抗性淀粉对油炸调理鸡排品质特性的影响

针对油炸过程对调理肉制品质量与安全的影响问题,研究面糊中添加0%～40%的抗性淀粉对油炸调理鸡排品质特性（色泽、脆性、水分和油分含量、丙烯酰胺含量、微观结构及感官评价）的影响,以改善产品质量并实现低脂化。结果表明：添加20%～40%抗性淀粉的鸡排可获得良好的感官可接受性;添加20%抗性淀粉能显著降低油炸调理鸡排的含油量（P＜0.05）,提高油炸后外壳的黄度值,鸡排外壳表现出更好的金黄色,形成密实、连续的面糊微结构,改善外壳脆性,降低油炸过程中丙烯酰胺的生成量,提高产品安全性。因此,添加20%抗性淀粉能更好地降低油炸调理鸡排的含油量,提升产品质量。     

响应面法优化调理鸡排水油混合油炸工艺

为研究调理鸡排水油混合油炸的最佳工艺条件,在单因素试验的基础上,应用响应面法探讨油炸温度和油炸时间及两者交互作用对调理鸡排水分含量,脂肪含量,黄度(b*)值和感官特性的影响,建立了二次响应预测模型。结果表明:水油混合油炸调理鸡排的最佳工艺参数是油炸温度165℃,油炸时间210 s,在此条件下鸡排的含水量为62.41%,脂肪含量为8.98%,黄度(b*)值为51.04,感官评分为8.87,与模型预测值拟合良好。     

亲水胶体对油炸外裹糊鱼块油脂含量及品质的影响

通过分析外裹糊中添加瓜尔豆胶、卡拉胶、海藻酸钠、黄原胶和羧甲基纤维素钠（carboxymethylcellulosesodium,CMC-Na）的油炸外裹糊鱼块油脂含量、水分含量、裹糊率以及色度、质构和微观结构,探讨亲水胶体对油炸外裹糊鱼块品质的影响。结果显示,与未添加亲水胶体组（外壳油脂含量22.67 g/100 g,鱼块油脂含量1.58 g/100 g）相比,添加0.3%（质量分数,下同）瓜尔豆胶、卡拉胶、海藻酸钠或0.4%黄原胶、CMC-Na时,油炸外裹糊鱼块的外壳和鱼块的油脂含量较低,外壳和鱼块的水分含量及裹糊率较高。其中添加0.4%黄原胶组的减油效果最好（外壳和鱼块的油脂含量分别为17.96、1.01 g/100 g）,且油炸外裹糊鱼块外壳金黄色、酥性值较高、硬度较低,鱼块的弹性、咀嚼性好;苏丹红染色幅度较轻,外壳微观结构紧密,鱼块无较大气孔形成。     

加工方式对添加复合脂肪替代物生鲜鸡排品质的影响

为研究未包裹、包裹及油炸加工对添加复合脂肪替代物生鲜鸡排品质的影响,以鸡胸肉为原料,研究了生鲜鸡胸肉、未包裹生鲜鸡排、包裹后生鲜鸡排的保水性(滴水损失、离心损失、蒸煮损失)、结合水与不易流动水含量、蛋白质和脂肪含量、贮藏过程中的TVB-N和pH、油炸熟制后挥发性风味物质。结果表明:包裹后生鲜鸡排的保水性较生鲜鸡胸肉和未包裹鸡排得到改善;三种鸡肉不易流动水含量无显著差异(p>0.05);未包裹和包裹生鲜鸡排蛋白质、脂肪含量较生鲜鸡胸肉显著升高(p<0.05);在贮藏过程中,包裹处理和复合脂肪替代物的添加可减缓鸡肉TVB-N和pH的增长,对维持新鲜度有积极作用;生鲜鸡排经油炸熟制后风味成分种类有所增加:生鲜鸡胸肉、未包裹生鲜鸡排、包裹后生鲜鸡排分别检出27、31、31种主要挥发性风味化合物。包裹作用有利于提高添加复合脂肪替代物生鲜鸡排的品质,研究结果可为生鲜鸡肉产品品质改良提供参考。     

亲水胶体对面粉糊化特性和面条品质的影响

采用RVA快速黏度法、质构测定等方法研究瓜尔豆胶、魔芋胶、CMC和黄原胶4种亲水胶体对面粉糊化特性和面条品质的影响.结果表明,4种亲水胶体对面粉的糊化温度影响不显著;添加瓜尔豆胶、CMC和黄原胶面粉的峰值黏度、谷值黏度和最终黏度呈递增的趋势,添加魔芋胶的面粉的糊化性质变化不明显;添加魔芋胶和瓜尔豆胶面条的拉伸性能、切割性能呈递增的趋势;添加CMC和黄原胶面条的拉伸性能和切割性能先升高后降低;综合考虑各方面因素,4种亲水胶体均可用于面条的加工,适宜添加量为0.5%～1.0%.     

亲水胶体对非油炸杂粮方便面品质的影响

以非油炸杂粮方便面为研究对象,通过单因素试验考察了卡拉胶(CG)、魔芋胶(KG)和聚丙烯酸钠(SP)的添加量对其质构和感官品质的影响,采用响应面试验优化了3种亲水胶体的添加量。结果表明,非油炸杂粮方便面品质评分随CG、KG和SP的添加量增大呈现先提高后下降的趋势;CG、KG和SP的适宜添加量分别为原料粉质量的0.15%、0.11%和0.21%,此时非油炸杂粮方便面的拉断力理论值为34.902 g,接近实测值(34.898 g)。因此,亲水胶体可作为品质改良剂用于非油炸方便面的生产。     

配方和预干燥时间对油炸裹层面糊含水量、含油量的影响

为了解裹层配方、油炸时间和预处理条件对油炸裹层吸油量的影响,研究了烘箱预干燥0、15和30min的四种(纯小麦粉,添加羟丙基甲基纤维素(HPMC),添加黄原胶和添加鱼鳞胶原蛋白)配方的面糊在180℃油炸条件下,水分含量和油含量随油炸时间的变化情况,及裹层在油炸过程中的传质动力学。结果表明:添加了HPMC和黄原胶的裹层在油炸过程中的含水量高,吸油量低。预干燥条件会影响裹层在油炸过程中的传质速率,预干燥时间越长,水分扩散率越低,油脂移动的速率也越低。菲克第二定律和一级动力学方程的预测结果与实验结果拟合度较高,可以很好的描述水分扩散和油脂移动过程。     

冷冻调理马铃薯饼加工技术的探讨

对马铃薯的预糊化实验结果揭示,在各种加热方法中,马铃薯经蒸煮25min后的糊化效果最好.正交试验结果表明,奶粉含量和黄油含量对冷冻调理马铃薯饼的感官指标有高度显著的影响.对冷冻调理马铃薯饼的油脂的测试结果显示,未经油炸的马铃薯饼的脂肪含量为4.24%,而经过油炸后的马铃薯饼的脂肪含量为11.18%.经过一个月的冻藏后,未经油炸的冷冻调理马铃薯饼的油脂的过氧化值为1.94%,而经过油炸的冷冻调理马铃薯饼的油脂的过氧化值为7.79%.     

双组分水性聚氨酯织物涂层胶的合成及性能测试

制备3种硬段含量及亲水基团含量的水性聚氨酯(WPU)乳液,并与可水分散多异氰酸酯按4种不同的质量配比混合,制得双组分WPU织物涂层胶。研究硬段含量和亲水基团含量,以及WPU乳液与可水分散多异氰酸酯的质量配比,对双组分WPU织物涂层胶性能的影响。结果表明,双组分WPU织物涂层胶具有良好的防水透气性能;WPU乳液中硬段含量和亲水基团含量都会影响双组分WPU织物涂层胶的防水透气性能;在可水分散多异氰酸酯用量较少时,适当增加用量有利于提高涂层织物的耐静水压,但用量不宜太高。     

不同温度对调理鸡排低温贮藏品质特性的影响

为研究不同温度对调理鸡排低温贮藏品质特性的影响,本实验利用3 种不同的贮藏温度（4 ℃（冷藏）、－2 ℃（冰温贮藏）和－18 ℃（冷冻贮藏））对调理鸡排进行贮藏,并通过对贮藏期间调理鸡排菌落总数、颜色、持水力、质构特性等的测定以及扫描电子显微镜的观察,分析调理鸡排理化品质以及微观结构的变化情况。菌落总数分析结果表明,相比于冷藏,冰温贮藏可以将调理鸡排的货架期延长2 倍（从约4 d延长到约12 d）;理化品质分析结果表明,冰温贮藏条件下调理鸡排的持水力和质构特性都得到了更好的保持。此外,扫描电子显微镜的观察结果表明,冰温贮藏条件下鸡排的微观结构受到的损伤相较于冷藏和冻藏而言更小。虽然冷冻贮藏条件下鸡排的货架期较长（3 个月以上）,但是其持水力、质构、微观结构等品质下降也更快。而冰温贮藏在延长货架期的同时,也更好地保持了调理鸡排的品质特性。综上,本研究可为冰温贮藏在调理鸡排贮运过程中的应用提供理论参考。     

Effects of batters containing different gum types on the quality of deep‐fat fried chicken nuggets

The effects of various gum types [hydroxypropylmethylcellulose (HPMC), guar gum, xanthan gum, gum arabic] on the quality of deep‐fat fried chicken nuggets were studied. Chicken samples, 0.04 m in diameter and 0.015 m in thickness taken from the breast portion, were coated with batters composed of a 3:5 solid to water ratio by immersion. The solid content of batter formulations contained equal amounts of corn and wheat flours, 1.0% gum, 1.0% salt and 0.5% leavening agent. As control, batter without gum addition was used. Samples were fried at 180 °C for 3, 6, 9 and 12 min. The hardness and oil content of the chicken nuggets increased whereas the moisture content decreased during frying. HPMC and xanthan gums reduced oil absorption significantly compared with other gums and the control. When gum arabic was added to the batter formulation, a product with the highest oil content and porosity was obtained. Copyright © 2005 Society of Chemical Industry     

高压静电油炸对花生油及鸡胸肉食用品质的影响

为了研究高压静电油炸对花生油及鸡胸肉食用品质的影响,将鸡胸肉进行高压静电油炸(处理组:4 kV电压条件下,加入1 L花生油,油炸鸡胸肉120 s)和普通油炸(对照组:普通油炸锅,加入1 L花生油,油炸鸡胸肉120 s),测定花生油的过氧化值、酸价、丙二醛含量、色差以及鸡胸肉油炸失重率、质构和感官评定分值等指标。结果表明,高压静电油炸与普通油炸鸡胸肉后,花生油的酸价没有明显差异,但是高压静电油炸后的花生油过氧化值、丙二醛含量均比普通油炸的显著降低(p<0.05),油炸8批次鸡胸肉后,高压静电油炸鸡胸后的花生油亮度值为29.91,显著低于普通油炸鸡胸后花生油的亮度值(p<0.05);高压静电油炸的鸡胸肉失重率明显低于普通油炸后鸡胸肉的失重率(p<0.05),高压静电油炸鸡胸肉的感官评定分值较好。高压静电处理能提高油炸鸡胸肉的食用品质和产率,延缓花生油劣化。     

Functionality of batters containing different starch types for deep-fat frying of chicken nuggets

The effect of various starch types (amylomaize, corn, waxymaize, pregelatinized tapioca) on quality attributes (texture, moisture content, oil content, color, coating pick up, cooking yield, volume and porosity) of deep-fat fried chicken nuggets were studied. Chicken samples, 0.04 m in diameter and 0.015 m in thickness, taken from the breast portion, were coated with batters composed of a 3:5 solid to water ratio by immersion. The solid content of batter formulations contained equal amounts of corn and wheat flour, 5.0% starch, 1.0% salt and 0.5% leavening agent. As control, batter without starch addition, was used. Samples were fried at 180°C for 3, 6, 9 and 12 minutes. Crispness and oil content of chicken nuggets increased, whereas moisture content decreased with increasing frying time. Starch addition to the formulations increased crispness of the product significantly at the last stages of frying. The highest porosity and oil content was obtained when corn starch was used. Pregelatinized tapioca starch was found to provide a product with the lowest oil content, the highest moisture content, coating pick up and volume.     

Effect of feeding fat sources on the quality and composition of lipids of precooked ready-to-eat fried chicken patties

The effect of feeding fat sources on the quality and composition of lipids of raw meat and precooked ready-to-eat fried chicken patties was studied. Two homogeneous groups of broilers were fed with animal fats and vegetable oils, respectively. A traditional technology (flash-frying and humid steam-convection oven cooking) was employed to produce the patties. Lipid hydrolysis (total fatty acids, free fatty acids and diacylglycerols) and oxidation (peroxide value (POV) and cholesterol oxidation products (COPs)) were evaluated in the initial, intermediate and final products. Lipid hydrolysis and oxidation were more intense in ground raw meat obtained with animal and vegetable fat integration, respectively. However, these differences tended to decrease along the technological process, due to the addition of other ingredients and the oil absorption. Although flash-frying and humid steam-convection oven cooking promoted lipid degradation, the overall quality of the precooked chicken cutlets was acceptable (low POV and COPS values) and greatly depended on the quality of the raw meat and the frying oil.     

常压煎炸和真空煎炸对中国对虾品质的影响

探究常压煎炸和真空煎炸对中国对虾理化性质和感官品质的影响。测定了不同煎炸温度下两种煎炸方式对中国对虾的水分含量、含油量、色泽、虾青素含量和感官品质的影响。结果表明：随着煎炸温度的升高,两种煎炸方式下中国对虾的水分含量均降低,含油量均增加,但真空煎炸下中国对虾的变化幅度较低;两种煎炸方式下中国对虾的虾青素含量均随着煎炸温度的升高呈现先增加后减少的趋势;相同热驱动力下,真空煎炸的中国对虾的色泽、虾青素含量和感官品质均优于常压煎炸的。相比于常压煎炸,真空煎炸的中国对虾品质更佳。     

食用胶复配对微波复热鸡米花品质的影响

针对微波复热鸡米花的加工工艺,在预实验基础上选用黄原胶、卡拉胶以及魔芋胶以不同比例复配,研究其对最终产品品质的影响。微波复热后以鸡米花的脆性作为主要评定指标,同时对制品进行物理性质分析及感官评价,筛选出微波复热后品质最优的胶体复配比例。结果表明,向浸蘸溶液中添加三种食用胶中的任意一种或任意两种食用胶复配添加时,均可以显著改善微波复热后鸡米花的脆性(p<0.05)。而三种食用胶等比例复配对微波复热鸡米花品质则没有明显改善作用。卡拉胶1.00%的添加量会对产品风味产生不良影响。其中0.50%黄原胶和0.50%卡拉胶复配时,微波复热后鸡米花的脆性显著提高,外壳水分和油分含量显著降低(p<0.05),感官质量也较高。这表明向浸蘸溶液中添加0.50%黄原胶和0.50%卡拉胶复配食用胶可以很大程度上改善微波复热鸡米花的食用品质。     

不同成分裹浆的流变学特性及其对裹面虾品质的影响

实验测定了高酶大豆蛋白粉、黄原胶、甲基纤维素(A4M)、羧甲基纤维素(CMC)四种不同成分裹浆的流变学特性,并以裹面率、颜色、水分含量、含油量和脆性为指标,考察了四种裹浆和两种再加热方式(深度油炸和烘焙处理)对裹面虾产品品质的影响。研究表明,在流变学方面,四种裹浆均是假塑性流体,属于Herschel-Bulkley模型;A4M和黄原胶具有较大的粘度,可以提高裹浆的热定型特性和粘附特性以及产品的裹面率。在产品品质方面,A4M组和高酶大豆蛋白粉组可增加产品的脆性、改善产品的色泽和降低含油量;与深度油炸相比,烘焙处理能降低产品的含油量,提高产品色泽和脆性。     

面糊组分对预油炸微波复热鸡米花品质及水分分布特性的影响

针对鸡米花在微波复热过程中水分“外迁”和油分“外浸”造成脆性降低的问题,研究不同面糊组分,羟丙基羧甲基纤维素（hydroxypropyl methylcellulose,HPMC）和麦芽糊精对预油炸及微波复热后鸡米花含油量、含水量及分布、脆性、颜色、感官品质的影响,以期提高鸡米花微波复热后的脆性及品质特性。结果表明,面糊中添加2%?HPMC和6%麦芽糊精显著降低了微波复热后鸡米花外壳中含水量的增加以及内芯肉中含水量的减少（P＜0.05）,同时使内芯肉T22向快弛豫方向移动,降低了自由水的移动性,同时微波后A22显著高于对照组（P＜0.05）,抑制微波过程中内芯肉中自由水向外壳的迁移,从而保证微波复热后鸡米花外壳脆性和内芯肉多汁性;添加2%?HPMC、6%麦芽糊精及两者复配的微波复热鸡米花外壳脆性较对照组均显著提高（P＜0.05）;但添加2%?HPMC的鸡米花外壳硬度最大,添加6%麦芽糊精的鸡米花含油量最高（P＜0.05）。当面糊中同时添加2%的HPMC和6%的麦芽糊精时,鸡米花经微波后其外壳脆性最好,硬度适中且无油腻感。该研究结果为裹粉类微波食品脆性及品质的改善提供了数据基础。