跨临界循环高温热泵的控制方法

跨临界循环高温热泵系统中,对循环高压、负荷的控制是保证系统稳定、高效运行的关键.本文介绍了几种在高温热泵跨临界循环中对循环高压的控制方法,如毛细管控制法、膨胀阀控制法等,以及系统负荷的频率控制法,并讨论了各自的优缺点.在此基础上,提出在满足负荷要求的前提下,压缩机最优频率的调节和系统最优循环高压控制相结合的控制策略.     

基于CO_2跨临界循环的冷热电联供系统热力学分析

基于低品位能源利用冷热电联供技术,以常规燃煤电厂排出温度为150℃的烟气为余热利用对象,提出了CO2跨临界循环冷热电联供系统模型,分析了膨胀机入口压力和温度等参数对系统性能的影响.结果表明:压缩机入口过热度对系统性能系数、经济性能系数的影响很小;系统性能系数随着高压膨胀机入口压力、低压膨胀机入口温度和膨胀机效率的升高而增大,随着高压膨胀机入口温度、低压膨胀机入口压力和制冷蒸发温度的升高而减小;系统总不可逆损失随着高压膨胀机入口压力的升高存在最小值.     

夹点技术在LNG分馏换热能量优化中的应用

在天然气液化技术工程化研究中,LNG分馏工艺较复杂,且设备种类较多,存在热量利用不充分,公用工程消耗量大的问题,为了节约能源需要对换热网络进行改进。先使用HYSYS软件对分馏工艺进行模拟,得出系统工艺参数,分析现有换热网络能量消耗,得到最小换热温差,再运用夹点技术对分馏区换热网络提出了改造方案。通过改进和优化,充分利用脱乙烷塔底物流的冷量,将分馏区热公用工程消耗量降低了15%,冷公用工程消耗量降低了8%,使用夹点技术对系统工艺和设备参数优化的研究得到了良好的节能效果。     

水源热泵系统的热力学分析

本文通过对水源热泵系统进行热力学分析,既评价了水源热泵系统的能质利用和损失状况．又明确了系统能量损失的主要环节和程度,从而为进一步分析系统用能改进的技术措施提供指导。通过对一实例的分析,指出压缩机、蒸发器和冷凝器都是需要技术改进和进一步节能的部分。     

直膨式跨临界CO2热泵地板辐射采暖的可行性分析

文中介绍了直膨式跨临界CO2热泵的工作原理,通过分析CO2制冷剂的换热特性、对比不同工况下CO2与传统工质热泵的性能来验证直膨式跨临界CO2热泵用于地板辐射采暖的可行性,并对不同负荷下的供热调节方式进行了计算分析。结果表明：直膨式跨临界CO2热泵地板辐射采暖在系统COPh、运行稳定性、经济性等方面都优于传统工质热泵,并且适宜用于室外温度较低的地区冬季采暖。     

考虑凝结换热的汽轮机高中压外缸温度场分析

以某机组的冷态启动为例,在考虑凝结换热的基础上,用大型有限元分析软件ANSYS10．0对其高中压外缸进行了瞬态温度场分析,为以后的强度计算和寿命评估打下了基础。     

考虑辐射换热计算的汽缸温度场分析

在考虑内外缸间辐射换热计算的基础上,用有限元方法分析了某机组中压内缸、高压内缸、高中压外缸的温度场;考虑了内外缸间水蒸汽对辐射换热计算的影响。分析过程包括了汽缸温度场分析简化模型的建立,计算对流换热系数和等效的辐射换热系数,迭代分析温度场。以某机组为例,其中压内缸内表面沿轴向长度平均温度为528.8℃,考虑辐射换热计算后为524.6℃,减少了4.2℃;中压内缸外表面沿轴向长度平均温度为514.6℃,考虑辐射换热后为502.2℃,减少了12.4℃;增加的径向温度差为8.2℃。计算结果表明了考虑辐射换热计算的必要性。     

线性唯象传热规律下复杂系统的热力学优化

实际传热过程并不总是服从牛顿传热规律,传热规律对循环性能有很大影响.利用非平衡热力学中常用的传热规律--线性唯象传热规律,对复杂系统进行了研究.该复杂系统包括若干不同温度的热源、有限热容子系统和一个变换器(热机或制冷机).利用拉格朗日方程得到了变换器的工质最优温度和子系统的最优自由温度,求出了系统相应的最大功率输出,并与牛顿传热规律下的结果进行了比较,计算方法为计算实际复杂系统的温度分布和能量界限提供了一种途径.     

有限热源影响下VM循环热泵的热力学分析

对于低温余热,VM循环热泵是一种高效节能的利用途径.文中采用有限时间热力学方法,推导了基于牛顿线性导热定律的内可逆VM循环热泵泵热率的表达式.分析表明:采用VM循环热泵用于地板辐射采暖时,随着有限高温热源的入口温度和有限低温热源进口温度的增加,泵热率将增大;而随着有限高温热源的出口温度和有限低温热源出口温度的增加,泵热率将减小.并且低温有限热源温度的变化对泵热率的影响远大于高温有限热源温度的变化.     

氧燃烧方式下煤粉锅炉辐射传热特性分析

氧燃烧方式是一种能综合控制燃煤污染物排放的新型洁净燃烧技术,有关该方式下煤粉锅炉传热特性的研究对于老机组改造及新机组的重建具有非常重要的意义.以某电厂300 MW燃煤锅炉为例,针对氧燃烧方式下燃烧介质的物理特性发生变化,通过引入循环率的概念,提出并发现了氧燃烧方式下必须考虑CO2、H2O、O2、H2的5种高温分解反应,在此基础上修正并发展了新的适用于氧燃烧方式下绝热火焰温度、锅炉辐射传热的计算方法.结果表明,修正后的辐射传热计算公式在氧燃烧方式下具有良好的通用性,在干、湿两种烟气循环方式下,绝热火焰温度随循环率的增加非线性降低;当干烟气、湿烟气的循环率分别在0.71和0.67附近时,获得与常规燃烧方式相同的烟气平均温度和辐射传热量.     

Enhancement of Heat Transfer for Plate Fin Heat Exchangers Considering the Effects of Fin Arrangements

In the present study, the potential of rectangular fins with different fin types of inner zigzag-flat-outer zigzag (B-type) and outer zigzag-flat-outer zigzag (C-type) and with different fin angles of 30° and 90° for 2 mm fin height and 10 mm offset from the horizontal direction for heat transfer enhancement with the use of a conjugated heat transfer approach and for pressure drop in a plate fin heat exchanger is numerically evaluated. The rectangular fins are located on a flat plate channel (A-type). The numerical computations are performed by solving a steady, three-dimensional Navier–Stokes equation and an energy equation by using FLUENT software program. Air is taken as working fluid. The study is carried out at Reynolds number of 400 and inlet temperatures, velocities of cold and hot air are fixed as 300 K, 600 K and 1.338 m.s^?1, 0.69 m.s^?1, respectively. This study presents new fin geometries which have not been researched in the literature for plate fin heat exchangers. The results show that while the heat transfer is increased by about 10% at the exit of a channel with the fin type of C, it is increased up to 8% for the fin angle of 90° when compared to a channel with A-type under the counter flow. The heat transfer enhancements for different values of Reynolds number and for varying fin heights, fin intervals and also temperature distributions of fluids are investigated for parallel and counter flow.     

低 Re 数下的强化传热及其方法评价

对光管、内插扭带管、螺旋槽管三种不同换热元件进行了实验，整理出了管内换热与阻力经验公式，导出了管内流动火用损失方程。根据经验公式与火用损失方程，计算了三种元件的最佳流动工况Ｒｅｏｐｔ及最小火用损失率Ｎｅｍｉｎ。通过比较与分析，得出了高粘性流体管内最佳工况为层流，及低Ｒｅ数下，内插扭带管的换热与阻力综合性能较优等结论。     

高温电加热下电阻率与导热系数随温度变化的传热过程模拟

高温、电加热条件下电阻率与导热系数随温度变化明显,因此研究在此条件下的热传导具有十分重要的意义.运用MATLAB中的PDE工具箱,对高温条件下,几种不同材料的发热导体电加热过程中导热系数、电导率变化所引起的导热等问题进行了数值求解.结果表明:当发热导体半径R＞5 cm时,温度的变化对发热导体的导热系数和电导率影响显著.     

Numerical Investigation of Heat Transfer Characteristics of Supercritical CO_2 Tube in Combustion Chamber of Coal-Fired Boiler

To achieve compact structure, light weight, and high thermal efficiency for the coal-fired boiler, the supercritical CO_2 power cycle has been considered as one of the promising alternatives in the coal-fired power conversion system. One of the major problems concerning fossil fuel powered plants is the safety of the water wall in boiler design. In this work, the heat transfer characteristics of the supercritical CO_2 tube in the combustion chamber were determined through the low Reynolds number k-ε model, the gas real model and the P-1 radiation model. The study covered the supercritical CO_2 tube and the fins, and the annulus flue gas passage was also included. The wall temperature and the heat transfer coefficient were compared against those obtained from the experiments. Based on the examinations of the calculated flow and turbulence fields, the distributions of the velocity and the temperature inside the supercritical CO_2 tube in the combustion chamber were resolved numerically. Moreover, the effects of the heat transfer coefficient on the heat transfer characteristics were also discussed. And it was numerically focused on the influence of the inclined angle on the flow and the heat transfer of the supercritical CO_2 tube. The results show that the heat transfer coefficient keeps namely constant as the increasing inclined angle. It would help to better understand the heat transfer mechanism of unique characteristics of supercritical CO_2 above the pseudo-critical temperature, which may provide the corresponding theoretical basis on the optimization design of the coal-fired boiler.     

O_2/CO_2燃烧方式下锅炉对流传热系数的修正算法和数值研究

采用热力计算与数值模拟相结合的方法,对富氧燃烧方式下锅炉对流受热面的传热特性进行研究,荻得了富氧气氛受热面对流传热系数的变化规律,由此提出了对流传热系数的修正算法.采用该算法,以某电厂300 MW锅炉为例,分别对空气燃烧方式和O2/CO2:燃烧方式下的各受热面进行了热力计算,并将计算结果与模拟结果进行了对比分析,结果两者相吻合,表明修正算法是可行的.分析结果还表明:富氧气氛下烟气的传热能力增强,即相同的受热面积传热量增加.     

低温环境下风冷热泵型空调机组应用问题的探讨

通过分析低温环境下风冷热泵型空调机组制热能力降低的主要原因,提出了在低温环境下提高风冷热泵型空调机组蒸发温度的方法及措施,并通过计算来验证其可行性。     

高速燃气喷射管道表面自然对流散热分析

将热阻比拟为等效电阻,采用有限体积元法对超音速燃气喷射管道传热及表面自然对流散热进行数值计算,得到喷射管壁温度分布和表面不同自然对流散热及参数变化对壁温的影响.由于管两端自然对流散热作用,管中部温度高于两端;随着表面自然对流换热增强管壁温度逐渐降低;选用不同材质时,随材质导热系数增大管内外壁温差线性增大.     

Heat Transfer and Thermodynamic Performance of LiBr/H2O Absorption Heat Transformer with Vapor Absorption Inside Vertical Spiral Tubes

In this paper, an absorption heat transformer (AHT) with falling film of aqueous LiBr solution inside vertical spiral tubes is installed and tested. The variations of coefficient of performance (COP), thermal efficiency (E_th ), and the heat transfer coefficient of the absorber at different falling film flow rates, hot water flow rates, and operating temperatures are investigated experimentally. The results demonstrated that the coefficient of performance and thermal efficiency of the system decrease with the increase in the flow rate of LiBr solution, and the influence of flow rate of hot water on COP and E_th is insignificant. The available COP in the experiments is higher than 0.4. The heat and mass transfer coefficients of the absorber increase with the increase of the flow rate of LiBr solution, up to 400W/m²/K and 0.013 kg/m²/s (temperature of waste heat is 90°C). The heat transfer coefficient of the absorber increases with the increase of the temperature of waste heat, and decreases with the increase of the cooling water temperature. Meanwhile, the computer code ABSIM (Absorption Simulation) is used to simulate the AHT systems, and the simulated results are compared with the experimental data.     

污垢对管内层流换热性能影响的热力学分析和评价

采用热力学第二定律，分别在恒壁温和恒热流两种典型工况下分析了污垢对管内层流换热性能的影响；引入单位传热量的熵增率对污垢管道的热力学性能进行了评价；讨论了管内流体雷诺数(无污垢时)、量纲为1的入口换热温差、量纲为1的热流密度和污垢层厚度等参数对单位传热量熵增率的影响；并把结果和紊流时的对应工况进行了比较。结果可为工程上换热设备的优化设计提供依据。