5mgL^-1 盛花后10dGA3 12．5mgL^-1效果最好，其无核率可达90．91％。GA4 7对提高巨峰葡萄的座果效果比较显著，以花前1dGA4 725mgL^-1 蛊花期GA3 25mgL^-1 CPPU20mgL^-1效果比较好，座果为对照的123．1％。在巨峰葡萄上，用GA3进行处理的果实有变长的趋势，而用GA4 7进行处理的则使果实有变圆的趋势。     

高寒冷凉区赤霉酸处理对红地球葡萄产量和果实品质的影响

为提高高寒冷凉区（海拔2450m）红地球葡萄设施延后栽培果实的产量和品质,在花后进行了赤霉酸蘸穗处理,结果表明,赤霉素处理后果实的纵横径、粒重、产量和可滴定酸含量都有所增加,而可溶性固形物和Vc含量降低。其中花后20d以5．0mg／kg赤霉素溶液处理1次效果最好,果实纵横径、粒重和产量与其他处理相比均达到了显著差异,且可溶性固形物及Vc含量相对较高。     

多种化学药剂处理对巨峰葡萄保花保果效应研究

本试验采用多种化学药剂组合和不同使用方法对巨峰葡萄保花保果效应进行了研究.结果表明,无论哪种使用方法,凡是用了化学药剂和植物激素的处理均有提高坐果率的效果.综合葡萄果实质量指标,得出用NaHSO3(100mg/L) B9(2000 mg/L)在初花期和盛花期各喷一次,并用CPPU GA3 20mg/L在谢花后一个星期内浸果的保花保果效果为最佳.     

Effects of ethephon, methanol, ethanol and girdling treatments on berry maturity and colour development in Cardinal table grapes

To hasten berry maturity and improve skin colour, the early-season table grape variety Cardinal was treated (post veraison) with a bunch + foliar spray using either 240 or 480 mg/L ethephon, as well as with 30% methanol, 30% ethanol (v/v); or by girdling. Treatment effects were evaluated in a randomised experimental design, with 10 replications of one plant per plot, down a single row. Ethephon at 480 mg/L applied twice, on July 2 when 5% of the berries showed colouring and on July 9 when 20% of the berries developed partial colour, increased total soluble solids, °Brix/titratable acidity and skin colour. Girdling, methanol and ethanol also increased total soluble solids and berry colouration and caused faster ripening. Ethephon at 480 mg/L was generally the most effective means of hastening ripening and improving colour.     

赤霞珠葡萄生长发育过程中内源激素的变化及其与果实成熟的关系

为研究赤霞珠葡萄果实发育过程中不同组织(果皮、果肉和种子)内源激素的含量变化及其与果实成熟的关系,用高效液相色谱-质谱联用技术测定果实发育过程中果皮、果肉以及种子中脱落酸(abscisic acid,ABA)、生长素(indole acetic acid,IAA)、赤霉素(gibberellin A_3,GA_3)、茉莉酸(jasmonic acid,JA)和水杨酸(salicylic acid,SA)的含量。结果发现,在葡萄果实生长发育过程中,葡萄果皮和果皮中ABA含量呈双S型变化,花后20 d左右,ABA含量较高,随着果实膨大开始下降,随后开始上升,至转色中期达到最大值,随着果实的成熟缓慢下降;果皮、果肉和种子中GA_3含量均是从果实膨大期开始上升,膨大后期下降,随后在转色初期又开始上升,随后下降;JA含量的变化与GA_3类似;果皮和果肉中IAA含量首先略微下降,在果实快速生长期迅速上升,并达到峰值,随着果实进入转色期,含量逐渐下降并保持稳定,果实膨大期之前,种子中IAA含量较高,随着果实膨大降低,并维持在较低水平,SA含量的变化与IAA类似。结论:ABA、GA_3、JA含量与赤霞珠果实成熟有关,IAA、GA_3、SA、JA含量与赤霞珠果实生长有关。     

Accumulation of potassium and calcium by ripening berries on field vines of Vitis vinifera (L) cv. Shiraz

Ripening berries of Vitis vinifera (L) cv. Shiraz can show pre-harvest weight loss at sub-optimal sugar content (shrinkage). This later-age decline in berry weight implies that water loss from mature berries has begun to exceed water inflow from the parent grapevine. Such decrease in net inflow has been attributed to a cessation of xylem flow subsequent to veraison, followed by a cessation of phloem flow into berries during later stages of ripening. We address this issue in this present paper, and show a continuing increase in berry content of both potassium and calcium throughout ripening. We measured changes in berry fresh weight and berry content of potassium (phloem mobile) and calcium (phloem immobile) in fruit on field vines sampled from set to harvest. Berry fresh weight reached a plateau between 81 and 95 days after flowering, then declined to 75% of maximum fresh weight by 115 days. Dry weight maximum occurred 14 days after the onset of the fresh weight plateau. Potassium accumulation was slow pre-veraison, increased 3.5-fold post-veraison, and continued during berry shrinkage. Calcium content per berry also showed a linear increase throughout fruit enlargement and ripening phases. Assuming both potassium and calcium were entering berries via vascular conduits, our results imply a continuing connection between parent grapevine and ripening berries. Moreover, an abrupt change (increase) in the ratio of potassium/calcium content per berry subsequent to veraison implies that phloem inflow has increased relative to xylem inflow during post-veraison enlargement.     

Direct measurement of hydraulic properties in developing berries of Vitis vinifera L. cv Shiraz and Chardonnay

Berries of Vitis vinifera L. cv Shiraz can undergo weight loss during later stages of ripening. Existing published views on how weight loss occurs are based on changes in capacity of the vascular system to import water during development (McCarthy and Coombe, Australian Journal of Grape and Wine Research, 5, 17–21, 1999). One important element of these views is the proposed cessation of water flow through the xylem after veraison. We have now measured the water flow into berries of Shiraz and Chardonnay as they develop using the pressure probe and the high pressure flow meter (HPFM). The pressure probe connected to the pedicel of individual berries provided measurements of single berry hydraulic conductance. By systematic excision of tissue segments of the berry and pedicel we determined where in the pathway hydraulic conductance changed during development. The HPFM was used on whole bunches showing that berries (including pedicels) represent parallel high hydraulic resistances and that the hydraulic resistance of the bunch axis was rather small. The hydraulic conductance per berry could be determined from excision experiments. There was close agreement between the pressure probe and HPFM measurements. Both showed a ten‐fold reduction in hydraulic conductance of whole berries from veraison to full ripeness. Shiraz had hydraulic conductances that were 2‐ to 5‐fold higher than those for Chardonnay. Shiraz maintained a higher hydraulic conductance past 90 days after flowering than Chardonnay. The decrease in hydraulic conductance occurred in both the distal and proximal parts of the berry for both varieties. The pressure probe also provided measurements of the xylem pressure that non‐transpiring berries could develop. These pressures were –0.2 to –0.1 MPa until veraison and increased to zero when the juice osmotic potential reached about –3 MPa in Chardonnay and –4 MPa in Shiraz. The results suggest values of the reflection coefficient of the osmotic barrier around the xylem vessels of about 0.1–0.2 at veraison decreasing to 0 at harvest. It is suggested that in addition to changes in xylem anatomy, aquaporins in berry membranes may play a role in regulating hydraulic conductance. Water movement from the berry back to the parent vine via the xylem (backflow) may be an important component of berry weight loss in Shiraz, particularly if the phloem ceases functioning at high osmotic potentials near maximum weight. Backflow could account for a weight loss of 43 mg per day in Shiraz berries for a relatively small gradient of 0.1 MPa.     

GA3与CPPU对大濑户葡萄无核化处理果实发育的影响

本文以大濑户葡萄品种为材料,在不同时期用不同浓度赤霉素(GA3)和吡效隆(CPPU)处理,研究对其果实发育的影响。结果表明,各处理都使大濑户葡萄的无核率大幅度提高。其中以花前1天GA37.5mg/L处理的无核率最高,达100%,而花前1天GA312.5mg/L处理的无核率达93.8%,果实生长发育效果较好,单果最重达9.61g。