镍基单晶高温合金对接平台内的微观组织及缺陷形成

目的 针对喷嘴导叶和双联导叶等对接结构单晶铸件内容易产生凝固缺陷的问题,研究定向凝固过程中对接平台内枝晶的生长行为、取向演化和凝固缺陷形成机制。方法 在不同抽拉速率下制备具有对接结构的镍基单晶高温合金铸件,采用实验与ProCAST有限元模拟相结合的方法,研究抽拉速率对镍基单晶高温合金对接平台内微观组织的影响,分析平台内凝固缺陷的形成机理。结果 当抽拉速率较低时,平台内枝晶生长规则,基本无凝固缺陷;随着抽拉速率的增大,平台内枝晶出现严重的侧向生长;当抽拉速率达到150 μm/s时,平台中间区域形成了碎断枝晶缺陷。结论 平台内枝晶生长与局部的温度场分布密切相关,而碎断枝晶的形成可能是由平台内部溶质富集引起的。     

DD6单晶精铸薄壁试样定向凝固过程数值模拟

针对单晶高温合金精铸薄壁试样制备困难的问题,建立了薄壁板形试样的有限元模型,采用ProCAST数值模拟的方法模拟DD6单晶精铸薄壁板形试样的定向凝固过程,研究了几何形状和工艺参数对定向凝固过程中温度场、温度梯度场及糊状区的影响。结果表明:薄壁板形试样中间部位工作端的温度梯度在60~65℃/cm范围内,糊状区固相线较为平直,液相线的位置在近炉壁一侧较低,远炉壁一侧较高。几何形状对单晶高温合金试样定向凝固过程有重要影响,提高浇注温度或降低抽拉速率有助于薄壁板形试样固液界面前沿液相温度梯度增大、糊状区宽度减小。单晶高温合金精铸薄壁试样定向凝固过程数值模拟结果与实际浇注结果吻合,凝固过程数值模拟为单晶精铸薄壁试样的制备提供了技术支持。     

DD4合金发动机叶片的定向凝固过程数值模拟北大核心CSCD

为了分析叶片抽拉速度对定向凝固过程的影响,运用Procast软件和CAFE模块对不同抽拉速度下的DD4镍基高温合金的定向凝固过程进行了数值模拟。结果表明,在叶片处于炉体相同位置时,随着抽拉速度的增加,叶片的温度分布越高且温度分布梯度越小;随着抽拉速度的增加,糊状区的宽度也越来越大,且弯曲程度逐渐增大;在叶片表面二次枝晶臂间距分布较均匀,抽拉速度过大或过小都会导致二次枝晶臂间距变大。为了使叶片晶粒细化,获得更致密的微观枝晶组织,应采用适中的抽拉速度。     

DD4合金发动机叶片的定向凝固过程数值模拟

为了分析叶片抽拉速度对定向凝固过程的影响,运用Procast软件和CAFE模块对不同抽拉速度下的DD4镍基高温合金的定向凝固过程进行了数值模拟。结果表明,在叶片处于炉体相同位置时,随着抽拉速度的增加,叶片的温度分布越高且温度分布梯度越小;随着抽拉速度的增加,糊状区的宽度也越来越大,且弯曲程度逐渐增大;在叶片表面二次枝晶臂间距分布较均匀,抽拉速度过大或过小都会导致二次枝晶臂间距变大。为了使叶片晶粒细化,获得更致密的微观枝晶组织,应采用适中的抽拉速度。     

抽拉速度对Ti-48Al-8Nb合金定向凝固组织的影响

采用Bridgeman定向凝固设备成功制备了Ti-48Al-8Nb(原子分数,%)合金定向凝固试样,分析了不同抽拉速度对柱状晶形貌及过渡区、稳态区和淬火区凝固组织的影响。实验结果表明:在不同抽拉速度下,柱晶沿抽拉方向生长良好,柱状晶内部片层取向一致,与生长方向呈45°、90°夹角;当抽拉速度为8μm/s时,固液界面以胞状形貌向前推进,抽拉速度增大到15μm/s时固液界面开始向树枝状生长转化,随着抽拉速度进一步增大,二次枝晶间距逐渐变小,组织明显细化,片层间距显著减小;组织中与生长方向垂直的片层组织所占比例随抽拉速度增大而增加。     

抽拉速率对一种镍基单晶高温合金凝固参数和凝固组织的影响

研究了不同的铸型抽拉速率对镍基单晶高温合金DD98的凝固参数及显微组织的影响，结果表明，随着抽拉速度降低，固－液界面前沿的温度梯度显著提高，糊状区宽度减小，抽位速度较低时，温度梯度在整个凝固过程中变化比较平稳，提高抽拉速率使DD98合金由胞状凝固转变为枝状凝固，γ′相尺寸减小，并且由不规则形状逐渐变为规则的立方体形状，γ／γ′共晶量增加，共晶中的初生γ′相尺寸逐渐减小。     

镍基单晶高温合金对接平台内缩松缺陷的形成机制研究

目的 研究镍基单晶高温合金对接平台内的枝晶生长行为及凝固缺陷的形成机制。方法 在不同抽拉速率条件下,通过定向凝固技术制备了具有对接结构的镍基高温合金单晶铸件,采用实验与有限元模拟相结合的方法,研究了对接平台内缩松缺陷的形成机制,并讨论了抽拉速率对缺陷形成的影响。结果 缩松缺陷主要出现在各对接平台的最后凝固区,随着抽拉速率的增大,缩松缺陷的范围有所增大、数量有所增加。结论 铸件各平台中上侧位置均形成了缩孔缺陷,这与铸件特殊的对接型几何结构有关;随着抽拉速率的增大,凝固界面的下凹程度增大,平台两侧熔体过早凝固,使平台内部补缩通道受阻,最终导致各平台最后凝固区产生缩松缺陷。     

第二代单晶高温合金空心涡轮叶片凝固过程数值模拟研究

为优化单晶空心涡轮叶片制造工艺及降低制造成本 ,采用 90年代ProCAST大型软件包对单晶空心涡轮叶片的凝固过程进行数值模拟 .建立了空心叶片模拟系统的实体模型 ,对其进行四面体网格剖分 ;计算并测试了单晶高温合金空心叶片定向凝固过程温度场 ,进行了单晶空心叶片定向凝固过程工艺优化 .结果表明 :计算结果和测试结果吻合良好 ,在大于 1 2 0 0℃时误差小于 2 % ;通过分析单晶高温合金空心涡轮叶片的凝固过程 ,对单晶空心叶片定向凝固过程工艺优化 ,获得良好的效果 .     

工艺参数影响冷坩埚熔铸Ti6Al4V温度场计算

为有效利用冷坩埚,更优控制工艺参数,获得良好冶金质量的铸棒,计算了冷坩埚连续熔铸与定向凝固Ti6Al4V温度场,对冷坩埚熔凝条件下的边界条件、驼峰和运动单元作相应处理.计算结果表明:在52kW,抽拉速度为1.2、3、4.8、6mm/min时,随抽拉速度增加,送料棒熔化量减小,驼峰过热度变小,凝固界面位置下移,形状变凹;抽拉速度为1.2mm/min时为平凝固界面.在抽拉速度为3mm/min,功率为44、48、52kW和56kW时,随功率增大,送料棒熔化区域变大且过热度增加,驼峰体积增大且过热度增加,凝固界面位置下移,形状变凹;48kW时为平凝固界面.工艺参数对凝固界面的影响计算结果与实验结果基本一致.     

单晶铸件凝固过程工艺优化的数值模拟

采用ProCAST软件系统研究了LMC(Liquid Metal Cooling)以及HRS(High Rate Solidification)工艺下,不同工艺参数对单晶铸件凝固过程中纵向温度梯度、温度梯度角、凝固界面位置的影响。结果表明:HRS工艺受型壳厚度影响很小,型壳表面的辐射散热是HRS工艺的主要影响因素,型壳的导热或者型壳和合金之间的换热是LMC工艺的主要影响因素;提高保温炉温度有利于提高纵向温度梯度;拉速是影响定向凝固最重要的参数,随拉速的增加,单晶铸件的纵向温度梯度先增大后减小,因此,制备不同合金铸件时应当采用不同的拉速;不同浇注温度时,经过10min的静置时间后,单晶铸件的初始温度分布趋于一致,对后续凝固过程影响很小。提出了以纵向温度梯度G∥、温度梯度角θ以及凝固界面位置Rp考察定向凝固工艺参数优劣的标准,纵向温度梯度、温度梯度角、凝固界面位置是评价定向凝固参数优劣的有效手段。     

Solidification Simulation of Single Crystal Investment Castings

The three dimensional solidification simulation of the single crystal investment castings at withdrawal rates of 2 mm/min ,4.5 mm/min and 7 mm/min was performed with the finite element thermal analysis method.The calculated result were in accordance with the experimental ones.The results showed that with the increase of with-drawal rate the concave curvature of the liquidus isotherm was bigger and bigger and the temperature gradient of the castings decreased.No effects of withdrawal rate on the distribution of the temperature gradient of the starter and helical grain selector of the castings were observed at withdrawal rates of 2 mm/min ,4.5 mm/min and 7 mm/min.The relatively high temperature gradient between 500℃/cm and 100℃/cm in the starter and helical grain selector was obtained at three withdrawal rates.The study indicates the three dimensional solidification simulation by finite element method is a powerful tool for understanding solidification and predicting defects in single crystal investment castings.     

Solidification Simulation of Investment Castings of Single Crystal Hollow Turbine Blade

The three-dimensional solidification simulation of the investment castings of single crystal hollow turbine blade at the withdrawal rates of 2 mm/min, 4.5 mm/min and 7 mm/min has been performed with the finite element thermal analysis. The calculated results are in accordance with the experimental ones. The results show that with the increase of withdrawal rate the concave curvature of the liquidus isotherm is larger and larger, and the temperature gradients of the blades increase. No effects of withdrawal rate on the distribution of the temperature gradients of the starter and helical grain selector of the blades are observed at withdrawal rates of 2 mm/min, 4.5 mm/min and 7 mm/min. The relatively high temperature gradient between 500℃/cm and 1000℃/cm in the starter and helical grain selector is obtained at three withdrawal rates.     

Microstructure and stress rupture properties of single crystal superalloy CMSX-2 under high thermal gradient directional solidification

The interface morphologies of single crystal superalloy CMSX-2 were studied over a range of cooling rate with large variations in withdrawal speeds in directional solidification. A superfine cellular structure was obtained under both high thermal gradient up to 1000 K/cm and fast withdrawal rate up to 1 mm/s. The high rate directional solidification results in reduction in primary and secondary dendrite arm spacing, refinement of γ′ phase, reduced microsegregation of alloying elements and smaller size of γ-γ′ eutectics. The rupture life and plasticity of fine structure samples produced in high thermal gradient directional solidification increase significantly than that in conventional directional solidification process at 1323 K.     

Computer-aided characterization of solification processes

The directional solidification process is used to make columnar grained and single crystal turbine blades for the hot section of advanced gas turbine engines. These blades are fabricated using a family of alloys known as the superalloys. The microstructural features of these alloys are dependent upon the thermal characteristics of the solidification process. In this article it will be shown how an improved understanding of such processing has been achieved using computer simulation and advanced graphics techniques. This has led to new insight into cause and effect relative to grain quality and microstructural details concerning dendritic features. Improved processing methods have evolved based on the application of scientific methodology to what has traditionally been the art of casting.     

Influence of directional solidification variables on the microstructure and crystal orientation of AM3 under high thermal gradient

Solid–liquid interface morphologies of a nickel-base single crystal superalloy AM3 were investigated under high thermal gradient. The critical velocities of planar–cellular and cellular–dendritic transition were greatly increased by high thermal gradients. A high thermal gradient was of great benefit to dendrite refinement. Experimental results showed that the primary and secondary dendrite arm spacings decreased with increasing cooling rate. As expected, the segregation of elements was suppressed and the size of the gamma prime (γ′) phase decreased significantly with increasing withdrawal rates. The shape of γ′ in interdendritic region kept cuboidal at higher withdrawal rate. It was found that the withdrawal rates had little influence on the crystallographic orientation in high thermal gradient directional solidification.     

镍基单晶高温合金小角度晶界的形成机制、影响因素与控制措施

镍基单晶高温合金被广泛用于制备先进航空发动机及工业燃气轮机的关键热端部件,随着铸件结构的复杂化和大型化以及合金中难熔元素的增多,凝固缺陷的形成倾向增大。其中,小角度晶界是定向凝固制备单晶高温合金铸件过程中经常出现的一类缺陷,它会破坏单晶的完整性,一旦超过容限就会对铸件的力学性能造成恶劣影响,随着单晶高温合金服役温度的不断提高,小角度晶界对性能的损害会更为严重。因此,小角度晶界日益成为镍基单晶高温合金发展和应用中需要解决的重要课题,受到国内外研究者的广泛关注。单晶中的小角度晶界与传统意义上的小角度晶界有所不同,是指相邻枝晶间的取向偏离。研究者们在不同晶界偏离角及不同温度条件下就小角度晶界对合金持久性能、蠕变性能及疲劳性能的影响进行了研究,结果发现:当偏离角较小时,小角度晶界对合金性能的影响并不明显,但是随着偏离角的增大及温度的升高,合金的性能均会降低。为了探寻有效的预防和控制措施,研究者们就小角度晶界的形成机制及影响因素进行了研究。关于小角度晶界的形成机制,被大家普遍认同的观点是:枝晶在分枝生长过程中发生了塑性变形,从而导致了枝晶的取向偏离,当枝晶再次汇聚时就会产生小角度晶界。但是,关于枝晶变形的原因则没有一致看法。另外,关于小角度晶界影响因素的研究还不是很系统,主要集中在合金成分及晶界强化元素、凝固参数及取向、铸件尺寸等方面。镍基单晶高温合金中的小角度晶界归根结底是由枝晶的取向偏离导致的,而取向偏离的影响因素复杂,因此小角度晶界的出现很难完全避免。目前,主要通过取向控制以减少小角度晶界的产生,并通过晶界强化以提高合金对小角度晶界的容限。本文阐明了单晶高温合金中的小角度晶界的概念,总结了小角度晶界对合金力学性能的影响,综述了小角度晶界形成机制的研究进展,分析了合金元素、微量元素、凝固条件和铸件结构等因素对小角度晶界形成的影响,在此基础上,提出了减少小角度晶界的措施和强化晶界的途径,最后就未来的研究方向进行了展望。     

新型高温合金的液相连接

简要介绍了粉末冶金高温合金,定向凝固高温合金,单晶合金,镍铝系金属间化合物结构材料等新型高温合金钎焊和过渡液相扩散焊领域的发展现状,主要包括其钎料或中间层合金,连接方法及工艺和接头的高温持久性能。     

Ru对镍基单晶高温合金凝固特性、TCP相析出及蠕变性能影响的研究进展EI北大核心CSCD

镍基单晶高温合金因优异的高温力学性能而被广泛应用于航空发动机和地面燃气轮机的涡轮叶片等关键热端部件。Ru元素作为第四代、第五代镍基单晶高温合金的主要特征元素,其添加对合金从凝固特性到最终的服役性能都起到关键的影响。本文从镍基单晶高温合金的凝固特性、凝固组织、TCP相析出及蠕变性能等方面出发,综述了Ru元素对镍基单晶高温合金影响的研究进展,系统分析了Ru的添加对合金凝固路径、凝固特征温度、微观偏析等凝固特性及共晶、碳化物等凝固组织的影响规律,并重点探究了Ru的添加能抑制TCP相析出及提高合金蠕变性能的原因。目前由于多组元交互作用对组织与性能影响机理的复杂性,使得含Ru高温合金的成分设计与优化具有更高的挑战,建议未来含Ru高温合金的相关研究从富Ru新相的析出原因及抑制、Ru添加对凝固缺陷的影响及Ru与其他元素交互作用对“逆分配”效应及TCP相析出的影响机制等方面做进一步探究,为发展新型高性能含Ru高温合金的设计提供思路。     

High rate directional solidification and its application in single crystal superalloys

In the present paper there are two parts contributing to the discussion of high rate directional solidification and its application. The first part aims to characterize the high rate directional solidification of various kinds of alloys. It was found that the relevant cooling rate of the high rate directional solidification is defined to be within 1–10³ K/s (solidification rate is 10^-4–10^-1 m/s as G_L= 100 K/cm) and that it is located in the region between the near-equilibrium slow growth rate and the rapid solidification rate beyond the equilibrium condition, whilst at the same time there occurs a series of turning effects of interface stability and morphologies. With the increase in the growth velocity the interface with the plane front evolves to cells and dendrites at the stage of near-equilibrium and with a further increase in growth rate they transformed reversibly from dendrites to cell structure and then to the absolute stability of a planar interface. The change of solute segregation reveals the same from a lowsegregation, then increased and finally reduced again. An explanation based on effective constitutional supercooling about the evolution of interface morphologies with respect to the changes of growth rate is proposed.

The second part is devoted to introducing experimental results for single crystal superalloys using the rate directional solidiication principle. It is shown that the single crystal superalloys CMSX–2 and NASAIR 100 exhibit significant improvement in microstructure segregation and mechanical properties at high temperature both in the as-cast and after-heat-treatment conditions with the high rate directional solidification technique.     

激光增材制造单晶高温合金研究进展

镍基单晶高温合金具有良好的高温强度、抗氧化和抗腐蚀性能、抗蠕变性能和组织稳定性,被广泛应用于制造航空发动机和燃气轮机叶片。由于其工作条件复杂恶劣,采用有效手段修复单晶叶片可以大大提高其使用寿命。综述了激光增材制造技术制备单晶高温合金的研究现状,介绍了激光增材制造技术制备单晶合金的理论基础,以及控制其单晶凝固组织的困难和不足,着重综述了激光增材制造技术控制单晶高温合金凝固制造的方法,主要包括通过激光参数调控温度梯度及凝固速率,以及通过基体晶体取向控制晶粒外延生长。最后,展望了该领域未来的主要研究方向和发展前景。