Improvement of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) [P(3HB)] production in Corynebacterium glutamicum by codon optimization, point mutation and gene dosage of P(3HB) biosynthetic genes

In our previous study, a system for producing poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) [P(3HB)] was established by introducing a polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) biosynthetic gene operon (phaCAB Re) derived from Ralstonia eutropha into Corynebacterium glutamicum. In this study, two experimental strategies have been applied to improve P(3HB) production in recombinant C. glutamicum. One is a codon optimization of the N-terminal-coding region of the PHA synthase (PhaC Re) gene focusing on the codon usage preference for the translation system of C. glutamicum. The other is the replacement of wild-type phaC Re with a modified gene encoding a mutation of Gly4Asp (G4D), which enhanced the production of PhaC Re and P(3HB) in Escherichia coli. The introduction of these engineered PHA synthase genes into C. glutamicum enhanced the production of PhaC(Re) and P(3HB). Interestingly, we found that these gene modifications also caused increases in the concentration of the translation products of the genes encoding monomer-supplying enzymes, beta-ketothiolase (PhaA Re) and acetoacetyl-CoA reductase (PhaB Re). This finding prompted us to carry out a gene dosage of phaAB Re for a double plasmid system, and the highest production (52.5 wt%) of P(3HB) was finally achieved by combining the gene dosage of phaAB Re with codon optimization. The molecular weight of P(3HB) was also increased by approximately 2-fold, as was P(3HB) content. Microscopic observation revealed that the volume of the cells accumulating P(3HB) was increased by more than 4-fold compared with the non-P(3HB)-accumulating cells without filamentous morphologenesis observed in E. coli.     

Production and characterization of biodegradable terpolymer poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate-co-4-hydroxybutyrate) by Alcaligenes sp. A-04

The production of the terpolymer poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate-co-4-hydroxybutyrate), P(3HB-co-3HV-co-4HB), by Alcaligenes sp. A-04 was investigated to determine the superior biodegradable polymer properties over those of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate), P(3HB), and its copolymers. The highest terpolymer content of 68% (w/w) was produced by Alcaligenes sp. A-04 at 60 h by shake-flask cultivation. The terpolymer with 93 mol% 4HB mole fraction units was produced when the cultivation time was extended to 96 h. Moreover, it was found that Alcaligenes sp. A-04 could utilize 1,4-butanediol for the synthesis of 3HB and 4HB monomers as well as the sodium salt of 4-hydroxybutyrate. The terpolymer content was 30% (w/w) and the composition was P(33%3HB-co-16%3HV-co-51%4HB). Next, terpolymers with 4HB mole fraction units ranging from 50 to 90 mol% were produced by varying the medium composition and cultivation time. The thermal and mechanical properties of the resulting terpolymers were different from those of the copolymers with a similar mole fraction of monomer units. The terpolymer P(4%3HB-co-3%3HV-co-93%4HB) showed an elongation of 430%, a toughness of 33 MPa, and Young's modulus of 127 MPa similar to those of low-density polyethylene. The terpolymer P(11%3HB-co-34%3HV-co-55%4HB) showed Young's Modulus of 618 MPa similar to that of polypropylene.     

Optimization of L-lactic acid feeding for the production of poly-D-3-hydroxybutyric acid by Alcaligenes eutrophus in fed-batch culture

We investigated optimization of the feeding of L-lactic acid for the production of poly-D-3-hydroxybutyric acid [P(3HB)] by Alcaligenes eutrophus in a fed-batch culture system. An acidic substrate solution was fed automatically so as to maintain the pH of the culture liquid at 7.0. Feeding of a substrate solution containing 45% (w/v) L-lactic acid, 6.2% (w/v) sodium L-lactate, 5.8% (w/v) ammonia water and 1.8% (w/v) potassium phosphate [at a molar ratio of carbon to nitrogen (C/N molar ratio) of 10], allowed the L-lactate concentration in the culture liquid to be maintained at approximately 2 g/l and the cell concentration reached 27.4 g/l after 15 h of cultivation. To promote P(3HB) production, a two-stage fed-batch culture consisting of a culture for cell growth and one for P(3HB) accumulation was carried out. When the substrate solution, whose C N molar ratio was 23, was fed during the P(3HB) accumulation phase, the cell concentration and the P(3HB) content in the cells reached 103 g/l and 57.6% (w/w), respectively, in 51.5 h.     

Development of a novel method for feeding a mixture of L-lactic acid and acetic acid in fed-batch culture of Ralstonia eutropha for poly-D-3-hydroxybutyrate production

Fermentative production of poly-D-3-hydroxybutyrate [P(3HB)] from a mixture of L-lactic acid and acetic acid by Ralstonia eutropha was investigated. For fed-batch culture with cell density, it is necessary to control the concentration of these organic acids in the culture medium below the inhibitory level for cell growth. Therefore, a novel feeding method, termed the computer-controlled pH-stat substrate feeding method, was developed using the rate of increase of the pH (pH-increasing rate) of the culture medium as an indicator for feed control. The pH-increasing rate, which was calculated every minute by a pH meter-linked computer, represented secondary information regarding substrate consumption by cells. When the pH-increasing rate decreased to 5% of the maximum increasing rate, acidic substrate solution was fed into the fermentor until the pH was reduced to 7.00. Using this feeding strategy, the cell concentration and PHA content obtained in 42 h were 75.0 g/l and 73.1% (w/w), respectively, resulting in a high P(3HB) productivity of 1.30 g/l.h.     

Development of a novel method for feeding a mixture of -lactic acid and acetic acid in fed-batch culture of Ralstonia eutropha for poly- -3-hydroxybutyrate production

Fermentative production of poly- -3-hydroxybutyrate [P(3HB)] from a mixture of -lactic acid and acetic acid by Ralstonia eutropha was investigated. For fed-batch culture with cell density, it is necessary to control the concentration of these organic acids in the culture medium below the inhibitory level for cell growth. Therefore, a novel feeding method, termed the computer-controlled pH-stat substrate feeding method, was developed using the rate of increase of the pH (pH-increasing rate) of the culture medium as an indicator for feed control. The pH-increasing rate, which was calculated every minute by a pH meter-linked computer, represented secondary information regarding substrate consumption by cells. When the pH-increasing rate decreased to 5% of the maximum increasing rate, acidic substrate solution was fed into the fermentor until the pH was reduced to 7.00. Using this feeding strategy, the cell concentration and PHA content obtained in 42 h were 75.0 g/l and 73.1% (w/w), respectively, resulting in a high P(3HB) productivity of 1.30 g/l·h.     

聚羟基脂肪酸酯/海藻酸钠纳米纤维的制备及其性能

针对聚羟基脂肪酸酯(P(3HB-co-4HB))和海藻酸钠(SA)常规情况下难共溶的问题,以P(3HB-co-4HB)为原料,SA为改性剂,三氯甲烷/水为溶剂,烷基糖苷(APG)为乳化剂,通过共混利用静电纺丝法制备了P(3HB-co-4HB)/SA纳米纤维膜。借助红外光谱仪、差示扫描量热仪、扫描电子显微镜表征P(3HB-co-4HB)/SA静电纺纳米纤维的分子间作用力、热性能和形貌;利用细胞毒性和细胞共培养测试表征了P(3HB-co-4HB)/SA纳米纤维的生物相容性。结果表明:P(3HB-co-4HB)/SA复合材料的玻璃化转变温度发生改变,当添加SA质量分数为6%时,静电纺纳米纤维具有均一的形貌,纳米纤维的平均直径为500 nm,孔隙率为74%,细胞毒性等级为0级,P(3HB-co-4HB)和SA具有良好的生物相容性。     

Regulating the molar fraction of 4-hydroxybutyrate in poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-4-hydroxybutyrate) biosynthesis by Ralstonia eutropha using propionate as a stimulator

The regulation of the molar fraction of 4-hydroxybutyrate (4-HB) in the poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-4-hydroxybutyrate) [P(3HB-4HB)] biosynthesis by Ralstonia eutropha (formerly Alcaligenes eutrophus) was attempted by the supplemental addition of propionate. The molar fraction of 4-HB in P(3HB-4HB) was increased significantly from 12.3 to 51.8 mol% by the addition of a small amount of propionate along with gamma-butyrolactone commonly used as a precursor for the biosynthesis of P(3HB-4HB). The mechanism of regulation by propionate was investigated by measuring the variation of enzyme activities related to the biosynthesis of P(3HB-4HB) and the level of intermediate metabolite acetyl-CoA. PHB synthase activity was induced significantly by propionate, and the acetyl-CoA concentration also increased significantly due to the additional supply of propionate. The overflowing acetyl-CoA seems to cause an inhibitory effect on the ketolysis reaction catalysing the lysis of 4-hydroxybutyryl-CoA to two molecules of acetyl-CoA; consequently, the 4-HB fraction available for polymerization increased. Accordingly, the molar fraction of 4-HB in P(3HB-4HB) biosynthesis seems to be regulated by both an increased 4-HB fraction and an activated PHB synthase due to the supplemental addition of propionate as a stimulator.     

Poly[(R)-3-hydroxybutyrate] formation in Escherichia coli from glucose through an enoyl-CoA hydratase-mediated pathway

In this study, a new metabolic pathway for the synthesis of poly[(R)-3-hydroxybutyrate] [P(3HB)] was constructed in a recombinant Escherichia coli strain that utilized forward and reverse reactions catalyzed by two substrate-specific enoyl-CoA hydratases, R-hydratase (PhaJ) and S-hydratase (FadB), to epimerize (S)-3HB-CoA to (R)-3HB-CoA via a crotonyl-CoA intermediate. The R-hydratase gene (phaJ(Ac)) from Aeromonas caviae was coexpressed with the PHA synthase gene (phaC(Re)) and 3-ketothiolase gene (phaA(Re)) from Ralstonia eutropha in fadR mutant E. coli strains (CAG18497 and LS5218), which had constitutive levels of the beta-oxidation multienzyme FadB(Ec). When grown on glucose as the sole carbon source, the cells accumulated P(3HB) up to an amount 6.5 wt% of the dry cell weight, whereas the control cells without phaJ(Ac) or fadR mutation accumulated significantly smaller amounts of P(3HB). These results suggest that PhaJ(Ac) and FadB(Ec) played an important role in supplying monomers for P(3HB) synthesis in the pathway. Furthermore, by using this pathway, a P(3HB)-concentration-dependent fluorescent staining screening technique was developed to rapidly identify cells that possess active R-hydratase.     

Improved polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) production in transgenic tobacco by enhancing translation efficiency of bacterial PHB biosynthetic genes

Polyhydroxybutyrate [P(3HB)] was produced in the transgenic tobacco harboring the genes encoding acetoacetyl-CoA reductase (PhaB) and polyhydroxyalkanoate synthase (PhaC) from Ralstonia eutropha (Cupriavidus necator) with optimized codon usage for expression in tobacco. P(3HB) contents in the transformants (0.2mg/g dry cell weight in average) harboring the codon-optimized phaB gene was twofold higher than the control transformants harboring the wild-type phaB gene. The immunodetection revealed an increased production of PhaB in leaves, indicating that the enhanced expression of PhaB was effective to increase P(3HB) production in tobacco. In contrast, codon-optimization of the phaC gene exhibited no apparent effect on P(3HB) production. This result suggests that the efficiency of PhaB-catalyzed reaction contributed to the flux toward P(3HB) biosynthesis in tobacco leaves.     

Enzyme-catalyzed poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) synthesis from acetate with CoA recycling and NADPH regeneration in Vitro

We established a novel enzyme-catalyzed poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) [P(3HB)] synthesis system capable of recycling CoA on the basis of the P(3HB) biosynthetic pathway in Ralstonia eutropha. The system includes purified beta-ketothiolase (PhaA), NADPH-dependent acetoacetyl-CoA reductase (PhaB), PHA synthase (PhaC), acetyl-CoA synthetase (Acs) and glucose dehydrogenase (GDH). In this system, acetyl-CoA was synthesized from acetate and CoA by Acs and ATP, and then two molecules of acetyl-CoA were condensed by PhaA to synthesize acetoacetyl-CoA, which was converted to (R)-3-hydroxybutyryl-CoA (3HBCoA) by PhaB and NADPH. The 3HBCoA was polymerized by PhaC and converted to P(3HB). In this system, the CoA molecules that were released during the condensation and polymerization reactions catalyzed by PhaA and PhaC, respectively, were reused successfully for the synthesis of acetyl-CoA. In addition, NADPH, which was consumed in the reduction of acetoacetyl-CoA, was regenerated by the action of GDH. In this system, the yield of P(3HB) synthesized from acetate as the substrate was 5.6 mg in a 5-ml reaction mixture, and the weight-average molecular weight and polydispersity were 6.64 x 10(6) and 1.36, respectively. Furthermore, CoA was reused at least 26 times, and NADPH was also regenerated at least 26 times during 24 h of reaction.     

应用电子束辐射技术的抗菌改性聚酯纳米纤维膜

为制备一种高效抗菌生物材料,以生物可降解材料聚(3-羟基丁酸酯-co-4-羟基丁酸酯)(P(3HB-4HB))和聚己二酸/对苯二甲酸丁二酯(PBAT)为基材,合成了一种新型含有季铵基团的卤胺抗菌剂单体;采用静电纺丝技术制备出P(3HB-4HB)/PBAT纳米纤维膜;利用电子束辐射技术将合成的单体接枝共聚到纳米纤维膜,最后经次氯酸钠氯化得到抗菌纤维膜。探讨了P(3HB-4HB)、PBAT组成对纤维膜表面形貌的影响,以及辐射量、单体浓度对纤维膜含氯量的影响,同时分析了抗菌纤维膜的耐紫外稳定性、储存稳定性。结果表明:P(3HB-4HB)/PBAT抗菌纳米纤维膜在5 min内即可将金黄色葡萄球菌和大肠杆菌全部杀死,显示出优异的抗菌性能,实现了卤胺抗菌剂和化学惰性材料的共价键合作用,有望应用于食品包装、生物医学等领域。     

可降解材料P(3HB-co-4HB)的性能分析

本文对聚(3-羟基丁酸酯-co-4-羟基丁酸酯)(P(3HB-co-4HB))的基本性能和降解性能进行了研究,分析了降解机理及降解影响因素.通过差示扫描量热仪、偏光显微镜、拉力机等表征了P(3HB-co-4HB)的结晶及力学性能.采用扫描电子显微镜,并通过热失重分析,考察了降解过程中表面形态和样品质量等的变化.结果表明:P(3HB-co-4HB)是一种环境友好、可降解的环保材料,其物理性能、球晶尺寸和球晶形态随着4HB含量的不同而改变.     

谷氨酸棒杆菌3-脱氧-α-阿拉伯庚酮糖酸-7磷酸合成酶基因的克隆与过量表达

本实验对谷氨酸棒杆菌(Corynebacterium glutamicum) AS10111及其亚硝基胍诱变获得的丙氨酸和酪氨酸双营养缺陷型、抗3- 甲基色氨酸突变菌株JLC1 中3- 脱氧- α- 阿拉伯庚酮糖酸-7 磷酸合成酶(DS)基因进行克隆和序列分析,将突变体来源DS 基因构建pZ8-1-DSM 重组质粒,在谷氨酸棒杆菌突变株JLC1 中进行表达,重组菌株JLC1(pZ8-1-DSM)DS 酶活力分别是宿主菌和野生型菌株DS 酶活力的5.9 和7.3 倍,色氨酸产量达到14.90g/L,较宿主菌提高了65%。这表明通过在谷氨酸棒杆菌中过量表达3- 脱氧- α- 阿拉伯庚酮糖酸-7 磷酸合成酶基因可以有效提高该酶活力和色氨酸的产量。     

环氧基扩链剂对3-羟基丁酸和4-羟基丁酸共聚物的改性研究

将巴斯夫代号为ADR的系列扩链剂用于3-羟基丁酸和4-羟基丁酸共聚物[P(3HB-co-4HB)]纺丝成型,分析了ADR的扩链机理,考察了P(3HB-co-4HB)和P(3HB-co-4HB)/ADR共混体系的流动性、热性稳定性、结晶性和纤维的力学性能。研究发现,以ADR作为扩链剂可有效提高熔体强度,改善纤维的热稳定性,在155℃ ADR添加量为0.5%时,熔体具有最大的剪切强度、拉伸强度和最佳的耐热性。ADR对P(3HB-co-4HB)的结晶结构影响不大,但会导致结晶速度降低和最大结晶温度提高,加入ADR的P(3HB-co-4HB)纤维的力学性能有明显改善。     

Enzymatic synthesis of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-4-hydroxybutyrate) with CoA recycling using polyhydroxyalkanoate synthase and acyl-CoA synthetase

We succeeded in developing a novel method for in vitro poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-4-hydroxybutyrate) [P(3 HB-co-4 HB)] synthesis with CoA recycling using polyhydroxyalkanoate synthase and an acyl-CoA synthetase. Using this method, the monomer compositions in P(3 HB-co-4 HB)s could be controlled strictly by the ratios of the monomers in the reaction mixtures.     

Effect of partial substitution of NaCl with KCl on proteolysis of halloumi cheese

The effect of substitution of NaCl with Potassium chloride (KCl) in brine solution on proteolysis of halloumi cheese was investigated. Halloumi cheeses were made and kept in 4 different brine solutions (18% w/w), including only NaCl (HA; control); 3NaCl:1KCl (w/w) (HB); 1NaCl:1KCl (w/w) (HC); 1NaCl:3KCl (w/w) (HD); and stored for 56 d at 4 °C. Proteolysis was assessed using water-soluble nitrogen (WSN), trichloroacetic acid-soluble nitrogen (TCA-SN), phosphotungstic-soluble nitrogen (PTA-SN), urea polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (urea-PAGE), and peptide patterns. WSN and TCA-SN contents were similar in all experimental cheeses. Peptide patterns of the pH 4.6 N fraction and urea-PAGE showed no significant difference between halloumi cheeses kept in various NaCl/KCl mixtures (HB, HC, HD) and control (HA). Sodium and potassium contents showed positive correlations with WSN and PTA-SN. There was an inverse correlation between calcium (Ca) contents and WSN and PTA-SN. Correlations between Ca and Na or K were negative at the same salt treatment.     

稀土元素对谷氨酸发酵产酸及其谷氨酸脱氢酶的影响

以目前我国谷氨酸发酵广泛使用的谷氨酸棒杆菌S9114 为实验菌株 ,研究了稀土元素对谷氨酸发酵产酸及其谷氨酸脱氢酶的影响。结果表明LaCl3、CeCl3和NdCl3浓度分别为 0 72 0、0 0 71和 0 0 0 7mmol/L时 ,促使谷氨酸发酵产酸水平提高 6%～ 8% ,对菌体的GDH NADPH的酶活性有显著的激活作用。实验还表明 ,稀土元素对纯化GDH NADPH的活性也有一定的调节作用     

增强回补途径对谷氨酸棒状杆菌合成L-异亮氨酸的影响（英文）

该实验考察和比较增强回补途径对谷氨酸棒状杆菌合成L-异亮氨酸的影响。通过以L-异亮氨酸生产菌Corynebacterium glutamicum YI为出发菌株,分别采用基因组整合和质粒的方式过表达磷酸烯醇式丙酮酸羧化酶编码基因ppc及丙酮酸羧化酶编码基因pyc。结果表明,获得pyc基因组整合和质粒过表达菌株ILE01和ILE02,摇瓶条件下菌株L-异亮氨酸产量分别提高17.3%(6.1 g/L)和9.6%(5.7 g/L)、发酵罐条件下分别提高11.7%(24.8 g/L)和8.1%(24.0 g/L)。获得ppc基因组整合和质粒过表达菌株ILE03和ILE04,摇瓶条件下菌株L-异亮氨酸产量分别提高30.8%(6.8 g/L)和13.5%(5.9 g/L)、发酵罐条件下分别提高15.8%(25.7 g/L)和9.5%(24.3 g/L)。此外,过表达pyc和ppc还可不同程度地提高L-异亮氨酸转化率。然而采用质粒过表达pyc和ppc均使得菌株生物量下降。因此,过表达pyc和ppc均能显著提高L-异亮氨酸产量和转化率,基因组整合的过表达方式效果优于质粒过表达。该研究首次比较并报道了增强谷氨酸棒杆菌回补途径对谷氨酸棒杆菌生产L-异亮氨酸的影响,可为其代谢工程改造提供参考。     

Chemical and Physical Characteristics of Beef Chuck Muscles: Effect of Electrical Stimulation, Hot Boning and High Temperature Conditioning

Chucks from 12 electrically stimulated steer carcasses were randomly assigned to one of 3 treatments: (1) cold boned [CB], (control), (2) hot boned [HB], and (3) hot boned/time conditioned [HB/TC], (5 hr at 18°C). Infraspinatus, Serratus ventralis, Subscapularis, Supraspi-natus, Teres major, and Triceps brachii were excised from each chuck according to treatment conditions. No differences (P > 0.05) were noted among treatments for muscle yields, cooking loss, proximate composition, or collagen content; however, differences (P<0.05) were found among muscles. Differences (P < 0.05) were found among treatments and muscles for ultimate pH, sarcomere length, Warner Bratzler shear values, and Hunter color ‘a’ values. Sarcomere length of muscles assigned to CB treatment were longer (P < 0.05) than HB and HB/ TC treatments.     

基于低拷贝质粒的高产紫色杆菌素谷氨酸棒杆菌的构建和发酵

该研究以公认安全(Generally Recognized as Safe,GRAS)的谷氨酸棒杆菌(Corynebacterium glutamicum)为宿主,构建高产紫色杆菌素的重组菌株。利用谷氨酸棒杆菌天然大质粒pTET3的复制与分配元件,构建了低拷贝质粒pOK12CG1,该质粒在谷氨酸棒杆菌中的拷贝数约为6拷贝/基因组,且与谷氨酸棒杆菌常用质粒pEC-XK99E和pXMJ19兼容。以低拷贝质粒pOK12CG1为骨架构建了携带紫色杆菌素合成操纵子(vioABCDE)的质粒pCGvio,并分别以谷氨酸棒杆菌标准株ATCC 13032和插入序列(Insertion Sequence,IS)元件删除株为宿主,构建了7株合成紫色杆菌素的重组菌株。通过初步筛选,发现基于低拷贝质粒的重组菌株ATCC13032/p CGvio,其紫色杆菌素产量(508.24 mg/L)高于基于中高拷贝质粒的重组菌株ATCC 13032/pECvio(376.16 mg/L),而基于低拷贝质粒的IS元件删除重组菌株ISDM023/pCGvio紫色杆菌素产量达到了610.13mg/L。进一步采用正交实验设计对重...